FUNCTIONS Syllabus ‘Real valued function of a real variable, into, onto and ane 10 One, Sum, difference, product and quotient of to functions, compass Junction, absolute value. Polynomial, rational trigonomenn Exponential and logarithmic functions, Even and odd functions, _Periodie functions, Inverse of a function A Definition of Function: Domain, Co-domain and Range Y be any two non- Function can be easily defined with the help of the concept of mapping. Let X and fh element of set X, empty sets. “A function from X to Y is a rule or correspondence that assigns to eac! one and only one element of set Y". Let the correspondence be ‘then mathematically we write :X—» ¥ where y= f(x), x ©X and y cY, We say that's the image of ‘x’ under ‘(or x is the pre image of y) wo things should always be kept in mind: ()_ Amapping f: X + Y is said to be a function if each element in the set X has it’s image in set Y. It is possible that a few elements in the set Y are present which are not the images of any element inset X (i) Every element in set X should have one and only one image. That means it is impossible to have more than one image for a specific element in set X. Functions can’t be multi-valued (A mapping that is multi-valued is called a relation from X to Y) 2 Set“x’is called the domain of the function 'f Set ‘Y’ is called the co-domain of the function f. oO Set of images of different elements of set X is called the range of the function ‘f. It is obvious that range could be a subset of co-domain as we may have few elements in co-domain which are not the images of any element of the set X (of course these elements of co-domain will not be included in the range). Range is also called domain of variation, o Domain of function ‘f is normally represented as Domain (1). Range is represented as Range (f). Note par come times domain of the function is not explicily defined, In these cases domain would mean the sot of values of for which f (x) assumes real values. e.g. if y = f(x) then Domain (f) = (x: (x) is a real number}. eg. Let X= (a,b, o). ¥ = (x.y. 2b Suppose f(a) = y. fa) =x, f(b) = y, f(e) = 2. Then fs not a function of X into ¥ since a © X has more than one f-images in Y On the other hand, if we set f(a) = in X has exactly one f-image in Y. Consider the following examples: w Let X=R,Y¥ Rand . {(b) = x and f(c) = x, then f:X > Y is a function since each element f(x) rau Survaprija War, Rew Deh Torben: unas /fecomMAN? _— yo F = Hmag IN Y. Tho rang vol Deel iva function wince g oach ‘oloment in (exe RY 0, ye, Thon f x, Hore (@) nh x ~3. Thorofore, the domain of fis (~3, «), the st havo 2x + 6 > 0 so) -» (04) dotined by Ho) = 1 V2x+6 In this formula wo mus {= (0, «). Thus wo havo tho function f: (-3, rango of senso for all values of x excopt Lot tho function f bo dofined by 1) = ( x aye Te fort 0 x AN(x-2 } ‘and x = 2. Thorofore, the domain of fis R= (1, ‘of Functions (i) dom fg = dom fo dom g For example: cleat Domain of (x) = 5-5 isx « R- (0), domain of ah)=x- 1 isxe R- (0). in above examples, values are not 0 and 1 respectively everywhere since f(x) and g(x) are not defined . and ectivel ; ee lye ince {(x) and g(x) are not defines Inustration 1; Find the domain of definition of the following functions: een (i) f(x) = sin"(@ = 4x + 4) (li) 1%) = flog, (2x3) (x-3)(x-4)" (iv) f(x) = cos” [2x? - 3) ({1 denotes the greatest integer function). i) (x) Solution: (i) For fx) tob e defined —1< x? — eis as tee 1 stats) 1e domain of defini sthecety (i) For f(x) to be d ea out) i te Si setx € [1 SaH3s1 an e7 Te zO Gee Also 2x-3>0=3x>3 (1) Combining (1) and (2) (2) nd (2) we get , {tthe required values of x. Hence the domain of definition (x) is the sot G 2| 2 ii (i) For (x) 10 be detinag = 10x + 2) 2), By wavy - curve method a =ayfx—a) 0 andxe 94 eaten 0 dom ZV, 3) (doen) nO Satnition of fx) isthe set Wate Fe se spr War Rr ie tnt ftMustration 2: Solution: 0 (iv) For f(x) to be defined 1 < [2x"- 3] $1 mont s2xt-3< 2525 2x7<5 91S" < 5/2, Ix? > 1 then x € (0, 1] U[1, ©) we) ee 8 - 2, J2 wwe (2) wee $ ner e(-) ‘Combining (1) and (2), x € (E48) is the domain of definition of f(x). Find the range of the following functions: () — teyeinye + 4x45, (ili) f() = sin* (3 + »| (iv) f= (LJ denotes the greatest integer function) (i) Here f(x) = inva? + 4x45 = Iny(x+2) +1 ie. x*+ 4x + 5 takes all values in [1, >) => f(x) will take all values in [0, «>. Hence range of f(x) is [0, «) ) 10 six8005( x5) +5, 2x-2 (ii) Here f(x) = 3sinx + acc (x -3) +5 3sinx + 4(cosx + V3 sinx) + 5 = (3 + 43) sinx + 4cosx + 5 Put 3 + 443 =r cos0 and 4 =r sind so that r= Y73+ 248 and O-tan"* = “5 = f(x) = V73+ 243 sin(x + 0) +5. + = Range of f(x) is[s - 13+ 248, se\73+20N8 |. 12 (iii) Here f(x) = sin] 3 * * 4 f For any value of x, 3 + x| is a non-negative integer and sin’'x is defined only for two non-negative integers 0 and 1 => the range of f= {o5}- 2x-2 (iv) Here f(x) Let y= f(x) iey= x? -2x+3 =o yt —2ly + 1) + By +2 which is a quadratic in x. For above quadratic to have real roots, A > 0 1 1 1 +1 -y@y+2)20>y's i >-tsys = (y+ 1) -y@y +2) ¥is5>-7BS¥S35 1. | ta Hence the range of f(x) is [ $I:Problem 1: Solution: Problem 2: Solution: Find the domain of (97 1ogeal cos 2.414424) (iy = vlogs (c08( 2 , x-11x4+24>0 sa gesume real valuesif x4 70.0N0 * 1 Here ‘y’ woul ® x>dand +5, (x-3)(%-8) > 0 yy => x>dand #5, x<3 or x28 => X => Domain (y) = (8, ©): (i) Here would assume real values if logs (cos(sinx)) = 0 i => cos(sinx) 2 1 => cos(sinx) = 1 as-1< cosd <1 sinx =0 => x= nn, nel. Hence the domain consists of the multiples of zie. Domain (y) = (n=: nel). Find the range of () Here y= Clearly, 1#[x] 2 1 ¥ x © (0, ») Alsoez 1 vx [0, x), Forx ¢ (0,1): y=’ Forx (1,2); y For x « (2, 3); y And so on, Cleary all values which are great iter the I ad eae Greater than or equal to one, would be assum Alternative Methoa: From the above mentioned int formation, $°2ph ofthe function can be drawn, ‘Thus the range of f(x) is (x), (i) We “ethan + EEE tes ta, Tto V2 ech aeProblem 3: Solution: 2):3) Problem 1: Solution: Problem 2: Vaniee Lit, PETIEE House, 2-4, Kal 1 1 = y—__ 1 __ig( 44 729° OF Tink |+ 1e08x1 [s => range of In esa ®[% ‘| 1 1 din ——__1___| has only value equal to zero reer c aceemaer cee ‘(ate = range of y is {0}. Find the domain and range of each of the following functions: fh Bet ) (x) =logy (es, (x? +4x+4) x 44x43 2 xitxet % +4x23 x +4x+3=0>x=-3,-4 Hence the domain of f(x) = R - (3, -1). (i) Here f(x) = and f(x) is defined for all x < R other than numbers, where 2 Let SA%H 4 oy 524 ~y) + x(t 4y) + 1-33 Ze4nna (1 ~ y) + x(1 ~ 4y) Since x is real, (1 - 4y)?— 4(1 — y)(1- 3y)20 = 4y’ + By-320 [2227.2], which is the required range (ii) Here logyalx? + 4x + 4)>0 > 0 0 < logya(x® + 4x + 4) 0 =e 1+ x8> 10° =1 orx?>0> xe (0,0). Hence (8) is the correct answer. The domain of f(x) logy ( } + "Cis (A), 1014.5) (@)(0,5) (ot. 4) (0) none ofthese sa, Sarvapriya Wa, New Dei 110016, PR 4106000, 20500099, Fax 26519972 website: usut fe com4 4 ; -0, NUL sxe (0.5) andxe (#- Th => fy(x) is defined for x¢ 0, Ul Se fis defined for x © (0, a (x) is defined for X« Hence (C) is the correct answef info, 1} then 1(2 sin x) is defined on , ‘ It f(x)is defined on domalt n+ tn } (8) LJ) 2ns.2ne + nail U (2n+ | Problem 3: (0) none of these Solution: _{(x) is defined on {0,1] = 0 < Now f(2sin x) shall be defined , if O< 2sinx <1 1 = Ossinxs > 2 ev = «Ul an+3| Ul Hence (A) is the correct answer Problem 4: Range of sin’ ly (A) [0, 2/2] , “ (8) (0, v6) (0) none of these , Solution: “0 . ‘ 4 a ‘EN a Find the domain of each of the following functions: Alay hx) = VP 3x42, aby x)= iP 3x42, 1 fe) f(x) \ » SY, Lette n a 2 Find the domain of the function (x) = logro{1 = loge(x’ = 5X +16). 9,0 % Find the range of the function f(x) = x? + = xt na . ! 4 Find the range of the following functions: «at b? (a) f(xyext 42x43, [2)0) wo f(x) = Ve —x41, Le (c) f(x) = 3sinx + 4 cosx-5, ( ov) en (4) 1(x) = In(x ~ fx}, where { denotes the greatest integer function. 3 , 5. Find the domain of each of the following functions: 10° + 10" = 10 (ob) fx) = lonene{ AS they = Oe(*3) \ xP 43x42 . Ok ; ; * a f US) Tin rst J/is the greatest integer paar & ( ; Z © LEM) = logasts® = 3x + 2) ar toy ztog oF A 6 Find the range of the following function ay hay fx) = lt cosxy [1 cosx)\(t~ C08 XWin... p) 4 eal . Lor (py Inox - 4x +5) (Hh) = logs + 4x x2) 7. Find the domain and range of the following functions: cae ae or ts) = fom oa») iby {(Q= eos(sinx) + sin" 12* “ tT tw) = Va? 97 toeael ool = ¢ “ (x-3)(x+ 5) ' 8. Solution of ~ Tx-41 (+6) (A) (-8r~ 5] U3, 7] (8) (3, 7) ey 6. -S]u 3.404. 71 (D) none of these Se an ee rppe Vou Ree Dele THONG Maer eHP watt TTT sven a (GDB w f by pis) tlionn ee , ih) artnre dene* ) wee (12 ; : ; ye (he) and we wy ra) he we Oo 1) van(n[ 4?! Done | elonates the greatest tO Katyn 4 Hho range oF he Wnlde yy aye hil aif aay (0 {)) none oF those vn wee PREC / jona bea Fa ale nd Hg as follows: ‘Given tutions | Do Randy 2 1 Fave dese ribo Turctions Fe Ft atant , v UU beg De Risa fanetion dotinod by (EEG) > tod Fahd NV Ut gD oRina function defined by (F a(x) = fed a0) Hdl) LL yD Rta tunetion dotined by (10) 0) T(x) U tig © Riva tunetion dotined by (Ha) (N) xy 0007 = (ye Ds gin) 6} where (eT ee ia a aT ‘Another useful combination of two functions F and g ts the composition of these two funetions Lot f Xo» Y and G2 Y > Z be two functions, We define a function hs X > 2 by setting W(x) © a(lO)), To. ( obtain h(x), we flrat take the Fimiage f(x), oF an loment x in X so that f(x) © Y, which Is the domain of g(x) and then take tho geimage of f(x), that ts, g(f(X)), whieh is an oloment of 2 Tho sctome is shown In the figure Tho function h, dofined above, && callod the composition of (and g and is written Gof. Thus (aoD(x) © atl). Domain of gof = (sx in domain f, (x) in domain g 0g. Lol f: R-» R bo a function dotinod by x) =x? +4 and g [0, atx) © vx. Pe ot(x) © ail(x)) © vx? 4 Domain of got = R. Thus we have gol (aof)(x) © ¥x? 14, Similarly, wo shall have tog t < 7 tonne 4 Mave fog» [D, 16) > Re dofined by (log)(x) = xt 4 Note thal Mustration 1: Lott: [-1, 1] > Rand g : RR bo functions defined by on Gr) Q ) +R bo a function defined by 1» R dofined by Mx) = V4? and g(x) = 44, Find tho domain of f+ a. g.tg and lg Solation: + WENA) MEHR. (ay eye ty aye Vie x MID) 08) = 0X) gts) = (x 41) do? ona Jo Wo Jew oy oP ait Tho domain of each of f+ PLN ME RO) fat gE Ha ot aisLS eae ra IMustration 2: Lot t(x) =) ~4¢+3. a a x24, Describe the function fg. ‘Solution: We redefine the functions f(x) and g(x) in the intervals as shown below: 443, <3 N(x) =fx-4, 3sx<4 x4, x4 fe 3, x<3 ms (x) <}x-3 3exe4 a 1. ae [eens xed ab) x24, Mustration 3: Two functions are defined as under: xsd 2 te x<2 f(xy=4 * =|* 5 x<2 pi %) font’ tena" i 3 Find fog and got x+2, 2exs : lx) +4 ox) st Solution: (fog)(x) = corny = [2 eats Let us consider, g(x) < 1: i) W541, -15K<25-15K51, -15K< 25-1551 (i) x+254, 26x53 > xs-1, 25x53 >x=H Let us consider, 4 < g(x) < 2, (li) 1 1-15K< 112, 1exs2>x=6 Let us consider 2 < f(x) < 3: (ii) Qe x13, xe 1 1EK52, x5 15x21 (iv) 2<2x+1<3, 1K=6 2 ye foe. -2sx<4 ON Ee xl If we like we can also write g(f(x)) = (x1), -2 sx <1 oa Whar, Rew Det 110016 eee te wn jee com| methods g(x)=x+2 Problem of finding out fog and ge x) +4 g(x) $1 Mate) = feat 4eq(x) $2 — Here g(x) becomes the variable that a would draw the graph of g(x). Itis clear vl gfx) <1 x € (-, t]and 1908) $2 vx 5 tat -1Sx81 ota en (x), -1s 0 <2 New, atehh= ae 2, 2sf(x)s3 *, In this case f(x) becomes the variable and we will draw the graph of f(x). From the graph we observe that “1 f(x) <2 Vx © 2, 1)and f(x) =x + 1. 2sfx))x=1 and f(x) =x +1. 2 [or -2sx<4 a(f(x)) = {or sot i.e. glflx)) = + 1), -2sxs1 Rena Tn ce ~ Rand g: RR be functions defined by ax, x [0, 1], defined by g(x) = 1 - x, then determine fog and gof. 44x , OSxS2 et f(x) = y id fox). oy » fe zexea’ Find fol) A IQ) =-1+ k= 1]; -1sxs3 gx)=2-b+ 4]; -2sx<2 Find (fog)x and (gof)x . Ke Let f and g be functions defined by xc? (2x-1, xs1 ' aan = = . Find (a) f + g an =. f(x) 41 22° 9%) 4 exp (a)f+g 3 x? 2x=-1 5. IFO) ext, find folfof) and (fof)of . Lo Hx, x<0 I AQK)=4 x, OSx<1. Determine h(x) = f(f(x)). 2-x, x>1 MK Let f be the greatest integer function and g be the modulus function. Find the value of the \ following "| 7 «a (6on{- =! 1 000(2) ~ons($) “ B ~ 3. 3)! Bo Consider two functions, f(x) and g(x) defined as under: . 44x, x<0 (x-1)"*, x<0 a2" f00) = and g(x) = . é (x), te 4 «ao 9x) em 5 Evaluate g(f(x)). AS. Ata) = sin-'x and g(x) = VX, the domain of composite function fog(x) is oe ' (A) [-1, 1] (8) [-2, 1] 4 (C)(0,-1) ‘PFT, 1} gut te i A. Let f(x) be a function whose domain is [-5, 7) and g(x) = [2x + 5}, then the domain of fogtx) is (A)-5, 1] (B) [- 4, 0] Ore 4 (Ojnonoctinese 4 Ge? P Even and Odd Functions Let f: D+ R be a real function such that - x ¢ D = x € D. Then fis called an even function i ex) = fs) for every x © D and an odd function if f(-x) = -(x) for every x © D. Graph of even function is symmetrical in { and Il (or Ml and IV) quadrants whereas graph of odd function is always symmetrical in clagonally opposite quadrants. a -TTT C00 Si aise Ilustration 1: Which of the given functions is (are) even, odd; and which of them is (are) neither even, nor odd? = xsinx (i) #7 as i) {00 = tal) (vy) f= Bet (V) f+ y) = f(x) + fly) forall x, ye Re Solution: dw Here f(-x) = (-x)* sin(-x) Hence f is an odd function. 7 = 2-x)P + (sin(-x))? = 7 - 2x° + sin’ = f(x). Hence f is an even function. sinx = (x). di) (i) Jog 1—* = 100) Hence f is an odd function. (vi) We have, tex x me XK (eK _ XY 2 (e-1) 2 xx x axe X41 + X44 =f) e-1 2 1 2 bo Hence f(x) is an even function. (vy) f(x + y) = f(x) + fly) forall x,yeR Replacing x, y by zero, we get (0) = 2f(0) = f(0) = 0. Replacing y by -x, we get A(x) + f(-x) = (0) =O = f(x) Hence f(x) is an odd function. Extension of Domain Let a function be defined on certain domain which is entirely non-negative (or non positive). The domain of f(x) can be extended to the set X = {-x: xe domain of f(x)} in two ways: () Even extension: The even extension is oblained by defining a new function f(-x) for x X, such that (-x) = f(). (ii) Odd extension: The odd extension is obtained by defining a new function f(-x) for xeX, such that f(-x) = ~ f(X). x+x? for O h(x) is even while k (x) is odd. f-cor[Bea =f 9) h Thus f(x) = [ ay and {(-x) = Hence, f(x) is an even function when n is even, and an odd function when n is odd. ke) telcos Problem 1: Solution: Problem 2: Let f : [- 10, 10] -» R, where f(x) of parameter ‘a’ is/are: (A) (- 10, 10) ~ {0} (8) (0, 10) {C) [100, «) (D) (100, ~) in x + [x“/a] be an odd function. Then set of values Since f(x) is an odd function, O for all xe [-10, 10] 3 0¢% <1 forall xe [-10, 10] = a> 100. a Hence (D) is the correct answer. Period of |sin 2x] + [cos 8x! is: (A) ni2 (8) we (Cc) w16 (0) none of theseriod of [cos 8x1 = ri8. = id Clearly period of [sin 2x] = nla and PF ‘Solution: a Now CM von uncon 1/2 = Period of the gi Hence (A) is the correct answer. x = [sin + eos | is od of function f(x) = hing + Problem 3: The period of 8)" (oar (D) none of these (c)4n ion wit 1d |oosx| is a periodic function wit x function with period 2m an . Solution: Here ind is a periodic period m. Therefore period of f(x) is 2x - Hence (A) is the correct answer. Yo ‘Show that the function f(x) 3 and g(x) = x*— |x| are even. , 2 Show that the following functions are odd function. () fixe Vie xe Vio xex?, @) f= et (2) tex)= Iog(x+ Vix?) &} x20 of Is the function f(x) = { x R given by f(x) = In(1 + x?) is many - one Methods to Find One-One or Many-One w If xy # X2 => £(%4) # f(X2) V Xs, x2 in the domain, then f(x) is one-one. (ii) HF F0%1) = 0x2) = x1 = x2, then f(x) is one-one, (ii) Any function which is entirely increasing or decreasing in the entire domain is one-one. (iv) Any continuous function f(x), which has at least one local maximum or local minimum, is many- one. (v) If any line paralle! to the x-axis cuts the graph of the function at the most at one point, then the function is one-one and if there exists a line which is parallel to the x-axis and cuts the graph of the function in at least two points, then the function is many-one. (vi) We put (xs) = f(x). Since x; = x2 always satisfies f(x;) = f(x2) So (% - x2) will be a factor of f(0,) ~ f(x2), Hence we can write (x1) -f(k2) = (xs = Xa) GOks, Xa), Where g(x, Xa) is some function Now if g(xs, x2) = 0 gives only those solutions, which are of the form x; = xs, then of x; and x2. f(x) is one - one and if g(x, X2) = 0 gives some solution which is different from x1 = xz, then f(x) is many-one. x2 44x47 ' ilustration 1: Let f : R > R be defined asf(x) =~". Determine whether f(x) is one-one or xe many-one. Solution: For the given function f(x) = f(x) x2 44x, +7 XG 44x. +7 , = (Ky ~ Xo) (2x1 + Ko + 1+ x4 X2) = 0. X4Ket KAT 112. Here one of the solution of 2x1 + 2x2 + 1 +X; Xo = Ois x; =O and x2 = 1 Hence f(0) = f (- Je so that f(x) is many - one. Remark: Any function will be either one - one or many - one.ton 2: LotR Rd Mustration 2 ono-one function. ee os 1K) = " gh ax? 4 34 #10027 1) Solution: = Wee 48 Hx) 2 0. 0F £0 2 For) 100 ono and cooicent of? 0 pr eerea= ~35853 But (x) iva quadratic onDre82/90 go that f(x) 20=7D50748 °°" raaotind by # (x)= 4)(x—2)(%- 3) is many-one. > mustration 3: Show that {: R ~ Solution: Graphically y = £04) 2 (x= Nl 2)(%~ 3) which is clearly many-one, G2 3 Onto and Into in the domain, i.e. for any y ¢ codomain If each element in the codomain have at least one preimage ! » ‘ ae tate at jonst ono element xc domain such that f(x) = y, then f(x) is onto and it there exists at image of any element in the domain, then f(x) is into, least one element in the codomain, which is not an it ion and a function which is both one-one and onto is Note: Onto function Is also called surjective functi called bijective function. e.g. R-» R, f(x) = sin x is into. f:R— R{(x) = ax’ + bis onto, where a7 0, be R. Methods to find Onto or Into functions If range = codomain, then f(x) is onto and if range is a proper subset of the codomain, then f(x) is Ww into. (il) Solve f(x) = y by taking x as a function of y i.e. oly) (say). Now If g(y) is dofined for each y < codomain and g(y) « domain for y e codomain, then f(x) is ‘onto and if any one of the above requirements is not fulfilled, then f(x) is into. 1000. Determine whether f(x) is into or Mustration 4: Let f : N > | be a function defined as f(x) onto. Lot (x) =y = x-1000=y = x=y + 1000 = gly) Solution: Here g(y) is defined for each y « |, but Honce f(x) is into. ten ee Mustration 5: If :R—» R where f(x) = X+3x+6 we axat (en check whether the function is onto or into. 2 oe (3) +7 jolution: Here f(x) = i at ) 3 which takes only positive values. 2 4 193, Fax 2651994ou R + R be defined as f(x) = x + sinx + 7, then check whether f(x) is one-one or many one ex 2 WE (x) =" Show that fis one-one function. 3. Which of the following functions are one-one? (a) f: R > R defined by f(x) = -}x|, WV : R > R defined by f(x) = 3x + 2. x+T R' defined by f(x) = 1428, 1: R- {1} > R defined by f(x) =. Directions (4-7): Which of the following functions are onto ? 4 1: RR defined by f(x) = 2x + 5. 5. £: RY + R defined by f(x) = vx. 6 {RR defined by f(x) = x= 4 7 £2 [-3: + [-1,1]defined by {( 8. La = Y = [-1, 1]. For each of the following functions from X to Y, state whether (a) "09 =5 (©) 900 = Xl (c) (x) = x/x] (d) f(x) = sin xx 9. Let f: R -> R, where f(x) = 2" — 2%, then f(x) is (A) one-one (8) many-one (C) periodic (D) none of these 10. Let {: R > R, then f(x) = 2x + |cosx| is (B) one-one and onto (A) one-one and into (D) many one and onto (C) many-one and into Remark: Any polynomial function { : R -» Ris onto if degree of {is odd and into if degree of fis even. Let: X -» ¥ be a function defined by y = f(x) such that fis both one - one and onto, Then there exists a unique function g : Y -> X such that for each y « Y, gly) = x €2 y = M(x). The function g so defined is called the inverse off Be on i gis the inverse off, thon fs the inverse of g and the two functions and 9 are sald to be the penne ofeach other For the inverse of a function to exist, the function must be one-one and onto. Method to Find Inverse of a Function itt be the inverse of f, then fof "=f * of = |, where | is an identity function. fot = 1 => (fof “(x)) = 1) = *. i (x), we will get an equation inf" (x) and x Apply the formula of f on f* Solve it to get f(x). Dem 110006ee in FN) ct to the Hine y =X: {Notes j function and Its inver Mustration 1° Solution: ji tandard functions al YE OE [_NVERSE FUNCTION ic with respe' always symmeltic ® aan ot -2%. Find £0). Let f; RR defined by {()=—z we oe an NF. me LU - =x >e 72 ut negative sign is not possible 1710) 2 x 4vx? +1. Hence, £7K)= re) a(x) 2x e' because LH.S. is always tog(x + Ix? +1). positive. Thus e' ction: long with their inverse fun 1. ¥:[0, co) —> [0, 20) defined by f(x) =. x? 7720, 0) —> (0, 9) defined by f! (x) = vx a esti>f e 3] defined by f(x) = sin’x 2 ff [-4 3 > 4, 1] defined by f(x) = sinx 5 7 A 3 f= [0, x] > [1.1] defined by f(x) = cos x 7:1, 4] > (0, x] defined by f* (x)= cos"x fos (= 2) > > 3) defined by 4. #(-3 3) = (-c, <0) defined by f(x) = tan x f(x) = tan™x 4:0, n) > (2, co) defined by f(x) = cot x f¥: (», 22) > (0, n) defined by f(x) = cot'x 6. ro, Z)u(§. *| ~9(-00,-1JUL1, 22) aa defined by f(x) = sec x MUL. 2) > [oz}u(5 defined by f(x) = sec’'x ® 7. Al 2 defined by f(x) = cosec x _ ou a 3]>Ce-tutt) £7: (2, -1JU[1, 2%) > [-Z-)u(a3] defined by f(x) = cosec’'x 8. f:R> Ri defined by fix) = 6° 1x): R’ —> R defined by f(x) = Inx SOLVED PROBLEMS Problem 1: Solution: ee La Let f(x) = 2cos’x + V3 sin2x ; ane Tarra + 1. Find its domain and range so that f is an invertible f(x) = 2cos*x + V3 sin2x + 1 = 2si © 2sin| 2x +2) +2or 2cos (2% = Let X= domain of f = [-2 =] o, [2 2x Then f :X a6 #3] and Y = Range of f= [0, 4]. nf :X— Y defined by f(x) = 2cos’ ie £69) will exist and Soave f a x foe loon ao wet! Y > Xis a function defined by NT £%x) =4f gin X22 _ y eee a) alos ‘FIETIEE House, 29.4, Kale Sarat Priva Mar, Rew Dethi-110016. Ph aaloninn DeseareT =problem 1: Lot :[-r/3, 2x/3] -» (0,4] be a function defined as 3 sin x- cosx+2. Then f “(x) is given by {D) none of these solution: f(x) = V3 sinx-cosx+2=2sin («-8) +2. Since f(x) is one-one and onto, fis invertible. Now fof (x) = x => 2sin (r'e-4) 42=x => sin (rov-2) = BI oy) <1 for all x € (0, 4] > 109= sin'(S-1}02 because x4 2 Hence (B) is the correct answer. (2x). Then find x) Ba Let f (2, 1] ->(~, 1] such that f(x 2. Let f : X > Y, where f(x) = x°- 4x + 6. Find 'X’ and "Y’ so that inverse of the given function can be obtained, Find also the inverse. iC If: [2, 20) —> (20, 4], where f(x) = x(4 ~ x) then find *(x). a Find the inverse of the function: f(x) 10* -10°* Find the inverse of the function: y= +1 8 Find e inv ee er R— (1). Show that the function f : X > Y defined by f(x) = ae istonetone are x oo,(ce Gai) e> ae 6 LetX= onto. Find f'. 7. Let fbe a function from R to R such that f(x) = cos (5x + 2) Is invertible? Justify your answer. x? —x +1, Find the inverse of f(x). Hence or otherwise Be Let f : [1/2, 20) > [3/4,c), where f(%) tion, x7 =x +1 = pea. solve the equat 9. Let f : (2, 4) (1, 3) where f(x) = x ~ bd/2] (where [J denotes the greatest integer function), then Fxjis (A) not defined (B)x-1 x+4 (D) none of these vapriga Vika Teese unit je com TAIUGE Lid, FOTUEE House, 2A, Kal Sara, Sar= 20°, then F (x) is )) Stevie 410g, x] es (3) (D) not defined «© AG [i+Alo9; x) shoe Pa ia sccabed dying a function isto study it through its graph. To draw the graph ‘stem of coordinate axes in the plane such that to each x « x, which determines a point in the plane. The set of all points 1s and their graphs. ) — [1,20 is defined byf(*) 40, Ifthe function f:[1.) Graph of Som enient and useful method for stu Y, we choose a sy xd pair (x, f(%)) ff. We consider some examples of function: Aconvé of a function f : X > there corresponds the ordere {(x, f(%)) : x € XP is the graph of FUNCTION DOMAIN, RANGE GRAPH ] AND DEFINITION | 7 1 4. AConstant Function f:R> {co} foam lbar=9) defined by f(x) = ——. 4 2. The Identity Function f:ROR we, defined by f(x) = x VY, x ° y 3. The Absolute Value Function f:R[0,«) y defined by f(x) = [x] IN oa, ° 4. The Exponential Function f:R— (0, 0) defined by f(x) = e* 5. The Natural Logarithmic : f:(0,0)R Function ae defined by f(x) = In x ae6 Tho Groatest Integer (Roz Funetion dofined by (x) = x] the greatest integer = x 7 Tho fractional part of x 1:10, 1) defined by f(x) = {x} 8 Polynomial Tes on" pan eas ton ak Functions | where ag, a,..a are real numbers, ap # 0. px) ; A x) = Pus) re polynomials in x. Domain Rational ) ay P(x) and q(x) are polyt funcions is R= {x : q(x) = 0} 10. Trigonometric or Circular Functions:Basic Transformations on Graphs Drawing the graph of y = f(x) +b, beR, from the known graph of y = f(x) Ax)1b,b 20 yet) Axyth,b <0 Its obvious that domain of f(x) and f(x) + b are the same. Let us take any point xo in the domain of f(x). Yon, = 1060): The corresponding point on f(x) +b would be f(xa)+b: For b > 0 => f(x) + b > f(Xo) it means that the corresponding point on f(x)+b would be lying at a distance ‘b’ units above the point on f(x). For b <0 = f(x) + b < f(xo) it means that the corresponding point on f(x) + b would be lying at a distance ‘b’ units below the point on f(x). pena the graph of f(x) + b can be obtained by translating the graph of {(x) either in the positive y- axis direction (if b > 0) or in the negative y-axis direction (if b < 0), through a distance |b| units. Drawing the graph of ¥ = |{(x)| from the known graph of y = f(x) 110) =f0x) if (x) 2 0 and I1(x)1= ~f(x) if (x) < 0. it means that the graph of f(x) and |f(x)|_ would iia, Fite ie DA at Sent Se 4 Sara Sorvapriga Whar, New Delhi-110016, Ph sol0e00, DosootoT Fav eT TD website: wu ftjee cm,es coincide if (x) 2 0 and the portions where f(x) < 0 would get inverted in the upward direction The above figure would make the procedure clear. Drawing the graph of y = {((x) from the known graph of y = f(x) ; 0x Itis clear that, (|x|) = hi A mo Thus {([x|) would be a even function. Graphs of f([x|) and f(x) Hx), x <0. would be identical in the first and the fourth quadrants (as x 20) and as such the graph of f([xj) would be symmetrical about the y-axis (as (|) is even). ‘The figure would make the procedure clear. Drawing the graph of |y| = f(x) from the known graph of y = f(x) Clearly ly| = 0. If f(x) < 0, graph of |y| = f(x) would not exist. And if f(x) 20, |y| = f(x) would give y= 4 f(x). Hence graph of |y| = f(x) would exist only in the regions where f(x) is non-negative and will be reflected about the x-axis only in those regions. C SAKA Let us take any point xo ¢ domain of f(x), and set x + a = x or x = Xo -a. a> 0X < xo, and a <0 =5Xx > Xo. That mean x and x» ~ a would given us same abcissa for f(x) and f(x + a) respectively. ‘As such, for a > 0, graph of f(x + a) can be obtained simply by translating the graph of f(x) in the negative x- direction through a distance ‘a’ units. If a < 0, graph of f(x + a) can be obtained by translating the graph of f(x) in the positive x- direction through a distance ‘a units.ow f(x) fr raving the geapn of = 3) ints (points with same x co-ordinates) would have their ordinates in e corresponding point ol y= af(x) willbe 'a' times of ordinate in y= f(x). .e., graph wy in say, ordi it is cloar that the pressed along y-axis. the ratio of 1 : 2 or we car bo either stretched or comF raph of y = f(x) Drawing the graph of y = f(ax) from the known grap! _ ™ y= flax), 0 xo and f(x) will stretch by 1/a units against the y-axis, and ifa>1,x [-1,1], = the inverse mapping would be f"": [1.1] = [-n/2,n/2),Ilustration 1: Draw the graph of {(x) = cosx cos(x + 2) - cos’(x + 1). 4 Solution: f(x) = cosx cos(x + 2) — cos*(x + 1) = Afoos(2x +2) +0082] —h 1 ~3[ 008 (2x +2) +1] Ycos2-% 4 * = 7082-5 <0Problem: Solution: Problem 2: Solution: aia SY OBLEMS Draw the graphs of the following functions : @ t% oe. ke x2 Domain of f= R= (1, 2}. Range of f= {-1, 1}. Noto that f(x) is not defined at x = 1 and x = 2. The graph is as shown: x yet . 7 Cre 29 (i) S=® = x—nwhen x 2 -n. xen Theretore, (x)= {50% O [0, 20) and f (x) = 7 then fis {B) one-one but not onto (A) one-one and onto (0) neither one-one nor onto (C) onto but not one-one x 1 The given function is f (x)= 7 4a [0, 1) which is a subset of [0, =). Also the function is one-one. Hence its range is Hence (B) is the correct answer. [E-4, 1] which ofthe following function(s) f: A» A are invertible: For A (A) f(x) = x/2 (B) g(x) = sin (nx/2) (C) h(x) = (D) k(x) = x? Soar carvaprva Vinar, ew DeW-110016, Ph 46106000, 265604905, Fux ZosoOTT Paaee Lid, FOTIEE House, 29-4 Kabt ‘tebe: unit faje.com.Solution: Problem 3: Solution: Problem 4: Solution: Problem 5: Solution: MISCELLANEOUS| EXERCISE Honce (B) info) 2101-9022 * (4 By replacing x with (1 (1 —x) +2 1(1- 14) Now f(x) + 2 1(1~x) 3(a—2x +4) =F ffx) =x" + 2-2 RBI yaad 1s those are ‘p' aro ruled ou eon ‘and onto. erex!2) is batt onto. 8) = sin rroct answ- ‘av xeR, then f(x) Is given as (B)x°-2 (D) none of these _-x) in the given expression, we get Lax +2 = 11-x) +2100) = (1 Bane ayfa)) = x8 + 2— 2404 ~ #2) (x2 = 1K) = Hence (A) is the correct answer. If fis a function such that {(0) = 2, f(1) = 3 and f(x+2) = 2f(x) — f(x+1) for every real x then f(5) is (ay7 (c)4 For x = 0, (2) = 21(0) forx = 1, (3) = 2f(1) (8) 13 (D)5 = (1) =2*2-3 =1, ~f(2) =6-1 =5, for x = 2, (4) = 21(2)-1(3) =2*1-5 =-3, for x = 3, (5) = 21(3) -1(4) = 2x5 - (-3)= 13. Hence (B) is the correct answer. 2 Int) = [7 for x for (A) x? for x 2 0, x for (C) x‘ for x > 0, -x? forx <0 fof(x) = { %2 0 then fof(x) is given by x<0 xP +2 x<0 (B) x‘ for x > 0, x? forx <0 f7(x) for f(x)>0 _ {x4 x20 (x) for f(x) <0 x x<0" Hence (0) is the correct answer, © 8% ane = ag = 0, 1,2, nd aq when (a) f00 = px, Show that there is a Find the number of (db) (« ‘fumber x between 0 and 7/2 such that solutions of the equation |sinx| = jx]. (D) x* for x > 0, x forx <0 cos x = x. smany-ono. Also f(x) = x/2 IS ON-one but ny 139833. Find the number of solutions of (a) "= [2 bell Co) 785 — bl) = (o)2'+3'+ 4" 5*=0 (a) x7 -4- f= 0 where [.] denotes the greatest integer function. we If a and b are positive integers with no common factor, show that (z]- (2 |. [2 + «|e Be] (e-ne—9 where [J denotes the greatest integer b 2 : function 5, The values of b and c for which the identity fix + 1) ~ f(x) = 8x + 3 Is satisfied, where f(x) = bx? + ox +d, are (a)4.1 a) ()-1.4 (0) none of these rfcr)t oS) vat 6 Let 2 f(x?) + 3 (1x2) = x? —1 for all xeR — {0}. Then f(x) equals et or DhUM+ BALVA) > 41 x © soxezet (D) none of these HO + BFC) wht * nee” q fey] £0) (2° -— vee TaTY ee pe] ere aire us ir b w+ eC ah =r va) __g) fue Pt add jo net oe EO ew oS fucks OO a Ow & I 25 “>? ao ey Fe fee 7 et S CM aoe e} " - ated S(f'29 eD2D) be % was Lar ZED dee ae > rhb = Cet) a et v G <2 muy t¢) > aden a qe bla xz "76106000, 20569499, Fax 26519. aga Var Rew elhi-11001 pate; una fate".