Mobile Communications (ET4 153) : 3. Wireless Networking

Mobile Communication (ET4 153) 22/05/00
Mobile Communications (ET4 153)
3. Wireless Networking
Part 2
Jos Nijhof
Delft University of Technology
Wireless Networking mc_03b # 1
Wireless Systems and Standards (Ch. 10)

1. AMPS and ETACS
2. United States Digital Cellular (IS-54)
3. Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
4. CDMA Digital Cellular Standard (IS-95)
5. CT2 Standard for Cordless Telephones
6. Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT)
7. PACS – Personal Access Communication System
8. Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC)
9. Personal Handyphone System (PHS)
10. U.S. PCS and ISM bands
11. U.S. Wireless Cable Television
12. Summary of Standards Throughout the World
Wireless Networking 1
Wireless Systems and Standards (ET4 153)

• GSM
– Rappaport 10.3 / http://ccnga.uwaterloo.ca/~jscouria/GSM/index.html
– High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)
– General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
– Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)
• DECT
– Rappaport 10.6 /
– http://www.dect.ch
• UMTS / IMT2000
– Rappaport 9.14 /
– http://www.umts-forum.org/
– http://www.itu.int/imt/
• Wireless LANs: IEEE 802.11 / HIPERLAN / Bluetooth
• Wireless Access to the Internet
– Mobile IP
– Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
Global System for Mobile Communications
GSM
GSM – Overview
• Introduction
• Mobile Services
• System Architecture
• Radio Interface
• Protocols
• Localization and calling
• Handover
• Security
• New data services
Architecture of the GSM system

• GSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
– components
• MS (mobile station)
• BS (base station)
• MSC (mobile switching center)
• HLR, VLR (location registers)
– subsystems
• RSS (radio subsystem): covers all radio aspects
• NSS (network and switching subsystem): call forwarding,
handover, switching
• OSS (operation subsystem): management of the network
Architecture of the GSM system

OMC, EIR,
AUC
HLR GMSC
NSS fixed network
with OSS
VLR MSC MSC

VLR
BSC BSC
RSS
BTS
GSM: elements and interfaces
BSC VLR
MS
EIR
BTS MSC
BSS
MS HLR
AUC
BSC
BTS VLR
MS
MSC OMC
Um Abis
A O
GMSC
PDN
radio interface ISDN IWF
PSTN
GSM System Architecture – Radio subsystem

radio network and • Components
subsystem switching
subsystem – MS (Mobile Station)
– BSS (Base Station Subsystem):
MS MS MS consisting of
• BTS (Base Transceiver Station):
sender and receiver
Um
• BSC (Base Station Controller):
Abis
controlling several transceivers
A
BTS • Interfaces
BSC MSC – Um : radio interface
BTS – Abis : standardized, open interface
BSS with 16 kbit/s user channels
– A: standardized, open interface with
64 kbit/s user channels
GSM - System architecture: NSS

fixed Components
network and switching partner
subsystem o MSC (Mobile Switching Center):
networks o IWF (Interworking Functions)
ISDN
MSC o ISDN (Integrated Services Digital
PSTN
Network)
o PSTN (Public Switched Telephone
EIR
Network)
o PSPDN (Packet Switched Public Data
Net.)
SS7 HLR
o CSPDN (Circuit Switched Public Data
Net.)
VLR
ISDN Databases
PSTN o HLR (Home Location Register)
MSC
PSPDN o VLR (Visitor Location Register)
IWF
CSPDN o EIR (Equipment Identity Register)
GSM channelization scheme

• 50-MHz total allocation
• 200-kHz carrier spacing
• 124 pairs of FDMA super channels
• Each FDMA superchannel has a data rate of 270 kbit/s
• Each FDMA superchannel provides 8 TDMA traffic channels
• Voice uses Residually Excited Linear Predictive (RELP) coding
running at 13 kbit/s
• There is a total of 8 x 124 = 992 full duplex channels
GSM - Carrier frequencies, duplexing, and TDMA frames

960 MHz
959.8 MHz 124
123 Downlink
25 MHz
⋅⋅⋅
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
200 kHz ⋅⋅⋅
2
935.2 MHz 1
935 MHz
Data burst, 156.25 bit periods = 15/26 ms ≈ 576.9 µs
915 MHz
914.8 MHz 124
45 MHz 123 Delay
separation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
⋅⋅⋅
200 kHz ⋅⋅⋅ Uplink
2
890.2 MHz 1
890 MHz
GSM frequency / time slots

Downlink
960 MHz 124 channels
Frequency
12
935 MHz 1
Time
Uplink
915 MHz 124 channels
Frequency
12
890 MHz 1
Time
GSM - Frame hierarchy

Hyperframe = 2048 superframes = 2,715,648 frames = 3h 28m 53s 760ms
0 1 2 2047
Superframe = 26 x 51 = 1326 frames = 2.16s

Logical structure, serves
0 1 2 25 as the basis for of
organization and for setting
0 1 2 50 timers for cycling certain
functions such as slow
frequency hopping and
26 multiframe = 120 ms 51 multiframe = 235 ms setting frame numbering
for security and other
0 1 2 25 or 0 1 2 50 purposes
TDMA frame = 120/26 ms = 4.615 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GSM TDMA frame, slots, and bursts

960
935 – 960 MHz
)
Hz
downlink
124 channels (200 kHz)
(M
935
cy
915
en
890 - 915 MHz

qu
uplink
124 channels (200 kHz)
fre
890
time
GSM TDMA frame
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4.165 ms
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
guard user user guard
tail S Training S tail
space data data space
3 57 1 26 1 57 3
546.5 µs
577 µs
GSM – Logical channels and frame hierarchy
Physical channel: slot, repeated every 4.615 ms
Example:
Logical channel C1: takes up every 4th slot
Logical channel C2: takes up every 2nd slot
C1 and C2 can use the same physical channel:
C1 C2 C2 C1 C2 C2 C1
GSM – Frame hierarchy

hyperframe
0 1 2 … 2045 2046 2047 3 h 28 min 53.76 s
superframe
0 1 2
… 48 49 50
0 1
… 24 25
6.12 s
multiframe
0 1 … 24 25 120 ms
0 1 2 … 48 49 50 235.4 ms
frame
0 1 … 6 7 4.615 ms
burst 577 µs
GSM – Classification of logical Channels

Traffic Channels Signalling Channels
Unidirectional Unidirectional,
Bidirectional Bidirectional
Downlink Down- or Uplink
Traffic Channel Broadcast Channel Common Control Dedicated Control
(TCH) (BCH) Channel (CCCH) Channel (DCCH)
Standalone Dedicated
Broadcast Control Random Access Control Channel
Full-Rate Channel
Channel (BCCH) Channel (RACH) (SDCCH)
TCH/F
22.8 kbit/s
Associated Control
Synchronization Access Grant Channel (ACCH)
Channel (SCH) Channel (AGCH)
Slow Associated Control
Half-Rate Channel Channel (SACCH)
TCH/H
11.4 kbit/s Frequency Correction Paging Channel
Channel (FCH) (PCH) Fast Associated Control
Channel (FACCH)
Logical Channels
• Traffic Channel (TCH)
– full-rate TCH (TCH/F) – 22.8 kbit/s
– half-rate TCH (TCH/H) – 11.4 kbit/s
• Control Channels (CCH)
– Broadcast Channel (BCH)
• Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
• Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)
• Synchronization Channel (SCH)
– Common Control Channel (CCCH)
• Random Access Channel (RACH)
• Access Grant Channel (AGCH)
• Paging Channel (PCH)
– Dedicated/Associated Control Channel (DCCH/ACCH)
• Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)
• Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
• Fast Associated Control Channel
GSM – Traffic Channels (TCH)

• Full-Rate TCH (TCH/F) – 1 TS/Frame – 22.8 kbit/s
– Full-Rate Speech Channel (TCH/FS)
– Full-Rate Data Channel for 9.6 kbit/s (TCH/F9.6)
• Half-Rate TCH (TCH/H) 1 TS/2 Frames – 11.4 kbit/s
– Half-Rate Speech Channel (TCH/HS)
– Half-Rate Data Channel for 4.8 kbit/s (TCH/H4.8)
– Half-Rate Data Channel for 2.4 kbit/s (TCH/H2.4)
GSM - Signalling
• Two types of signalling channels:
– Signalling associated with a call
– Signalling outside a call
GSM/DCS signalling
• Signalling associated with a call
– Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
• used for sending radio measurements for handover decisions and for
other nonurgent procedures
– about two messages per second can be sent in each direction
TTTTTTTTTTTTSTTTTTTTTTTTT x
1 12 13 26
– Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)

• used for call establishment, authentication of the SIM, handover
commands, and other high urgency messages
• uses the traffic channel itself before the call is set up and after it is
completed
• while the call is in progress, the FACCH “steals” bits from the voice or
data traffic to perform functions such as handover commands.
GSM/DCS signalling
• Signalling outside a call
– The base station sends synchronization bursts periodically to the mobiles to
• perform frame synchronization
• fine-tune the frequency
– The base station sends its ID and parameters periodically on a Broadcast
Control Channel (BCCH)
– Authentication and other call setup signals are sent on a Stand-alone
Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)
– A request for a channel by a mobile is sent on a Random Access Channel
(RACH)
– An access grant of a channel is sent to a mobile on a Access Grant
Channel
– The system initiates a call to a mobile on a Paging Channel (PCH)
GSM – Common Control Channel (CCH)

• Random Access Channel (RACH)
– occurs only at the uplink
– allows MS, using S-ALOHA, to request channel capacity from the BS to
establish a connection
• Access Grant Channel (AGCH)
– occurs only at the downlink
– used by the BS to respond to a message received over the RACH
– tells the MS that it can use a TCH or SDCCH for further connection setup
• Paging Channel (PCH)
– occurs only at the downlink
– used for selective addressing of a called MS during a connect request from
the network (incomming call)
– may be used to provide cell broadcast text messages to all subscribers within
a cell
GSM – Broadcast channel (BCC)

• Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
– used by a BTS to signal information to all MSs within a cell
• cell indentifier
• options available within this cell
• frequencies available in this cell and in neighbouring cells
• Synchrinization Channel (SCH)
– used for transmitting synchronization bursts to a MS to allow it
to time-synchronize
• Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)
– used for transmitting a frequency correction burst to the MS for
possible correction of the transmitting frequency
Dedicated/Associated Control Channel (D/ACCH)

• Stand-Alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)
– used when a traffic channel has not been assigned
– low data rate (782 bit/s)
– authentication, registration, or other data needed for setting up a TCH.
• Slow Associated Dedicated Control Channel (SACCH)
– Always allocated parallel to a TCH or an SDCCH
– data rate: 383 bit/s
– used to transmit system information from the network to a MS, and
measurement data on signal strength and receive quality from the MS to the
network
• Fast Associated Dedicated Control Channel (FACCH)
– uses time slots which are otherwise used by the TCH
– data rate: 4600 or 9200 bit/s
– used for urgent messages (e.g., handover request)
How do you
know I am
here?
GSM - Paging
• One of the core functions of a cellular system is to locate
the mobile station at any point in time. There are three
options:
– Page to a single cell: requires that the mobile stations update
the network every time it changes cells, thereby creating much
updating traffic
– Page to the whole network: eliminates updating traffic, but
creates much paging traffic since the network does not know
where the mobile is and must send the page to the whole
network
– Page to “location areas” (method used by GSM): defines
location areas, for example a group of cells served by a single
Mobile Switching Center (MSC).
GSM - Location Areas
Location Area
Location Area
Location Update
Signaling Total
traffic
Paging Requests Location Updates
Size Location Area
GSM - Location Areas and Location Updates
Location Area Code: 26

26 009
26 010 26 008
26 073 Location Area Code: 27

27003
Location Update
GSM - Mobile Terminated Call

4
1: calling a GSM subscriber HLR VLR
5
2: forwarding call to GMSC 1 8 9
3 6
3: signal call setup to HLR 14 15
2 7
4, 5: request MSRN from VLR PSTN GMSC MSC
6: forward responsible MSC to 10 10 10

13
GMSC 16
7: forward call to current MSC BSS BSS BSS
8, 9: get current status of MS 11 11 11
10,11: paging of MS
11 12
12,13: MS answers
17
14,15: security checks
MS
16,17: set up connection
GSM - Mobile Originated Call
1,2: connection request VLR

3,4: security check
3 4
5-8: check resources
6 5
(free circuit) PSTN GMSC MSC
7 8
9,10: set up call
2 9
BSS
1 10
MS
GSM – From speech input to speech output

Speech Speech
Digitizing and Source

source coding decoding
Channel Channel
coding decoding
Interleaving De-interleaving
Burst Burst
formatting formatting
Ciphering De-ciphering
Radio channel
Modulation Demodulation
GSM – Speech coding

• Regular Pulse Excitation – Long-Term Prediction –
Linear Predictive Coder (RPE-LTP)
• Coder provides 260 bits for each 20 ms block of speech
⇒ bit rate: 13 kbit/s
• Voice Activity Detector (VAD)
• Discontinuous Transmission Mode (DTX)
• Comfort Noise Subsystem (CNS)
GSM – Speech functions at the transmitter
Speech coder VAD
DTX
Voice, 13 bit Voice
Speech coder Discontinuous
8000 samples/s Frame
Transmission
Comfort Noise SID

Synthesizer Frame
GSM – Speech functions at the receiver
BFI Speech coder
DTX
Voice Voice Voice, 13 bit
Discontinuous
Frame Decoder 8000 samples/s
Transmission
SID Comfort Noise

Frame Synthesizer
GSM – speech functions

• VAD = Voice Activity Detector
• SID = Silence Descriptor
• BFI = Bad Frame Indication
• DTX = Discontinuous Transmission
GSM - Interleaving: spreading and merging
Interleaving depth = 3
Spreading
Merging
Distributing bit errors through deinterleaving
error burst
Interleaving Signal
Despreaded Signal
GSM - Security in GSM (1)

• Security services
– access control/authentication
• user Õ SIM : secret PIN (personal identification number)
• SIM Õ network: challenge response method
– confidentiality
• voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after
successful authentication)
– anonymity
• temporary identity TMSI
(Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
• newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)
• encrypted transmission
4.32.1
GSM - Security in GSM (2)

• 3 algorithms specified in GSM
– A3 for authentication (“secret”, open interface)
– A5 for encryption (standardized)
– A8 for key generation (“secret”, open interface)
GSM security - the authentication process
Ki: user Random Random Ki: stored

secret number number in HLR
key generator
(in SIM)
A3 ciphering A3 ciphering
algorithm algorithm
Yes/no
Result Match?
Mobile Network
GSM security - the encryption process
Ki: Random RAND Ki:

(in SIM) number generator in HLR
A8 ciphering algorithm A8 ciphering algorithm
Kc used for Frame Frame Kc used for

each connection number number each connection
A5 ciphering algorithm A5 ciphering algorithm
Exclusive Exclusive
Data Data
OR OR
Mobile Network
The evolution path for GSM

IMT2000
GSM Phase 2+
EDGE
EDGE WCDMA
WCDMA
GPRS Existing New or

Functionality
115.2 kbit/s HSCSD spectrum “refarmed”

EFR 57.6 kbit/s spectrum
CAMEL
CTS
(IN)
ASCI n
u titoion
Circuit
Circuitdata ol lu
eevvo
data
9.6
9.6kbit/s
kbit/s MM
SMS
SMS
GGSS
Speech
Speech
2G 2.5G 3G
GSM Phase 2+ Service Enhancements

• High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD): bearer services up to
64 kbit/s using multi-slot transmissions
• Enhanced full rate codec
• Customized Applications for Mobile Enhanced Logic (CAMEL
Intelligent Network facilities), intelligent roaming
• Advanced Speech Call Items (ASCI services): PMR services such
as broadcast calls, group calls with fast call set-up (push-to-talk
button), call priority levels, emergency calls.
• Support for optimal routing
GSM – High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)

• Data transmission standardized with only 9.6 kbit/s
– advanced coding allows 14,4 kbit/s (TCH/F14.4)
– not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
• HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)
– already standardized
– bundling of several time-slots to get higher
AIUR (Air Interface User Rate)
(e.g., 57.6 kbit/s using 4 slots, 14.4 each)
– advantages: ready to use, constant quality, simple, requires
software updates in an MS and MSC only
– disadvantages: channels blocked for voice transmission, still
connection-oriented – inefficient for computer data traffic
GSM – High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)

Available data rates for HSCSD in GSM
AIUR [ kbit/s ] TCH/F4.8 TCH/F9.6 TCH/F14.4

4.8 1
9.6 2 1
14.4 3 1
19.2 4 2
28.8 3 2
38.4 4
43.2 3
57.6 4
AIUR = Air Interface User Rate

TCH/Fx = Full-rate Traffic Channel with data rate x kbit/s
GSM - General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

• Packet-switching technique that uses reduced channel
coding to achieve a net bit-rate of 14.4 kbit/s per timeslot,
leading to a maximum throughput rate of 115 kbit/s (8
timeslots)
• Suited to handle bursty traffic (packet switching)
• GPRS only requires a channel when data is being sent.
Allows channels to be shared between several users
simultaneously.
• standardization 1998, introduction 2000
• advantage: one step towards UMTS, more flexible
• disadvantage: more investment needed
– new network elements: GPRS support nodes (GSN)
Enhanced Data Rate for Global Evolution (EDGE)

• Common factor for both IS-136 and GSM
• Work on the standard is still ongoing (TIA, ETSI)
• Uses existing GSM / IS-136 radiobands
• Data rates: 10 – 480 kbit/s
• Supports both circuit- and packet-switched services (real-
time and non-real-time services)
Mobile Communication (ET4-153)
Next week:
DECT
UMTS
IMT2000
GSM - Appendix
• GSM Numbers
Overview of addresses and pertinent databases

LMSI MSRN IMSI TMSI MSISDN LAI
MSC
(SPC) VLR
IMEI
(SPC)
EIR BTS
8765
6789
1234
(BSIC)
Equipment SIM Cell
(IMEI) (CI, LAI)
Subscriber
IMSI MSISDN MSRN (IMSI,
MSISDN
TMSI, MSRN) IMSI RAND SRES Ki Kc
HLR AUC
(SPC)
Abbreviations
• MSISDN Mobile Subscriber ISDN
• SIM Subscriber Identity Module
• IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity
• IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity
• MSRN Mobile Station Roaming Number
• LMSI Local Mobile Station Identity
• TMSI Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
• LAI Location Area Identity
• RAND Random Number
• SRES Authenticator
• Ki, Kc Authentication, Transmission Keys
• BSIC Base Station Identity Code
• CI Cell Identity
• SPC Signalling Point Code
GSM numbers: IMEI

IMEI: International Mobile Station Equipment Identity
• uniquely identifies mobile equipment internationally
• allocated by the equipment manufacturer and registered by the
network operator who stores it in the Equipment Identity Register
(EIR)
• purpose: to recognize obsolete, stolen, or nonfunctional
equipment.
6 6 6 1 (decimal digits)
TAC FAC SNR
Type Final Serial
Approval Assembly Number
Code Code
(Centrally (Assigned
assigned) by
manufacturer)
GSM numbers: IMSI

IMSI: International Mobile Subscriber Identity
• received by subscriber when registering for service with a mobile
network operator
• stored in the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
• mobile station can only be operated if a valid IMSI is inserted into
equipment with a valid IMEI
3 2 ≤ 10 (decimal digits)
MMC MNC MSIN
Mobile Mobile Mobile
Country Network Subscriber
Code Code Identification
Number
(Internationally National Mobile Subscriber Identity

standardized) (assigned by the operator of the home PLMN)
GSM numbers: MSISDN

MSISDN: Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number
• the “real telephone number” of a mobile station
• a subscriber (SIM) can hold several MSISDNs for selection of
different services (voice, data, fax, etc.)
1-3 2-3 ≤ 10 (decimal digits)

CC NDC SN
Country National Subscriber
Code Destination Number
Code
(ITU-T E.164) Assigned by the national operator or regulatory

administration
GSM numbers: MSRN

MSRN: Mobile Station Roaming Number
• temporary location-dependent ISDN number
• assigned by the locally responsible VLR to each mobile station in its
area
• calls are routed to the MS by using the MSRN
• on request the MSRN is passed from the HLR to the GMSC
1-3 2-3 ≤ 10 (decimal digits)
CC NDC SN
Country National Subscriber
Code Destination Number
Code
determined by the visited assigned by the current VLR,

network and depend on the SN is unique within the mobile
current location network
GSM numbers: LAI

LAI: Local Area ID
• each Location Area (LA) of a PLMN has its own identifier
• the LAI is structured hierarchically and internationally unique
1-3 2-3 ≤5 (decimal digits)

CC MNC LAC
Country Mobile Location or maximum twice
Code Network Area 8 bits. coded in
Code Code hexadecimal
internationally operator-
standardized dependent
part part
GSM numbers: TMSI

TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
• has only local significance in the area handled by the VLR
• used in place of the IMSI for the definite identification and
addressing of the mobile station (nobody can determine the identity
of the subscriber by listening to the radio channel)
• the MS stores the TMSI on the SIM card
• the TMSI is stored on the network side only in the VLR and is not
passed to the HLR
• format: operator specific, can consist of up to 4 × 8 bits
• together with the current location area, a TMSI allows a subscriber
to be identified uniquely (LAI + TMSI)
GSM numbers: LMSI

LMSI: Local Mobile Station Identity
• additional searching key to accelerate database access
• assigned when the mobile station registers with the VLR and is also
sent to the HLR
• each time messages are sent to the VLR concerning a mobile
station, the LMSI is added, so the VLR can use the short searching
key for transactions concerning the MS
• format: operator-specific, four octets
GSM numbers: CI, BSIC, SPC

CI: Cell Identifier
• to identify individual cells uniquely
• Global Cell Identity (GCI = LAI + CI)
BSIC: Base Transceiver Station Identity Code

• used to distinguish neighboring base stations
• two components:
• Network Color Code (NCC)
• Base Station Color Code (BCC)
• directly adjacent PLMN and BS must have different color codes

Mobile Communications (ET4 153) : 3. Wireless Networking

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Mobile Communication (ET4 153) 22/05/00

Mobile Communications (ET4 153)

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 1

Wireless Systems and Standards (Ch. 10)

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 2

Wireless Systems and Standards (ET4 153)

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 3

Global System for Mobile Communications

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 4

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 5

Architecture of the GSM system

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 6

Architecture of the GSM system

VLR MSC MSC

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 7

GSM: elements and interfaces

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 8

GSM System Architecture – Radio subsystem

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 9

GSM - System architecture: NSS

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 10

GSM channelization scheme

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 11

GSM - Carrier frequencies, duplexing, and TDMA frames

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 12

GSM frequency / time slots

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 13

GSM - Frame hierarchy

Superframe = 26 x 51 = 1326 frames = 2.16s

TDMA frame = 120/26 ms = 4.615 ms

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 14

GSM TDMA frame, slots, and bursts

890 - 915 MHz

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 15

GSM – Logical channels and frame hierarchy

Physical channel: slot, repeated every 4.615 ms

C1 and C2 can use the same physical channel:

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 16

GSM – Frame hierarchy

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 17

GSM – Classification of logical Channels

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 18

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 19

GSM – Traffic Channels (TCH)

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 20

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 21

– Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 22

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 23

GSM – Common Control Channel (CCH)

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 24

GSM – Broadcast channel (BCC)

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 25

Dedicated/Associated Control Channel (D/ACCH)

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 26

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 27

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 28

GSM - Location Areas

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 29

GSM - Location Areas

Wireless Networking mc_03b # 30

GSM - Location Areas