a | WCetrexo tel MI oOo E LIC) Instituto Nacional de Seguros Autora: LicdG, Zulay Soto Méndezoo. ST16.m¥ Soto Méndez, Zulay ‘Musea del Jas Sole Méndez. ~ ed. ~ Sen José, C 2.000 39 ps lool: 21 x 28 ISBN 9977-9: 359 1, Costa Ries- Arquaologca, 2. Gosta Rica Museos Historica. | Titulo Portada: Mocara, cabeza do rasgos ofmecas con toc ves crbdos Toxo: Lids. Zulay Soto Mént Fotografias iam Romero Rodrigo Salazar Traduccién: Lucinda Toss: 204 S718 Soto Méndez, Zulay ‘Marco Fidel Tistan Jae Museum / Zulay Soto Méndez. ~ 43, ed, ~ San José, C.R.: NS, 2.000 39 pl col: 21x 28 cm ISBN 9977.933-35.9 1 Costa Rica Archaeology. 2. Costa Rica — Historical Museums. |. Tie Front Cover: Mask, Head with olnec features, with bird headdress, croats: Text Licda. 2ulay Soto Méndez Photographs: Willan Romero Rodrigo Salazar Translation: Lucinda Toss!Presentacion Introduccién, Espacio y Tiempo. ‘Guadro cronolégico de la Costa Rica Precolombina. Regiones arquealégicas de la Costa Rica Precolombina.... Sitio Arqueolégico de Guayabo de Turralba, ‘Tecnologia precolombina, Piedra (Litica). Trabajos en piedra de las Regiones Arqueolégicas Central Pacifica y de la Gran Chiriqul: Trabajo en piedra de la Region Arqueologica de la Gran Nicoya La cerémica, su técnica. Pintura Corporal. Cerémica de la Regién Arqueolégica de la Gran Nicoya. Ceramica de la Regién Central, Sub-Regiones Atlantica y Pacifica, Poblacion indigena actual Técnicas de la elaboracién del jade. El jade en la Costa Rica Precolombina Space and Time, Chronological chart of Precolombian Costa Rica.. Archaeological Regions of Precolombian Costa Rica. Guayabo Archaeological Site in Turrialba. Precolombian Technology. Stone (Lithic).. ‘Stone works from the Central, Pacific, and Gran Chiriqui Archaeological Regions... Stone Work from the Gran Nicoya Archaeological Region, Ceramic Techniques. Body Painting Ceramic works from the Gran Nicoya Archaeological Region, Ceramic works from the Central Region, Atlantic and Pacific, Sub-Regions. Existing Indigenous Population Techniques in the Crafting of Jade. Jade in Precolombian Costa Rica, INDICE exon INDEX 1243Presentacién El Instituto de Seguros, en un afén de contribuir al cconocimiento de las culturas precolombinas costarricenses, inaugur6 el 30 de octubre de 1977 en sus instalaciones la “Coleccién Arqueolégica’, la cual llevard posteriormente el nombre de "Museo del Jade Marco Fidel Tristén Castro”, er reconocimiento al gran interés del Lic. Tristén, en preservar, conservar, y exhibir este magnifico legado arqueolégico para las futuras generaciones. La nica forma de interpretar o apreciar ese legado es la evidencia arqueolégica, cientificamente excavada. Es por 280 que, el estudio cuidadoso de esa evidencia como son los abjetos de jade, cerémica y piedra entre otros, asi como el andlisis de la distribucién de sus viviendas, de restos de huesos, plantas y herramientas cotidianas, le permiten al arquedlogo interpretar y explicar el pasado. La existencia de los museos le permite al publico contem- plar y entender toda la dinamica cultural que el arquedlogo ha logrado interpretar para conocer mejor nuestras raices, Esta publicacion es un compendio de los estudios que se han llevado a cabo en tomo a las evidencias arqueologicas y que se exhiben en forma didactica en el Museo del Jade Marco Fidel Tristan Castro. Algunos de los principales autores consultados han sido: Dr. Michael Snarskis, Doris Stone, Dr. Luis Ferrero Acosta, Don Carlos Balser, Prof. Carlos H. Aguilar, Licda. Maria Eugenia Bossoll y los arquedlogos Juan Vicente Guerrero, Marlin Calvo y Leidy Bonilla quienes han explorado con gran abne- gacién el pasado de nuestras culturas aborigenes. El Museo del Jade Marco Fidel Tristan Castro, exhibe la coleccién mas grande del mundo de jade precolombino costarricense; de aqui su nombre: "Museo del Jade’ SES (No, 4508). Colgante antropamerfo “Chanaque Personsie sedonts cuya lengua sale de su boca Procedencia: Vorah, Alle Talamanca, Talemenca, Area ira, Sub-Region Alliiica, (No. 4508). “Chanaque* anthropomorphic pendant. ‘Seated figure whose tongue is protuding from his mouth, Origin: Vereh, High Talamancas. Talamanca, CContral area, Asnite Sub-Region Presentation With the earnest endeavor of contributing to the under standing of Costa Rican Precolombian cultures, the National Insurance Institute inaugurated its “Archaeological Collection”, which will subsequently be called: “The Marco Fidel Tristan Castro Jade Museum’, in recognition of Lic. Tristén's heartfelt interest in preserving, conserving, and, exhibiting this magnificent archaeological legacy for future generations ‘The only way to interpret this legacy is through the scien- iifcally-excavated archaeological evidence, For this rea- son, the careful examination of such evidence as the jade, ceramic, and stone objects, as well as the analysis of the distribution of their dwellings and of the remains of bones. plants, and daily tools, allows the archaeologist to interpret and explain the past. The existence of museums enables the public to contem- plate and understand that entire cultural dynamic that the archaeologist has been able to interpret in order to gain a better understanding of our roots. This publication is a compendium of the studies that have been carried out around the archaeological evidence that is. exhibited in didactic form at the Marco Fidel Tristan Castro Jade Museum. ‘Some of the principal authors consulted have been: Dr. Michael Snarskis, Doris Stone, Dr. Luis Ferrero Acosta, Don Carios Balser, Prof. Carlos H. Aguilar, Licda. Maria Eugenia Bossoli, and the archaeologists Juan Vicente Guerrero, Marlin Calvo and Leidy Bonilla all of whom have been exploring the past of our cultural aborigenes with great dili- gence. The Marco Fidel Tristan Castro Jade Museum exhibits the largest collection in the world of American Precolombian Jade, hence the name “Jade Museum”. (No, 6522), Calgante antropomortoferening de piedra veosa Luce con ato toeado,orejerae ¥ pechoro. Reportado can ag nas puntas lasqueadas de cusrzo, de Tieres Morenas cerca del Rio Bart, Sub-Region Digs, (No. 6529). Fominino anthropomorphic pendant of greenish Stone. She is wearing 2 tal headdress, ear flares and chest Plate. Identiied wih some faked projectile points made of ‘quartz, from Tietras Morenas, noar tho Bard Rivor, Diguis Sub-Region.INTRODUCCION Con base en las leyes No, 4809 del 29 instituciones estatales, como el Instituto Na con el deseo de proteger y conservar el patrimonio ar 2 julio de 1971 y la No. 5176 del 7 de febrero de 197: nal de Seguros, adquirieron sus colecciones arquel ueolégico de nuestro pais. En la actualidad la coleccién consta de 6.889 objetos arqueolégicos de piedra, oro, resina, concha y madera; los cuales fueron adquiridos antes de 1981, afio en que se promulgé la ley No. 6703 relacionada con la Defensa y Conservacién del Patrimonio Arqueoldgico Nacional que regula la adquisicion de los objetos, Debido a que toda la coleccién fue adquirida mediante la compra a coleccionistas, a misma no cuenta con la informacién cientifica, que le permita al arquedlogo asociaria con otra evidencia arqueolégica. Por esta raz6n, hemos tenido que realizar una labor de cl IN mediante métodos tipologicos ‘ilsticos) con el fin de ordenar las piezas, 0 sea, darles un orden didéctico de procedencia, tipo y &poca. Esto se ha hecho seguin las especificaciones de los profesionales en arqueologia que han trabajado en el pais. sde entonces el Institulo Nacional de Seguros ha dejado de adquirir piezas arqueolégicas, en apego a esta ley y se convierte en depositario de este Patrimonio Arqueol6gico. El Museo del Jade recibié et nombre de su fundador Marco Fidel Tristén Castro, quien como primer Presidente Ejecutivo del Instituto Nacional de Seguros, impulsé la compra jetos arqueol6gi- (08 y se propuso dejar todo un piso del edificio para instalar ahi, esta magnifica colecci6n de arte pre- ‘colombino, la cual data de 600 a.C al 1.500 d.C aco logia. Uno de los salones mas grandes esta dedicado a la Regién Arqueolégica Sub-regién Sur de la Gran Nicoya (Guanacaste), le siguen la Regién Central (Sub-Regiones Central, Pacifica y Atlantica), y Sub-Regién Diquis de la Regién de Gran Chiriqui, El recorrido Io lleva a los salones de Exhibicién de Jade que contiene informacién de la cronologia ¢ jade, técnicas y los principales sitios arqueolégicos en donde se han encontrado piezas de jade. salones dedicados a la exposicion de objetos de Jade, es donde el visitante nota un cambio en ala iluminaci6n y montaje, pues se pueden observar las piezas de jade en forma individual y en un ambiente més intimo, Algunas de las piezas de ie han sido iluminadas en forma especial para mostrar la translucidez de este material. El rocorrido finaliza con una serie de collares y otros adomos de jade como colgantes y orejeras, Con la presentacién de das maniquies ricamente ataviados con adomos de jade, se revela la importancia que los aborigenes daban a este material, como se demuestr las palabras de Montezuma @ Cortés, cuando se refirid a los presentes que él le enviaria a Catios V: “Te dare algunas piedras muy valiosas que le dards a él, en mi nombre; son chalchihuills y no son para dar mas que a él, westro gran principe". "Cada piedra tiene de dos cargas de oto’ Para terminar la visita tenemos el Simbologia de la Fertlidad y el salon de ‘Temporales dedicados a la exhibicion de obras artisti- cas nacional jonales.INTRODUCTION Based on Law No. 4809 of July 29, 1971 and Law No. 5176 of February 7, 1973, several state insti- tutions such as the National insurance Institute acquired their archaeological collections in the hope of Protecting and conserving the archaeological patrimony of our country, At present the collection consists of 6.889 archaeological objects crafted of jade, coramic, stone, gold, resin, bone, shell, and wood. They were acquired prior to 1981, the year in which Law No. 6703 com. cerning the Defense and Conservation of the National Archaeological Patrimony was passed which regulates the acquisition of the objects Because the entire collection was acquired through purchase from collectors, itis not supported by scientific data which would allow the archaeologist to associate it with other archaeological evidence For this reason, we have had to carry out a classification task by using typological (stylistic) methods ‘80 as to didactically group the pieces according to origin, type and age. From this moment on, the National Insurance Institute stopped acquiring archaeological pieces in accordance with this law and became the depository of this Archaeological Patrimony. The Jade Museum was given the name of its founder, Marco Fidel Tristén Castro, who as the first Executive President of the National Insurance Institute promoted the purchase of these archaeologt- cal objects and proposed dedicating an entire floor of the building to the installation ofthis magnificent Collection of Precolombian art dating from 600 B.C. to 1.500 A.D. ‘The Jade Museum consists of an initial introductory section under the names of Space and Time, Life, and Technology. One of the largest rooms is dedicated to the Archaeological Region of the Southern Sub-Region of Gran Nicoya (Guanacaste), followed by the Central Region (Central, Pacific, and Allantic Sub-Regions), and Diqu's Sub-Region of the Gran Chiriqui Region. Continuing on, one arrives at the Jade Exhibits, in which information is given on the chronology of jade. techniques in jade, and the principal archaeological sites where jade pieces have been found. In these rooms dedicated to jade, the visitor wil notice a change with regard to lighting and mounting, enabling him or her to view the jade pieces individually and in a more intimate setting. Some of the jade pieces have been lit in a special way to give an idea of the translucency of this material. To finalize the tour, there is a series of necklaces and other omaments crafted from jade, such as pendants and earflares. The presentation of two figurines richly arrayed with jade omaments reveals the importance given the material by the aborigenes, as shown in Montezuma’s words to Cortés, when he referred to the aifts he would send to Carlos V: "will give you some very valuable stones to take to him, in my name: they are chalchihuitls and are not to be given to anyone but him, thy great prince’. “Each stone is worth two loads of gold.” To end the tour, we have the Symbology of Fertility Room and the Temporal Exhibits Room, dedicated to the exhibit of national and international art work.‘AREA MESOAMERICANA: Comprende parts de México, Guatemala, Belce, E! Salvador, o oeste de Honcuras, Nicaragua y Costa Rica hasta el Gato de Nicoye. AREA INTERMEDIA: ende la parte crental de Honduras y Nicaragua, todo Costa Rica nenos af norgeste del pais, lado Panomd y gran parte de Colombia, Veneav0la y Eouacor AREA CARIBE: ‘ada por a Antillas desde Fevda haste las Guay ASPECTOS CRONOLOGICOS: Los primeros humance precolombinos que ecuparen Costa Rica, se remontan a 10.000 ~ 8.000 afios antes de Cristo la ocupacion del pals Continda dentro de un proceso de desarolo hasta al momanto dal ci tacto con los espanol. ubicacién de estos eventos culturaes se reaiza mediante la oviconcia ‘rquocl6gicaNallada y e fchaminto tanto relat como absolulo de ios serials; de a que a arquatlogo constuya cuadros eronclicos dv idos en dos pariodos o fasoe Los periods son segmentos temporales; las feces represontan las mani festaciones materiales (cirios estlos cerémicos, leidarios 0 metairg 5 clentas formas de casas, patrones de asentamientos, formas de tu 5) de un pueblo 0 una cultura durante determinado lspso on el pasado, generaimento unos sigs, Los arquodiogas toman fos nombres de las tees de las cludades, fincas w alas rasges modemos que se encuontran enia zoned 29 son los names que los habtanias precolomb - porue e808 no los concer. yun mapa en relleve que exhibe atafacos que provienen surepiones arqueologicas de Costa Rice. Estin repre inaturas autentioas 6 ceramica, pacts, jade y oro ESPACIO Y TIEMPO Mapa que muestra las res reas cultures qua han influido en ol dosanelo pehistérica de lo que es hey ga Costa Rica SPACE AND TIME ‘Map showing he three cultural ares that wo Influenced the prehistoric development ‘of what row Costa Rca, costa RICA. INTERMEDIATE AREA, COSTA RICA MESOAMERICAN AREA: Consists of parts of Mexico, Guetomala, Belze, El Salvador, western Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica to the Gul of Nicoya INTERMEDIATE AREA: ‘Consists ofthe eastem part of Honduras and Nicaragua, al of Costa Rica ‘except for the northwest pert of the county. all of Panama and a ‘considerable part of Colombia, Vorezuela, and Ecuador. CARIBBEAN AREA: Formed by the Anti from Florida tothe Gusyenas. CHRONOLOGICAL ASPECTS: ‘The first groups of Precoloribian people to inhabit Costa Rica date from 10.000-8.000 years before Cirst ard thei presence continued within @ process of development unt the moment of contact wih the Spaniarés. ‘The localization of these cultural evens Is accomplished by way of the archaeological evidence found, a8 wel as the relative and absolute dating Of the materials: in this way the archaeologist constructs chronological chars, divided into periods or phases. ‘The periods are temporal segments the phases ceprasent the material manifestations (cartan earami, tapidary, or metallurgical styles: certain Styles of houses, patterns of seitlement, tom configurations) of a pooplo fr culture dunng a parioular pried of time, generaly saeral centuries. ‘The archasologisis use the names of the phases of cles, farms, or ther ‘modem feature found inthe area uncer study. We know tat those are ‘ot the names that the Precolombian inhabitants used fr thernsalves. In thie room there Je a fetef map that exhibits elements originating in| archaeological regions and sub-regions of Costa Rica. They are ‘epresented by authentic miniatures n ceramic, stone, jado, and goldrémica (No, 4761), Peri Ti mo, Procedencia: Gua Clay Effigy Vessel (No. 4761), Period 10 A.D. Tola Tricomo Type. Origin: Guanacaste-Nicoya,CUADRO CRONOLOGICO DE LAS REGIONES REGION GRAN NICOYA Eee Sub-Regién Guanacaste Bahia Bahia | valk Tamarindo Santa Elena = Temp priate | = | ier bance A, Doscientos. Palos: ‘Sania Negros Elena San Roque | Murciélagos Cineles | Las Minas ‘San Bosco | Matapalo Catalina10 1800 1200 2000 ‘4000 +5000 6000 7000 3000 Chronological Chart of the Archaeological Regions of Costa Rica GRAN NICOYA REGION Rivas Isthmus Sub-Region Guanacaste Sub-Region Rivas Isthmus Alta Gracia, Las Lajas La Virgen ‘Ampopua Palos Negros San Rogue San Jorge Aviles Santa Bere | sonia | Terviome | Taino Peninsula Valle} 5 " ve LaCruzA Ruiz eS B ~ LaGrz® | Iguanita | Bebedero Gel Barco] Palo Blanco | Tamarindo B Doscientos Palo Panama | abs, | TamanndoA Santa Sania | cuictra | san Bosco | Matepalo Murciélagos | Matade Uva] ciuelas | Las Minas Chombo. ‘Orso. Catalina acess Lomo 8REGIONES ARQUEOLOGICAS DE COSTA RICA REGION CENTRAL - VERTIENTE ||REGION GRAN CHIRIQUI i ‘Sub-Region "| Vertionte atiéntica Periodizacion a izaciGn| Regional Regional Veriente | Vertente ‘Sub-Regién Diquis. ‘Sub-Regién Panama Coratera ‘alanica | Allantea areal Noto | Cental te Chiaut cataia® 2 Taran Tardio ree. = ta Cabanas La Seva 8 TTanaicional nes LaSevaa 5 Aguas siercio |] Bicromo en romeo Buenas ElBosqueA | renal |} Bleromo.en 5 a |e Ee Formativo cteparén [iam ronacora) | “Medio Montana A cure (Sitio ‘Guarcira)12 CENTRAL SLOPE REGION Regional ARCHAELOGICAL REGIONS OF COSTA RICA Atlantic Slope ‘Sub-Region Periodization Central Atiantic Stope Regional |Periodization| GRAN CHIRIQUI REGION Taran Silencio CartagoB Ta CabafaB, CartagoA la Cabana a, Chiriqut 8 ‘Transitional Bichrome in Zone It (Curidabat 8 La Selva B Chirigut A Curidabat A Lasevaa PavasB ElBosque 8 E! Bosque A La Montane 8 la Montafia A (Guardia Site) Aguas Buenas TT]REGIONES ARQUEOLOGICAS DE LA COSTA RICA PRECOLOMBINA ARCHAEOLOGICAL REGIONS OF PRECOLOMBIAN COSTA RICA Océano Paciico Pactic Ocean En el terior que ocupa Costa Rica se han establecido tes regiones ‘rquecldgiogs con bese en ellorios goografions(asentamientos, entieros, coramica y tos). A. REGION ARQUEOLOGICA GRAN NICOYA: Esta region se extend sobre parte da Costa Rica y Nicaragua. 6) sector costarricense se denomina como Sub-regién Sur © Gusnacaste. CComprende Ia actuel Provincla de Guanacaste y of sector norta de la Provinla de Puntarenas. B. REGION ARQUEOLOGICA CENTRAL: ‘Coupa ta porcién central del pals. Se extinde desde Ia costa pacifioa hesta la oeta atiénca. Se dletinguon dos sub-regiones: 1. La Central, Pacffca que aberca el Valle Central y la zona del Pacfico Central. y 2. la ‘Subregion Aténtica, que abarca el valle de Turialba, lee Tanuras det ‘Aiatico Cental y as lanuras del Noro €. REGION ARQUEOLOGICA GRAN cHIRIQUI: Se exiende cobre parte de Costa Rlca y Panam. E secior costaricense se distingue como Sub-regién Arqueclégioa Diquis. Compronde ol Suroeste del pale, aef como las eatoaciones alntices de la Cordillera do Talamanca, Mar Caribe Cartboan Sea In the temitory that now comprises Costa Rica, three archaeological regions hava baen establshad, based on geographic criteria selements, burials, ceramics, and others) A. GRAN NICOYA ARCHAEOLOGICAL REGION: “This region extends over parts of Costa Rica and Niceragua. The Costs Rican sector Is Gesignaiod southern sub-region or Guanacaste. It com prises wha is now the Province of Guanacaste and the northern sector of tho Province of Puntarones. CENTRAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL REGION: “This occupies the central part of tha county, extending from the Pacifico the Atlantic coast. Thare are two sub-regions: 1) the Central Paci, which Includes the Cental Valley and the Central Pacic zone, and 2) the Attantic ‘Suib-Rogion, which includes the Turia Vala, the Central Alani pain, ‘and the Norther pin. Cc. GRAN CHIRIQUI ARCHAEOLOGICAL REGION: “Ths region extends over par of Costa Rica ang Panama. The Costa Rican sector s denominated the Diguls Acnaeological Sub-Repion.t comprises the Southwest ofthe county, as well s the rkiges ofthe Attic slope of the Talamanca Mountain Range. B\Vasija con pintura negativa y pastilgje. F sy pot with negative painting and apokSITIO ARQUEOLOGICO DE GUAYABO DE TURRIALBA GUAYABO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE IN TURRIALBA Architectonic traces, such as trails and paved footpaths lead the way Raagee arqutecténicasc feos y calzades empadacias, quia So entre ronlculos que entiguamente fueron casas redondes con between mounds that were at ono me found houses with conical root, 05 conicos, gfedae, muros, dos estanques y vero que eps, wals, two cisterns and several aqueduct that stil function, form the unhay fineionan, canforman sectors del sto arqueokigice de Guayatbo sectors of the Guayabo archasological site in Turialbe, Declarod a \Natonal Monument 1873, st wes occupied for 1.000. 0 1400, but these remains that we can see today were builtin the La Seva and La CCabafa phases (700 to 1.550...) de Tura, decleredo Monuments Nacional en 1973; este sto estuvo to hasta 1.400 dsp Judging {rom their stylistic radiions and settement patterns, the cultures ‘of the Central Region and Allanic Sub-Rogion of Costa Rica pariopated crenio, par more in the cultural sphere of the tropical rain forest of nosthem South cso del noriea America. The emphasis on clay decoration in their ceramy work typicel ‘nfesis on la decoracin plastica en fa ‘of this area, and designs in sites such as Guayabo Turriaba and La ysit jyebo de Turia y La Cabana racuercan Cabafia are rminicent of those ofthe Taiona culture of Colombia, which ‘que tenien también, also had circular mounds and paved footpaths. 92" po eus tradi nia esfera culural dal Bo os etistionsy cus patron re topical Sitio de Guayabo de Turalba. The Guayabo Turralba site 15PIEZAS DE PIEDRA DE LA REGION CENTRAL. SUB-REGION ATLANTICA ‘STONE PIECES FROM THE CENTRAL REGION. ATLANTIC SUB-REGION edondel de piedra, con iguras d simios (No. 6386). Period 1.000 Circular stone table, with monkey figures (No, 6388). Porod: 1.0000. Circular stone table with jaguar haads (No, 6280), Period: 1.000. Feminine human figure holding breasts (No. 3877). Period: 700 to 11000. Ceremonial mace head with eight protuberances (No. 6128). Period 4-500. Feminine human figure bralcing har, profile Period: 700 to 1.100 AD. Volcanic stone altar with avimorphic hanging panel (No. 4123). Period 110000 1.5500, 16 Kneeling human figure with bead necklace (No. 3867). Period: 700 to 1.100.TECNOLOGIA PRECOLOMBINA PRECOLOMBIAN TECHNOLOGY PIEDRA (LITICA) prestan para ee (lta) cuendo no hab ra dae la forma ruaimontaria @ un ato Fue cont y andesit) qu rica de pieado y pulido, como en el caso del arte lapidatio. Todos ios metalas figuras framonto esculpidae fueron tala 8 de madara y aba rae pedeas, haa p STONE (LITHIC) ‘due tothe resistance of stone to environmental agents thas baen poss ble to acquire numerous artifacts made from this material. Voleanic, sed ‘mentary, or metamorphic stone was used, cepencing on the shape and the function the anfacts wore to have, ‘There are two basic techniques for working stone: a) fn knapping, and ) chipping and polishing. Flint knapping Is the oldest technique, and is the process of extracting flakes from ablock or chunk of stone wih adroct bow, an inciect bla, oF by pressure, using a stone hammer or other hare Instument mace of hom or wood. ‘Only the glassy and homogeneous stones, such as fint and obsickan are usful in the ft knapaing metho. However, voleanc and sedimentary (lute) stones were used when there was no other kind avaiable, Sometimes, int knapping Was Used fo give a udimentary shape lo an artifact before polishing itt ts finished form, twas withthe volcanic rocks (basal, andesite) thatthe technique of chip- ing and polishing was mostly used, as inthe casa of lapidary art A the finely eulpled figures and metatas (altars) were cul with nating more than other stones, wooden tools, and abrasives such as sand to enhance the ting action ofthe ool. a “To sculbt the stone, tools suc as these flaked siones may have been used. Some wore useful for incising or carving, others for soraping, and ‘thar for petcing or boring, "7‘TRABA,JOS EN PIEDRA DE LAS REGIONES ARQUEOLOGICA CENTRAL, ‘SUB-REGION PACIFICA, SUB-REGION ATLANTICA Y DE LA GRAN CHIRIGUI ‘STONE WORKS FROM THE CENTRAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL REGION, PACIFIC SUB-REGION, ATLANTIC SUB-REGION AND GRAN CHIRIQUI REGION [A posar de su gran extension gecardfca, ls artetacos de estas cos regiones son de matenales arqueoiolcos muy simiaras, como reeutago fe tradicones cufturales compartidas. El porfl estratigraica, aqul tone mas estrotos que el de la Sub-Rogién de Guanacaste, poraue en la Vertente Ataniica hay dalos clentiices sobre cultures mas ant Las putas palecindias de esti “Clovis ‘Cola de Pe”, de una edad de ez mil a one mi anes, y proveniantas dal Vala de Tura, quo estin en el Museo Nacional de Costa Ric, fueron excavacas por arquesiogos de esa instiucion. En aquola épocs fos habtantes vvion de la eaza y ‘ecolecciin de plantas sivestres. No conociar la egicultra nla cord ‘cay endaban en pequefas tribus migratoria. En estas reglonas los abejae en pista presentan mayor diversfad que los de la Sub-Regién Nicoya-Guenacaste Existe una gran ropresentacion de la figura humane tanto mascu la femenina, aunque algunas representan certa simetia,exta 82 rompe ‘muchas veoos a tener la figura la cabeza vuoka hacia un lado, Estos figuras recrean la vida colsana cel indigena, sus costumbresy creencas La escutura eetuve muy gad a fo miico-relgioeo, eat encontamos varedac de figuras humanas con mascara de lagarto 0 de ave, con el fn de ‘aniopomorfizr Ia igure acentuar su caracter miico-igioso. Plezas de gran singulsridad constiuyen los altares ceremoniales, los ales se cree fueron usados para renircuto a sus deldedes, como el ‘avo-cepitu o wansportacer de aimee. Por lo general son metatestipadee on pansies calgantas, cuyos soportes tienen figuras avfomnes 0 08 simies, Loe paneles colgantes a veces constan ce estos mists elemen toe 0 figuras humanas. Estas obras se ubican eronologicamente en lag del Bosque y la Selva, ast coma las mazas 9 de plodras, as CUales son por lo general decoradas con representaciones avformes 0 (tos tps de trabajo en piedra que se destacan en esta ‘manos de mole en forma de estrbo, ls cinooles, os morteos ys insi.- menos hachoides. varias ds estos artefacts de plecra pula correspon don a las fases Ei Bosque, Pavas y La Selva Los metalas decorados oatares eran ceremonlales; habla otis mas bur dos para uso diario la preparacion de la comida, n esta sub-regién de fa Gran Chiriguldestacan las famosas ester It 5, metios de ‘metro, cuyo simbolismo se ignara, pere que han sido relacionadas eon sol y de la kina y sus movmientos que afectan nuestro jondez de setae eeeras 20 repte en la deliceda ceramica 2gé Gallia, propa Ge esta region, 18 In spite of ther axtonsive geographical range, the artifacts from the fogons aro archasclogical materials that are quite similar, res ‘sarod cutual raditons. The strstograph profle here hes mor than in the Guanacaste Sub-Region, because of the Attante sop ‘are scientific data on older cultures, ‘The palooindian projectie points of the “Glovis" and “Fish Tai~ which ae 10,000 to 8,000 years old and originate in the Turrialba housed in the National Museum of Costa Rica -, were archaeologists rom that Museum. In those days, the inhabitants hunting and the gathering of wild plants. They knew nothing of or ceramics, and wandered in small mgratoy tnbas, In those regions, the work done in stone shows more diversity the Nicoye-Guanacaste Su-Regin, “The humen figure, both masculine and feminine, appears fraque artifacts. Although symmetry 1s the norm, there are except figures that are shown wah heads iumed to the side, These recreate the daily lie, customs, and beliefs ofthe indigenous ‘Sculpture was tnked to religion and myth, thus we find a verety figures wearing masks of aligators or bids to anropomerphze and accentuate its myhicalelgious nature ‘The ceremonial altars were very unusual and are thought to be ‘worship such daties as the birdspint or transporter of souls, speaking, these are tripod metates or alla with hanging pa supports have avimorphis or simian figures, The hanging thomselves often cary these same elements or human figu works are located chronologically in the phases of El Bi La Selva, 26 are the stone warror mags heads, which are docorated with avimrphic ar zoomorphic representation. ‘Other unusual types of work in stone from this region are te cylinders or pesilos (manos ce mole) In the form of stimaps, the the morare, and the axSko inettuments. Several of these pal atfacs cortespond tothe phases of Ei Bosque, Pavas, and La ‘The decorated metatos or altars vere ceremonial. Other more ‘metates were for daly use in the preparation af a0. ‘Tho ecular metates with suppor oF loge and some ofthe sf tables (radondeles) are found in this region 2¢ wall a¢ in that of Chiru Is in this Gren Chirqul Sub-Region that we find the f ‘sphores, unique inal the world. These can measure up ta two amate:. Their symooiem unknown but has been related to of the sun and the moon, ans their movements whieh fact ‘The roundness ofthe spheres is echoed in the delicate Tarraga ceramic work found in this ogion.Metate STONE WORKS FROM THE GRAN NICOYA ARCHAEOLOGICAL REGION eee tomras “The grinding evinders (manos do mol) presentin the eerbestporods are {2gooslated with the cutvation of com. They are known in the nahuall language as "metas". Thesa aro usualy reclanguiar and have: obghly Curved pla, without rims and tripods. Some have zoomorphic or anti pomorphie colle! work undemeath, in vow of the volume of the suppor Riso quite common afe metales that are decorated underneath wih incised or futed geometric lines. ‘The most recent metaios achieve a more elaborate technique and thei Shapes are more refined. Thase objects consiule an exception in Mocoamerica, They ae rectangular with & euved plaleand a head on one Und nich generally depicts & guacamaya or jaguar, this, slong with the supports, s sometimes 80 finely worked that resembles Fligre. “The stone motates and seats ara from various periods, and were probably again nual contests, du to thei extensive docoration, they were no for daly use, other stone works characteristic ofthis area ate the sione seats of @ tyidieal, cinched (hourglass) shape The sculpted mace heads that had enthropomorphic and zoomorphic founs were probably symbole of rank, but the crudest, undecorated ones (Bitis have beon bate Gubs with a wooden handle. They were probably teed 2s staffs to denote authority. 3 0 jaguar. Sub-Regidn Nicoya 1,360-1.00 aC. Molote or grinding stone depicting a guacamaya or jaguar. Nicoya Sub-Region, 1.360-7.500 B.C‘STONE PIECES FROM THE GRAN NICOYA ARCHAEOLOGICAL REGION, SOUTHERN OR GUANACASTE SUB-REGION ‘Stone metate. Curved rectangular pate and three conical lags or supports. Decoration in relief onthe bottom, (No. 340). Period from 1 to 500D. Tripod metate with guacamaya (macan) af, defcate craftmanship (No.5385). Perod: from 1.350 to 1.500 A.D. “Trips metate with erode figure in rele on the bottom (No. 3493). Period from 1 9 500A. ‘Seat made from voleanc rock (rocadia head). {WNo, 3823). Perio rom 1,000 t0 1.550 A. Tripod metate wth jaguar effigy. (No. 6382), Deceratod with voluos in bas rele. Period: rom 1.350 to 1.500 AD. 20TECNICAS UTILIZADAS EN LA MANUFACTURA DE LA CERAMICA PRECOLOMBINA ‘TECHNICS USED (BY POTTERS) IN PRECOLOMBIAN POTTERY 2422 ‘TEcuIcas UT! Las 18 Tas que ain hoy se emplean, con algunas excepciones como el tom. fo la cerémica precolambina fue hecha con ralios aplastads 30 encima del co hasta que se obtuviera la forma de vasia, eseaca. Despuee se alleaba la supericia, ya veces so dacoraba. Se le ‘aplcaba un engobe, ose pula. Un poreanlaje menor de la cerdmice se hizo modelada © en moldes prefabrcadas (generalmente oara figura). Les pinturas quo se usaban en ia dacoracin eran orga ‘eres minerales mezclados con iquida, ‘Se han encontrado vestgios de horas precolombinos, usados on ta coceiin de cerdmica, En fa costa de Guarwcase, el silo Vidor ubicado fen Bahia Culebra, indica que la meyoria de la slfarria indigena probablemente so cocind en fogones ablerios 0 semiabiefios donde la temperatura de cocci no sola pasar ls 600°C, y a veces tan baja como 200- 300°C EVIDENCIA DE PINTURA CORPORAL EN LAS VASIJAS. PRECOLOMBINAS Segin los relatos del cronsta espaol Femnénde de Oviedo, las mujer de Neoya usaben un mand pequefio que pasate por entra las piomas y can un file que pakabs por delante al mandi ‘A juzgar por algunas piczas de cerdmica podemes deuce que 19 mujer tambien hizo uso de Ia prenda femenina llamada aetvaimente “ange” © cobertor pica, En Talamanca, segin Fernénder de Oviedo los hombres especie de enagua de mastate que les cubria Las mujeres las usaban cel mismo material ode algodén. cinta e las rdiias, Cas en tos as regones indigenas de fa América antigua, desde las épocse mas remolas era usual prtarse cara y el cuerpo, y también tare. Los dens variaten ens bs grupas, lo qua ls peri derancas /acemas, consis un stnive de posieén soca a ial TTujors 90 piniabon soya su nivel social, 6 B ceremoria 0 acide! en aque partipa (No. 3021 IZADAS EN LA MANUFACTURA DE LA CERAMICA PRECOLOMBINA ‘TECHNICS USED (BY POTTERS) IN PRECOLOMBIAN POTTERY Procodante do La Gran Nicoya (No. 2921). Human figure made of poltrome coramio, wth Kody pant and wearing pubic ‘Origin: Gran Nicoya. From 800 to 800 AD. “The techniques used by Precolombian potters were gute used today, with some exceptions such as the use ofthe whas ‘The majority of Precolombian pottery was bult with fattence applied one on top of another uni the desired shape of the ‘achieved. Aer thet the surface wos smoothod and somete by applying a sip and fnaly polshed. A small percentage a was modeled or made in prefabricated molds (generally for paints used in tho decoration wore organic (with a gum bases Mineral acres, mie with lui Some vestiges have been found of Presolombian ovens baking of the ceramic work, on the Guanacaste coast in located in Culebra Bay, which incicate thatthe mejor oF poitery was probably baked in open or semi-open fires in perature dd not usually rise above 800 degrees Centerade ‘umes was es low 2s 200-300 degrees Centigrade. EVIDENCE OF THE USE OF BODY PAINTING PRECOLOMBIAN ‘Accorsing to the narratives of the Spanish chronicler, F ‘Oviedo, the women in Ncoya used a small apron that passes: legs and was fastened back with a tread that was brought |W9s tucked into the apron Judging rom certain pottery pieces we can deduce tht ‘what is today called a tanga or pubic covering In Talamanca, aocording to Femndez de Oviedo, the men ‘kit made of bark (mastate) that covered them from the nsis ‘The women also had these skits of the same material a cotton In most all the indigenous regions of ald America, rom the ‘twas common to paint the foce and body, tattoos were as signs varied among tha groups, which allowed them © themesves from each olher with regard lo distinctions in 2 withthe men, the women painted themselves according ‘nk, oF according othe particular ceremony or acy participating 2 plier 500. 800 4 con pote copoly6 uso de Ja pinture corporal y ol talus, no lo hacian simple frmamonto sino camo eimolo de libertad, asi nos lo rela Je Oviedo al rofeise a las partes que se decoraban “en le 0¢a abajo, aur gala de Roertac 3c mujeres estaban encargades de la pintua, cio que les comple 0. Los colores preferises eran ol op, azul y amarilo, Usaban un madera con la punta masceda preparaban las pinluras 0 do tatusie es desert por Ferméndas de Oviedo as: “Primero tun bosquejo de la figura que querian...después, ounzaban la artes, con una herramienta floss, hasta que chorreara a Lego, fotaban lapel con las manos cubieres con el color escogidc ecuerdo oon Fernéndex de Oviedo, los an sus brazve con una pintura near, la piel dol agua. Esto era 0 por miombos impor. ia tibu y las mujeres. Este era un proceso de atuaje hacha con aja de podemal en higar de un proveso de pinta, horoteges y fos Nicaraoe cla de sangre y carbén, na gran varied 6 fe mestraban bell figuras femer as sentadas, que general fs plomas, brazoe, pechos, 2 Landa cit el uso de pintua (betUn natural) para embelecor la superior del cuerpo de les mujeres. Es muy probable que la. majer amantaba un nifo dejara sus pechoe sin pintar, Les. demas ses ussban por lo general fantastions omamantos on sus poctos, io atesiguan representaciones femeninas, finamente decoracas en mica ce la Ragion Gran Nicoya. Tembién soian adornarse con colares haquira (conchas de colores) orejras, naigueras y besotes de jeda, madera, hueso y concha, fe Femnéndez de Oviedo que les seforas prominentes ce la Gran gui usaban una berra de oro stravesade en el pacha no solo para arse, sina para alzar e! busio y evitar la caida 2 este, pues apr: 30 Sus Senos. Tambien usaban ota tipo de saslén, hecho con coradss con motWos religoses, con equjoroa donde an un cordén ylo amartaban por la espalda, Estas cnapas de oro 18 poser hasta dosciontas onzas, racin corporal evidenciada en estos objetos as la deformacion mas de oe relatos de los rcnatas de Boba, tenemos ev fn igunas figuras femaninas que muestran esta deformacion comas de le frente apastada, extiben les grandes ojos almendra ‘estrabiemo,tpicos do fa cutura Maye, With cegard to the use of body painting and tattooing, they dit not do & simply for decoration but rather as symbol of treadom, accorsng to Femandez de Oviedo, “since they painted below the mouth which = a manifestaion of freedom even i tha design reaches to the ears. ams, or chest “The women were in charge of the painting, job they tked very much Their favoie colors were red, blue, and yellow, and they used a wooden brush with chewed tip and propared the paint wih resin “The process of tattooing is described by Feméndez de Oviedo as fotows: Fst, they made a sketch of the figure that they wanted, next they pricked the skin ll over witha sharp tool unl they deew Blood Aner that, they rubbed tho kin with their and covered wit the color they had chosen’ ‘According to Formandez do Oviedo, the Choratagas and the Nicaraos painted ther arms with a black paint mado fom a mixture of blood and ‘charcoal, symbolizing the pelt ofthe jaguar; this was practiced by impor tant be members end the women. This was a process of tattooing sone. vith flint knives rather than & process of painting, ‘There was a great variety of scated feminine figures that almost ahways had beautiful designs on ther legs, arms, breasts, neck and face Diego de Landa airs the uso of paint (natural polish) by women to beau tity the upper part ofthe body Its very probable that a woman nursing her child would leave her broasis unpainied. The rest ofthe women generaly used fantastic omaments on their breasts, as evidencad in the snaly decorated female ceramic representations of the Gran Nicoya Region They also wero accustomed to adoming themeelves win chaguira necklaces (necklaces of colored shells), and nosepieces, earpieces. an Ip pleves of ad, gol, wood, bone, and shel Feméndaz de Oviedo makes reference o the idea that prominent women of the Gran Chinqui used a bar of gold across the chest. not only for decoration bul also to it the bust and give k support, because thay ware ‘ory proud oftheir breasts. They also used another type of support that was made from gol cisks, gonoraly having decorative recious molt. with holes through wich a’sting could be passed to be tied inthe back These gold disks could weight up to 200 ounces, Another evidence of body decoration in these objects is cranial deforms: ion. Besides the narratives ofthe chronters of Bobadila, we have =v {dence tha some feminine figures are shown wih tis deformation and sizo with flattened forehead and show the large, almoné-shaped, crossed (228 typical ofthe Mayan culture, ‘Vasa igi de jaguar humanizade, loa colar (No. 44) Tipe Pataki, Polromo Varieded Mayer. Periodo 1,000 2 1.350 2. Egy vessel ofa humanized jaguar, wesring a nockace. (No. 4) Palak type. Mayer Variety Poichrome, Period: 1000 Io 1.350 &.C 23CERAMICA DE LA REGION ARQUEOLOGICA DE GRAN NICOYA SUB-REGION SUR 0 GUANACASTE CERAMIC WORK FROM THE GRAN NICOYA ARCHAEOLOGICAL REGION, SOUTHERN OR GUANACASTE SUB- gua No.4 x - Ceramic mushroom wth the Seated he figure of 2 human head al boay pas the top (No. 477). Poriod Polichrome 1500 8. to 500A, 5000 800 Cur vse. oa ned Stznes Pater 289) Banca rom 200 Bc. to S00 con collar sosteniond! 24), Periodo 200 al § Antrropomorphic effigy pot with necklace — holding ‘objects fora ilo (No. 241), Period: 200 to 500 A.D. Seoted efigy vessel with body paint, wearing 4 necklace. (No. 6512). Bichrome In Zones: Rosales Type, 300 B.C. to S00. 24CERAMICA DE LA REGION ARQUEOLOGICA GRAN NICOYA, GUANACASTE CERAMIC WORKS FROM THE GRAN NICOYA ARCHAEOLOGICAL REGION, GUANACASTE ees soba so muestra la reconstuccién ideatzada de un perl estat Fea. en donde ce notan los ierene riveles 0 capa tal como lo oncuontran Fes aquscloges on sus excavaciones en diferenies siios FE evicencia(ragmentos ce cortmica, pid, hueso y conch) cispersa, Ge Glerenies ocupaciones del stio en el pasado. Se supone que ls restos fs antquos co encuoriran en el fondo y los mis rciantze on la parte supe Fee aca esiato de cepéstos podria representar hasta 500 aflos de acu Fesecin. Con et paso del tier, cambiaron los estos corricos (as for [p= y decoracones) un fendmeno moderna es 6 camo ce estos da vestr I cloraniostnos de cars que se usen & través del ere. [Eserqetiogo observa a posicon ola ce cada esirato de estos tragmen IE cera colocarios en el aren cronolégioo coneco, A menudo, pueden SSercxmarse a as fechas on que eren depesitadosuttzarco el mélodo de Feta 02 carbon (Tecnica quimicatisia Carbén 1 © C14) la cual solo Fees con material oxginico tl como la hull, madera, husso o concha, [De ect forma, el arquaciogo grasuakmanto le agna laptos aspectices de Saree, para delrinar usosy estos de la ccamica a raves del tempo. Su eo es dlucear la Gna de los prooas0s que inluyeron en ls car Bes precolombince. Ee ceramica dol Poiodo Bloromo en Zonas (500 a.. - £00 .C.), gone Fens se decoraba en dos colores, ojo y beige, 0 rojo y negro, en zonas; nes vores So presenta al color crema. Bian se sabe que la cutura ere Beteriais yaarcola, ya quo on las excavacones so han encontrado manos Germiey meiates, ac camo insinmentos hacroises ulizades en la aia do Gees: y on la preparacién de la tiara. Aunque los arauesiogos han SSecaraco Muy pocos stos de este perio, so sabe que algunas do las (Bezes de jade mas sofstiadas sx hen encontad en tubes, ura con las Gecincas de este poriodo, FPestoce Poscromo Antiguo (500-800 aC.) En ls pimera parte de este per SS comerzaron a pita a coramica on ies clores (9, nogoy blanco) y sien se cecoraba con motives incsos, modelados y eslarpados con KSercte Durante este periodo se invoice el uso de custo colores (rj, ese, cromablanco y pirpuralcate), Estos, verdatra polcremia. Estas Fe ean in. suates por sus caras humans modelades Ge fora realist, Besa bnliantey of u20 de arafio negro como pinta He ea el trata ve cordica muestra una fuerte nf Pie sobre toto dole region dal Ro Uta, ia dela cultura Bee ese period aument la explotacion de los r20ur808 marins, 28) Sere & cferonciacin y complejdad social. Se han encontrado muchas Fee cen esnléndidas ofendas mortuoas, inluyendo piezas de jade y Fee ceceraniaien que probablomente eran simoclos de rango 0 podo Be Shen ea policomia en ol dros de la Gran Nicoya continu su GesSrollo durante 01 Periodo Polioromo Medio {800-1.300 dc. Beeman os rluciontes polleromos rojos, anaranjados’y negros sobre Bee eeecte blanco 0 con un engobe color anaranjado, junto con otra diver Bee oe trabajo coramico polleromatco. n engobes blancos y ots tipos de comical Fpeicrors purpura ce comeciana an lejos como el Valle Cental a Vertente Bases yo Revion Sur Pacifica de Costa Rica, Bee ceri cal tino Potosi apioado, varied Potos! (500-1 400 dC) Fie cae. 2 como nce au nomire, para quemariniensoo reine Fee oe cecorahar con ss Nguras do cocodrios, camanes o iguenas. La Fees ra recite patanece al Periodo Polcromo Tarlo (1.3501 550 BSS) Durer cto tempo ovstiocon fuories infuencias de las cuturas Ricerca, evicancadss por la presencia de matvos frene0s en Fee Fess la potcromia vibrant sobre blanco y ar Bip merozor0:. Duranto ecto poriodo continud fa oxplotseén ce Fee mernos y [2 agrcutura sin embergo, parece haber exstiso un BBesenco on Ic podacic por razones atin descorocidas. In this hal isthe idealized reconstruction ofa stratigraphic profile in which Gifforontlovels or steta ara shown, just as archaeologists found them In thelr excavations of certain sos. ‘There is scattered evidence (ragments of caramic, stone, bone, and shal) of various uses of the site inthe past, itis supposed thatthe oldest emnants ar atthe botiom and the most recent on the top. Esch strata oposiias may represent up to 500 years of accumulation. With the passage of time, the ceramic styles (the shapes and the decorations) {enangodeimlar modom phonomena are the changing styles of cress and the diferent types of cars used throughout the years. ‘The archasologist observes the relave postion of each stata of these fragments in order to place them in the correct chronological order. Often they can approximate the dates in which they were deposited using the cearen-dating method (Carbon 14 of C +14 physicalchemical technique) ‘ahich only works with organic materia such ae charcoal, wood, bone, ot sell, In this way, the archaeologist gradually assgns speci time lapses fo determine uses and siyles ofthe pottery over time. Histher objective is to elucidate the dynamics ofthe processes that influenced Precclombian cultural changes. ‘The pottery ofthe Bichrome in Zonee Period (500 B.C. to 600 A.D.) Ie generally decorated in two colors, red an beige ar red and blak in zones: Sometimes, the color cteam is present. It is wellknown thatthe culture was sedentary and sgrculura, since “manos Ge mole” and “metstos" have been found inthe is, as well as @x-shaped instruments used inthe forest feling and cleering of the land. Although very few sites from this Deriod have deen excavated so far by archaeologists, it Is known thet some ofthe most sophisticated jade pieces have been found in gravesites together wih ceramics ofthis period. Ancient Polychrome Period ($00 - 800 A.D.) Inthe fist pat of this period, ‘eoramies began to 86 painted In three colors (red, black, and white) and also ware decorated with mots that were incised, modelled, and stamped vith shells. During this period, the use of four colors was introduced (ed, Diack, ereamtnite, and purpleforown) ~ that is, rue polychrome. These vessels were unusual for the realisticaly-fashioned human feces, brian finish, and tho uso of black grafite as paint ‘Much ofthe ceramic work shows a stong influence from the Mayan cu ture, above al rom the Ula RWver region. In this period, the explotaton of marine resources increased, as well as, social ferentiation and compieily. Many tombs have been found wit splendid mortuary offerings, including jade pleces and ceremonial mace heads that nere probably symbols of rank or power ‘The polychrome tradtion in the Gran Ncoya area continued to develop uring the Middle Polychrome period (800 - 1.360 .D.). The resplendent red, orange, and black polychromes eppeared, on a white sip or with an orange slip, along wth ther dvarse polychromatc ceramic work. The pottery with white sips and other types of coramics such as the polychrome purple were traded as far a8 the Central Vali, the Avante Slope, and the South Pacfe Region of Costa Rica, ‘The incense bumers ofthe applied Potos| type, Potos! Variety (500-1.400 AD), were used, as their name indicates, to burn incense or resins. ‘These wore dosorated withthe figures of crocoile, caimanes, or iuanas. The most recent pottery belongs to the Late Polychrome Period (1.350-1.550 A.D). During this time, there were sirong influences from Mesoamerican cultures manifested bythe presence of foreign mots inthe pottery. The vibrant polychrome on white sip persisted and naw mono ‘chrome types appeared. In this pared the expotaion of marine recourcet continued alongside agriculture, nevertheless, there seems to be a ‘decrease in he population for unknown reasons unl now. 25CERAMICA DE LA REGION CENTRAL SUB-REGIONES PACIFICA, ATLANTICA Y GRAN CHIRIQUi CERAMIC WORKS FROM THE CENTRAL REGION, PACIFIC, ATLANTIC, AND GRAN CHIRIQUI SUB-REGIONS Tripod Vessel of bichrome ceramic. Zoomorphie supports in the form of arches (No. 4914). El Bosque Type, Muted mill. Period: 300"B.C.-300 AD. 26 Rallies and whistles (Ocarinas) used as musical inetruments, pregonting scones from cay lie, Santa Clara Type. Period: 100 B.C. to 00 .. Round table (redondel) with the figures of tour hollow jaguars that are used as ratles. Terragé Gallela Type (San igual). Period: 1.000 0 1.5500. (No. 4072) Ovoid tripod vessel. The supports are rates and have Seales figures that hi Tusieal insitumen's. (No, 4273). Afnca Type. Period: 1400-7008. Ceramic seals with hanclos and cjlindore with Body eaining and ofner uses. Bosque Type. Period: 100 B.C to 500 AD. Perform tripod vessel, the supports o Which re also rates and represen fish figures. La Celta Red-Brow ‘Type. Period: 800 10 1.000. Gran Chiiqul. (No, 4913),La afareria de los fos0s Cartage y la Cabafia (800 - 1.860 2.). Como so ‘ota la docoracion pintaa se puso en boga. Parece que la genta tratd de imi las téonicas de la Sub-Region Guanacaste, aunque sin mucho éxito Durante fas fases Cartago y la Cabafia habia grandes comentarios de fembas reciangulares hechas de pied, generelmente con piso y taps hrechos de lja. Asimsmo se han encontrado tumbas debsja ce casas reales. Se habla abandonaco el arte de ilar jae para reemplazarlo fon Ia melalugia. En clgunae de las turbos rectanguleres so han fencontrado cuentas de vidho europeo, evidencia que las Tases Cetago y Is Cabafa persstioron hasta le legada de los esparioles. Los elios mas conocidos de este perdo son Guayabo en Turialbe, Las Mercedes. La Cabata y Agua Cafente de Cariaga. Aqui se encuentran ‘mentculoe ciculares do dierentes tamanos hechos oe tiers, receadoe Per muras de cantos. Todos los sitios parecen estructuras agrupades, = ‘menudo ubicedas en posielones fécles Ge defender. E> posible que esto fenomeno ee deba al estaco de gua constants que prevaleci6 entre Ios pucbios de este periodo, hecho que impresion® fertemente @ los Gonistas exparoles Los objetos tales como figuras y pitos (ocarnas), eran propiedad de los Cchamanes, curanderas y ole personajes imporiantos en os rivalas CGurants ns fases da El Basque y La Salva. Es probable que ellos desem- fpeicban alain papel en las ceremonias funerarias, como en ol caso hhstereo de Talamanca; eetos objets so encuoatran an las tmbas de personas ds aio rango y poder, junto a ovos abjetos rales SELLOS Es probable que los sellos de ecila, alguns de ellos planos otros clin {Sos 2 usaran para esiampartelas y para pinay el cuerpo drectamente Los motivos de los selos son en algunos casos geomitcos, de forms Este tpo de objetos, asi como las acatinas, e tallaron a raves do todos tes poriocos Precciomtinos. CERAMICA DE LA REGION CENTRAL (CERAMIC WORKS FROM THE CENTRAL REGION “The potiry ofthe Cartage and La Cabarie phases (800 -1.550A.D.). AS can be appreciated, panied decoration became more fashionable. It seems thatthe people tied to imitate tho techniques of the Guanacssto ‘ub-egion, without much success. During the Cartago and La Cabafia phases, there were large cemeteries ‘of rectangular tombs made of stone, generaly witha floor and a ld mada fof thin fat stones. Tombs have also been found below the circular ‘dwolings. Tho art of crafting jade nad been abandoned, tobe replaced by ‘metallufgy. European glass beads have been found in some of the rectan- ‘ular tombs, evidence thatthe Cartago and La Cabarie phases persisted ‘Uni the arval ofthe Spaniares. “The most wellknown sites from this period are Guayabo in Turitba, Las ‘Mercedes, La Cabarta, and Agua Caliente in Cartago, Circular mounts of arth of various sizes are found here. surrounded by store wall, There ‘are algo enclosed plazas, stainays, and stone roadways. All the sites, ‘appear o be grouped structures, often located in easy postions to defend itis possibio thal this phenomenon is cue to the constant status of wor that prevailed amang the paople of hs pero, a fact that greatly impressed the ‘Spanish chroniclers, ‘Objects such 26 ngurines and whites (ocarnas) were the property ofthe shamans, healers, and other important characters in the uals during the 1 Bosque and La Selva phases. It ie probable that thoy had some role in ‘he burial ceremonies, as in the historical case of Talamanca, These ‘objecis are found inthe tombs of persons of high rank and power along ‘vith ther tual object SEALS Itis probable thatthe clay seal, somo of thom flat and others eyindscal, ‘Were used to stamp eloth and to paint eractly onthe body “The motifs on the coals aro in somo casce goometica, of animal or human “These kind of objects, as with the ocarinas, wore crafted throughout the ‘entire Precolombian periods. aLe cordmica de las fases La Selva y Curridabat (300 - 800 dG) se carec tarza por la decoracion de arila moldeada, con muchas decoradiones modeledas y zoomoras, Es frecuorte la decoraciin sobre un engobe 10)0 6 purpura, como fa pura negalva y pinura purpure eobre un engove ‘narariado, a veces con retoguae en Blanco, existon muchos motvos que thos raouordan la ceremlca del periado contemporéneo de la sub-region ‘Gunataste, of periodo Polerome Antiguo ‘Se evidencia durante este pariada de lempo la abundancia de ofrendes fenebres, las tunbas a menudo lenen la forma Ce pasilos 0 coredores| dde 10 metros o més en ong Las elegantes y delcacas vesiestripodos, figunas veces bamadas floreros, parecen haber sido ciseiadas. pera teremonias especiales: edo se ercuontran quebradas a propésio dentro f sobre las tumbas. Se han encontrado restos de maiz carbonized don- {to de unas de estas vasias, posiblemente chiche, la bebiés de maiz en {os recplantes que se ueeba para las coremorias funerarias. Estas cere- mone eran boracheras de varios dia, @juzgar po la informacion étni- (a recolctada en la reein de Talamanca, La cerémica de la fase La Montafia (2.000 @ 900 a.C.) 8 uno do los fepectmenes més antiques que se han encontrado en el pas hasta el momento, Se enoonfre en un sto cerca de Turialba. Es menocroma en Su mayoria y muy parecida a la del Periodo Formative Medio (7.000 2 500, 2.0) Enel norte de SurAmérica, fa formas diagndsticas son los budares bendejaa cieulares con bordes que se usaban para preparar el pan de {yea (mendioca, 10s fecomates,vesiae olobulares hechas de calaaza, Ye decorecisn consiste do incsiones, punzaduras, y en ocasiones rojo fuga, Vineuleda al como de la Monta esta complsio Chaparrén que 96 ‘encuentra en San Carlos; aunque comparten muchas caractrisicas en forma y decocaci, a cerémica do Chaparrén casi siempre esla decora dda.on Zones con un ongebe duro, ro y lustoso. La coramica de las fases Pavas y El Bosque dol (200 «©. 2 300 4.0.) (goneralmonte une cerémica gruata que tsne engobes ros en zones, con Gn borde alrededor del cuelo de la vasia del color natural de ia rca también hay rejos monceromas con decoracin en pintura porpura sobre Un engobe anaranjado, Sin embargo, a mayeria dels decoracion inluye festiae, decoracion modelada 0 aplcada, estampado con conches y tarrizes, peinado, eecariieaco, 0 Incsiones y en un estio brug, Ls mayoria del jade on este sactor go encuentra junto con la cerémica de El Bosque y Pavas 0 con las fases ce La Solvay Curridaba, Les vashas ton soportes altos y Gecoredos prebabjomento fueron hechas para ros finebres: e8 positle que la decoracién zoomorfa simbolizaba los, Gorentes cianes de la ép0ca, rganizaciones sociales presontes ef la zona de Talamanca, 28 “The pottery of La Selva and Curidabat pases (300 - 800 A.D. is terized by molded clay decoration, with much zoomorphic and ‘Seooration Incised decoration on @ red or purple sip ae also frequent {s negaive painting and purple paint over an orange slip, sometimes ‘wile touch-ups. Thore are many mots reminiscent ofthe pottery of Contemporary period in the Guanacaste sub-region, the Ance Poiychrome Period. 'An abundenca in funeral offerings is evidenced during tis time, enc {orbs offen have tho form of a passageway of cori of 10 meters: more in length. Tha elegant and delicate tripod vessels, sometimes \Tases, seem to ba made especialy for ceremonies; they are only inside or on top of tombs, purposely shattered. They have found bumed com inside one of these vessels, possibly chicha, the maize Contained inthe vessels during the funoral ceremonies. These cer wore drunken binges of several days' time, judging from ethnic ‘gathered from the Talamanca region. “The pottery from the Montara phase (2.000 to 200 B.C.) is ons of Gldest known specimens found inthe county to date. frwas found n= peat Turfalba, The major is monochrome and is very similar the Midcle Formative Period (1.000 to 500 B.C). In northem ‘America, the diagnostic forme ae the “bucares" ciel trays with Used to prepare yuea bread (mancioca) and the "Yecomates’, a ‘cups made out of gourds. The decoration consists of incisions, pun: ‘and somotmes fugitive re. Linked to the La Montafia complex isthe ceramic complex Ch: found in San Carlos; although they share many characteristics in form, ‘decoration, te Cheparrén patty is elmost alvays decorated in ‘witha lsttous and hard red sip “The pottery trom the Pavas and El Bosque phases from (800 B.C. = AD) is gonerally a thick ceramic that has a red sp in zones, wth = ‘dor around the neck ofthe vessel et inthe natural color ofthe ly: fae also red monochromes with a decoration in purple paint ove range ofp. However, tha mjonty of the decoraion includes: ‘modelled decoration o* appliqué, stamping with shells ané roed ‘Combing, scratching of ieisions, and in burnished styl. “The mafonty of the jade in tis sector ofthe countrys found aon Bosque end Paves coramie of with La Selva and Currcabat phases ‘veeeos with tal supports and deoorations were probably mage for ‘tes is possible thatthe zoomorphic decoration symbolized the ci Cans of the period, social organizations that were present “Talamanca zone,1. MaTAMa (Chorotegas) 2. GUATUSO (Walekus) 3. ZAPATON (Huotares) 4.quimiRRis! (Hustares) POBLACION INDIGENA ACTUAL EXISTING INDIGENOUS POPULATION 5. NARI -AWAIRI (Cabécares) 6, TELIRE y TAY (Cabécares) T.ESTRELLA (Cabécares) 8, TALAMANCA, (GribrsiCabecares) 9. CABAGRA (Bribris) 40, GUAYM (Guaymies) 11. ABROJOS (Guaymies) 42, CONTE (Gueymies) 43, BURICA (Guaymies) 14, UIARRAS (Cabécares) 418. BORUCA (Boruca)EXISTING INDIGENOUS POPULATION Cabecar mother and daughter from Baja Talamanca, 1980. “duancito", Second Guaymi Cacique (Chie!) of villa egién Mamach Palacie de Brusmals Guaymni couple. A Mamachi priestess, she uses. facial paint. Sho is the niece of Celia Atencio, founder of the Mamache region rtasano boruca elaboren: iro Bojarana, 19 S Guay mother and children, wife of the eacique balsa Cabécar native women, one caring 2 load om Peso Bojarano, 1983. Boruce arisen crafting = horhead. San Vicente de Ujarrés, 1957 balsa wood mask, 1978, Ranchos (dwellings) in Baja Ranchos. (dwellings) In Val 098, Chips, 1995, aol River Cabécar native fishing in th 30 sing a balsa craft (9 navLos Guaymies culven caceo, caf, foles, maiz, palmito y platano. A Jqual que ofos grupos indigenas, combinan la sctvidad agrcols con lz a de cerdes y aves, asi como la caza y pesca. Le artesania quaymio 80 destaca por ls articlos hechos de fibras natu rales y hojas, para la cUal preparan Unies y colorantes vegetales, dandole relevance al clor nero, Con corazas de algunas especies de érboles, las Guaymiesfebrican tama fies plates, chécaras, sus corectoristioes sombreros, Sus bas tpeos son ‘uy coordos yhechos a mano, muy represeniatvo de fa cura Gusymie. BORUCASIBRUNCAS Este grupo insigena se encuentra en la Reserva Ineigena Bocucs, forms: * siterentes comunigades: l centro de Bortca, abjeio de muchos jos aniopolégicas, Rey Cur, ubicada en el Valle del Rio Tere Changuene, i, ¥ Blogual en el cantén oe Buenos Ares. Conservan muy pocos rasgos de su elnia. Su lenguas indigena he dese arecido & pasar de las esfuerzos roalizadas para rescatario por Sncianas supervivientes. Acuaimente, s00 usan el caslelano. TTienen una economia campesina su agricutura consicte de granos bas cot y plélano, ademas, de la ela de cers y ganado, Alcanzeron su expreeion anistca primaria en textos, omen culty dal algocon la preparacon de tines vegetales, ya elaboracien de productos vistoscs de aia calidad, Tambien, trabsjn las jcares on un oa fo muy individual, comerealzando ura vanicad de prasuetce que mues- fron una pu one. Ei Baio de foe Diabltos” os una de sus manifestaciones musicalos més CABECARES Se encuentran ubicados en Chirpd, e! Valle de Pacuare, el Valle de Is Esela y le Retowva ce Talamanca, areas localzades en la reg Aitntica de i Provincia de Lime ‘asentamientosindigenas de estas en consoisados, Su conto principal cual es San Jose Esto es uno de los grupos indigenes que mas exitosamanta ha conserva cl sel como su propia lengua muchas y trad call ando esta ‘TERRABAS y dla gon un grupo muy reduce, ido on a sven Terraba, en el ly afestados por Ia co de vita rural POBLACION INDIGENA ACTUAL (CURRENT INDIGENOUS POPULATION ‘The Guaymies cutvate covoa, cofies, beans, com, heart of palm, and planiain. Like otver indigenous groups, trey combine agricultural sctvty with the breeding of pigs and poultry ané with hunting and fishing {Guaymi craftmanship is noteworthy for its antcles made from natural bers anc leaves, for which they prepared natural inks and dyes. giving empha- ‘to the color black With the bark of some tree species, the Guay! make eye-catching plates (mets), chaearas, and ther characterise hats, Their typical gar 5S very colorful and made by hand, very representative of the Guay clr. BORUCASIBRUNCAS “Tis indigenous group fs found on the Boruca Indigenous Reserve, made ‘up of several communiies: the center of Boruca, the obec! of many anthropological studies, Rey Curré, cated in the Valey ofthe Térraba River, Changuona, Maiz, and Baga, in te Canton de Buenos Aires. ‘They hava preserved very few traces of ther ethnicity, Their indigenous language has disappeared in spt of the afforts undertaken to rescue K by ther surviving elders. Currently they use only Spanish, ‘They hava @ peasant economy; thei agriculture consists of basle grains ‘are plantain, and they also raise pigs and cattle ‘They achieve their pray artistic expression in textes, starting with the alvation and use of colon, the preparation of vegetable dyes, and the boration of cole, high quaity products. They also carve gourds (caras) in a very indvicval styl, merketng a variety of products that ‘exhib an extraordinary puiy of design. ‘The “Danes of the Litte Davik™ Is one of thelr most relevant and \wel-known musical presentations CABECARES These people aro located in Chinipd, In the Pacuare Valley, in the La Estrlla Vay and on the Talamanca Reserve, areas located in the ‘Atantio region of the Province of Limén. The inaigenous settlements on these reserves are quite consotdated. Thelr primary cultural centers San José Cabécar. ‘hiss one of the ineigenous groups tht has most successfully conserved cultural identity, they soeak Spanish as well as their own Cebecar language, and preserve many oftheir cusioms and radtions. They cuivete pximaniy coffee, cocoa, and plantain, supplementing this actwty wih hunting and fishin. ‘TeRRABAS ‘The Torrabas are today a very reduced indigenous group, established on the Boruca Terraba Reserve, Inthe Cantén de Buenos Aires. They have been grealy affected by egricuiturl colonization. Their settlement is Primarly made up of ronindigenous farmers, and so they have assimisted ‘nd absorber! a "val ifestyle that isnot autochthonous, ‘Thay have not spoken tr anguage for many years and in general have lost a great deal of thelr cura Identty, They cutvate com, beans, and plantain, 34POBLACION INDIGENA ACTUAL CURRENT INDIGENOUS POPULATION HUETARES: Un pequeto grupo de hustares ha logrado sobrevvr hasta nuestros clas. Esta azontado en la Reserva Indigena de Quist, sobre la caretera fnite el Cantén 2 Mora y el Cantén de Puriscal, Otto asentamiento Huetar se ubica en Zapstén, an ol Canton de Puriscal. Ambos ubicados en la Provinela do Son José. Exiten también familias huetares dseminadas fen el rea del Certo de Quepes y areas vecinas, Conservan muy poco de su cultura y rasgos fisicos, aunque aun ‘mantianen algunas traiciones. tales com el festival del maiz y ol uso do planlas medioinales. Han side muy afecizdos por a colonizacion y Imigracon a centos urbaros. Casi sbi cutvan al maiz debico « le pobraza ce sus letras que son poco ‘plas para la agriculture. Su principal acvidad econbmica es la artesania, do cbjetas povenientes de la palma, zacate y fibras vogetalos y su preparation de la cual son experts, asi Come el uso de colorants vege fates. También son buenos en ls creacién del trabajo en cerémica. Es ‘comin encontar sus trabajos en feiss y tondae, asi como Ie venta a a ‘rile dela cartetra llevada a cabo por ellos mismo. En la actuaidad los usta sto aban espana GUATUSOSMALEKUS Es uno de los grupos més pequefos de incigenas, no sblo en cantidad oro on el tanto de au reserva, Esta ublcads en as lsnuras del norte de! pals en el Canton de San Rafael de Guatuso, en la Provincia de Alajula CConservan sus rasgoe fiieos y expresiones culturales. Hablan la lengua Maleku asi como espafiol y dada la inpoctancia de conservar su lengua, han iniiado la educacién bling en sus escuclas Tienen tres asentamienios: Palenque Margarita, Tojve y El Sol. Su pring: pel actividad agricola es el culivo do cacao, peibaye,y palma. Adomas, Son pescadores. Su are incliye la arlesania de Rguras indigenas en ‘eramica,eticulos en madera de balsa y arcos y fechas en madera de pelbaye. CHOROTEGAS Se han reduce @ un paquefio aseniamiento en la Reserva Indigena de ‘Matam, en el Canton de Hojanche en fa Provincia de Guanacasia. Esto ts offo ejemplo dala inflzncta del antomo rural carnpesino. No hablan su lengua solo espaficl Algunos ain conservan sus rasgosfisicos. Se ded en a la agriculture cultvando granos bésices, hovtalizas y frtas, ‘simismo, nen desarrolaco la apcutura, 32 HUETAR ‘A small Huelar group has managed to survive tothe present dey. It ‘settled on the Quits Indigenous Resarva, on the highway between ‘Canton de Mora andthe Cantén de Purical. Another Huetarseterssnt located in Zapatén, in the Canton de Purscal. Both are located ini Province of San Jos6, There aro also ecatoroc Huotarfamiies inthe eres of Cemio in Quepos and neighborng areas. ‘They preserve very litle of thelr culture and physical characteristics, though thay stil maintain some trsctons, such asthe corn festival end the use of medicinal pias, They have beon very much affected by colonization and by emigration to urban contre. ‘They cutivate com almost exclusively, due to the poverty of ther ands \which are uneutable for agnuture. Taeir primary economic actly is the crafting of arifacs fom palm, grasses, and vegetable fibers, in the preparation of which they are experts, as well as in the use of vegetable ‘dyes. They are also accomplished inthe creation of ceramic work. tis ‘common to find thal products a as anc stores, as wel as offered forsee ‘onthe roadsides bythe natvee themselves. The Huetares currenty speak only spanish GUATUSOSIMALEKUS ‘This is one of tha smallest indigenous groups, not ont in numbers but a in ters of he size of their reserve. Its located on the northem plains the county, in the Canton de San Rafael of Guatuso, in the Province Algjule ‘They preserve their physical characteristics and cultural exe ‘They speak the Maleku language as well a8 Spanish end, given Importance they place on conserving their language, bilingual has begun in thir schools They have three settlements: Palenque Margarita, Tojbe, and El St principal egrouturel actly ls the cuBvation of cose, pejbays heart of palm. They are aso fishermen. Their at includes the indigenous cersmic figures, aicles of balsa wood, and tows enc of pejbaye wood cHor ‘They have been reduced fo a small settement ofthe Matambi Reserve, inthe Cantén de Hojancha inthe Province of Guanscest is another exampia of tho iniuence of the surrounding farms ‘community. They no langer speak thelr language, butonly Spanish sill rotsin their physical cheractoristics. Thoy dodieate the Aagrcuture, cutvating base grains, vegetables, and fru. They ‘developed apiculure.