Components of computer system

What is Computer Hardware?

Several components in a computer working together are
called hardware. It consists of mechanical devices such as CPU,
keyboard, mouse, speaker, monitor, printer, hard disk, and so on. All
these devices can be touched and felt.
What is Computer Software?
Computer software helps the computer to perform the task using
programs. It is generally a language that a computer understands.

Software is a set of instructions that helps the user to interact with the
computer. Computer software and hardware go hand in hand.
Without hardware, the software cannot work and vice versa.
Different Types of Software
In the world of technology, we come across various software that helps
us to make our lives easier and help our business grow. Software plays
a very important role in computer technology.

If there was no web browser software, we would not be able to access

the internet on our computer.

System software
System software acts as a middle layer between the user and a
computer. They communicate with all the hardware components in the
computer and also control the CPU, memory, and other devices.

When we switch on the computer the system software is the first

application that gets initialized and hence it manages the entire
computer system.

This system software is loaded in memory and keeps running in the

background. Two main types of system software are the Operating
system and utility software.
Utility software is installed with an operating system. Both software is
dependent on each other and does not work independently. Some of the
utility software are compilers, editors, and drivers.

Programming software
This software is usually used by computer programmers. Most internet
applications use Java or PHP as a programming language.

Using programming language all the software programs and applications

are developed and tested.

Application software
Application software is generally used by the end-users to perform any
task. MS Word or Powerpoint applications are designed for the user to
write a document or prepare presentations.

The apps that we find out mobiles or tablets are all application software.
Software that is used in the banking domain, telephone, airline, railways,
software industries, etc comes under application software.

Different Types of Hardware

There are a lot of hardware devices available but we need to select the
right device with the correct specification to get the best performance
results.All the devices vary in size, cost, and specification.

Some of the different types of hardware are –

Input devices
With the help of these devices, data is provided to the computer. They
feed the data such as text, image, sound and helps in file transfers
between different devices and the computer.

Output devices
This is a device that converts information to a human-readable format.
These devices are normally used for display.

It extracts the information from the computer and displays it to the user.
The monitor is the most prominent output device.

Storage devices
These are the devices that help to store the data and are further
subdivided into primary and secondary memory.

RAM (Random Access Memory) is the primary memory and it retains

data only when the computer is switched on.
All the instructions are read and executed from the memory through the
central processing unit and accelerated processing unit.

Secondary memory does not directly communicate with the

microprocessor. This type of memory is non-volatile and is subdivided
into two categories. They are

Internal device – These devices are always placed on the computer. Eg

– Hard disk
External devices – These are external devices that are connected to
the computer using plug and play. Eg – An external hard disk
D ifference Between Hardware and Software:

Keyboard.A key board is one of th e prim ary inputdevices used with

a com puter. Sim ilar to an electric ty pewriter, a key board is com posed of
buttons used to create letters, num bers, and sy m bols, and perform
additional functions.

QWERTY keyboard
The QWERTY keyboard is the standard typewriter and computer keyboard in
countries that use a Latin-based alphabet. QWERTY refers to the first six
letters on the upper row of the keyboard. The key arrangement was devised
by Christopher Latham Sholes whose "Type-Writer," as it was then called,
was first mass-produced in 1874. Since that time, it has become what may be
the most ubiquitous machine-user interface of all time.

The QWERTY arrangement was intended to reduce the jamming of typebars

as they moved to strike ink on paper. Separating certain letters from each
other on the keyboard reduced the amount of jamming. In 1932, August
Dvorak developed what was intended to be a faster keyboard, putting the
vowels and the five most common consonants in the middle row, with the idea
that an alternating rhythm would be established between left and right hands.
Although the Dvorak keyboard has many adherents, it has never overcome
the culture of learning to type on a QWERTY.

ASCII
A SCII m ay referto any of th e following:

1. Sh ortforA m erican Standard Code forInform ation

Interex ch ange, A SCII is a standard th atassigns letters, num bers,
and oth erch aracters in th e 256 slots available in th e 8-bitcode. Th e
A SCII decim al (D ec) num beris created from binary , wh ich is th e
language of all com puters. A s sh own in th e table below, th e lowercase
"h " ch aracter(Ch ar) h as a decim al value of 104 , wh ich is "01101000"
in binary .
A SCII was firstdeveloped and publish ed in 1963 by th e X3 com m ittee,
a partof th e A SA (A m erican Standards A ssociation). Th e A SCII
standard was firstpublish ed as A SA X3.4 -1963, with ten revisions of
th e standard being publish ed between 1967 and 1986.

ASCII sections
Th e A SCII table is divided into th ree differentsections.

• N on-p rintable, sy stem codes between 0 and 31.

• LowerA SCII, between 32 and 127 . Th is table originates from th e
older, A m erican sy stem s, wh ich worked on 7 -bitch aractertables.
• H igh erA SCII, between 128 and 255. Th is portion is program m able;
ch aracters are based on th e language of y ouroperating sy stem or
program y ouare using. F oreign letters are also placed in th is section.

Qsjouf s
A p rintercan be defined asa h ardware outp utdevice wh ich isused to generate th e h ard
cop y of a docum ent. A docum ent can be of any ty p e, such as a tex t file, im age, or a
com bination of both . It accep ts inp ut com m ands by users on a com p uter or on oth er
devices to p rintth e docum ents. F orinstance, ifwe h ave a docum entin softcop y and we
need itin h ard cop y , we can use th e p rinterto m ake th e h ard cop y ofth atdocum ent.

Tdboof s
Unlike th e p rinter, th e scannercan be defined asan inp utdevice th atisused to scan th e
docum ents such as p ages of tex tand p h otograp h s and th en convertth em into a digital
form at. It is an electronic device th at scans im ages from p h y sical objects and converts
th em into digital form at. F urth er, th ese im ages in digital form at can be stored in a
com p uterand m odified orviewed by using software ap p lications.

What is an Operating System?

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Operating System Utilities

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What is a Single User Operating System
In a single user operating system, a single user can access the computer system at a time. These
types of operating systems are commonly found in home computers. There are two types of
single user operating systems called single user, single task operating system and single user,
multi-task operating system.

What is a Multiuser Operating System

A multi user operating system allows multiple users to access the computer at the same time. The
operating system manages the memory and resources among the various users according to the
requirements. The task of one user will not affect the tasks of the other users. UNIX and
Linux are two examples of multi user operating systems.

A tim e sharing op erating sy stem allows m ultip le users in different

locations to use a p articular com p uter sy stem concurrently . In
distributed op erating sy stem , the data p rocessing task is divided am ong
the p rocessor
User(com p uting)"
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vt f st 0

Introduction of Mouse
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Top 9 Types of Mouse
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A
1. Wired Mouse
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n pwf "ui f "n pvt f 0
2. Optical Mouse
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m"
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3. Laser Mouse
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4. Gaming Mouse
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5. Trackball Mouse
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6. Stylus Mouse
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7. Presentation Mouse
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8. Wireless Mouse
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9. Mechanical mouse
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