22 Principles of tnd Ste Comer Anat on f.f courte) ean ‘The average value, or de component, ofthe capacitor current must be zero in equilibrium. This should be an intuitive result. Ifa de currents applied to a capacitor, then the capacitor will charge continually and its voltage will increase without bound. Likewise, if de voltage i applied to an inductor, then the lux will increase continually and the inductor current will increase without bound. Equation (2.27, called the principle of capacitor amp-second balance or capacitor charge balance, can bbe used to find the steady-state curents in a switching converter 23. BOOST CONVERTER EXAMPLE The boost converter, Fig, 2.13(a), is another well-known switched-mode converter that is capable of pro- ducing a de output volage greater in magnitude than the dc input voltage. A practical realization of the switch, using a MOSFET and diode, is shown in Fig. 2.13(b). Let us apply the small-ipple approxima- tion and the principles of inductor volt-second balance and capacitor charge balance to find the steady. state output voltage and inductor current fr this converter. ‘With the switch in position 1, the right-hand side of the inductor is connected to ground, result- ing in the network of Fig. 2.14(a). The inductor voltage and capacitor current for this subinterval are given by weve 2.28) hah Use ofthe linear ripple approximation, v= V; leads to @ L 2 Laro mest + .O cot ne » L », 50. 7 no | * a * , x orgy lg. 213 Boost converter: (a) wih ideal switch, (b) practical ealization using MOSFET and diode23 Boost Comet Example 8 © L i) + ~ woop .O cot rsy (by LE ease. . THO of oO ce rey Fig, 214 Boost converter circuit () while the switch is in poston 1, 6 while the sth is in postion 2, 229) With the switch in position 2, the inductor is connected to the output, leading to the circuit of Fig. 2.14(b). The inductor voltage and capacitor eurent are then 230) Use ofthe small-ripple approximation, v= Vand i, = leads to a ean Equations (2.29) and (2.31) are used to sketch the inductor voltage and capacitor current waveforms of Fig. 215, oo 0 ¥, Fig. 215 Boost converter voltage — pr —]— or —| nd current waveforms V,-¥ © igo lve — pr, —|— v7, —| 7724 Principles of Steady-State Comerer Anais Fig. 2.16 De conversion ato MD) of the boost converte. MD) It.ean be inferred from the inductor voltage waveform of Fig. 2.15(a) that the de output voltage Vis greater than the input voltage V,.During the first subinterval,v (0) is equal tothe dc input voltage V,, and positive volt-seconds are applied tothe inductor. Since in steady-state, the total vol-seconds applied ‘ver one switching period must be zero, negative vol-seconds must be applied during the second sub- interval, Therefore, the inductor voltage during the second subinterval, (V, ~ V), must be negative Hence, Vis greater than ¥,. ‘The total volt-soconds applied tothe inductor over one switching period are: [Pscou= (vor (y,-v7, 233) [By equating this expression to zero and eolleetng terms, one oblains «D+ D)-VD'=0 em) Solution for ¥ and by noting that (D + D’)= 1, yields the expression for the output voltage ¥, av 30 vet 3) ‘The voltage conversion ratio M(D) isthe ratio of the output to the input voltage of a de-de converter. Equation (2.34) predicts thatthe voltage conversion ratio i given by Vek t Morey hy 235) ‘This equation is plotted in Fig. 2.16. At = 0, V= "The output voltage increases as D inereases, and in ‘the ideal case tends to infinity as D tends to 1. So the ideal boost converter is capable of producing any ‘output voltage greater than the input voltage, There are ofcourse mits to the output voltage that can be produced by a practical boost converter. n the next chapter, component nonidealities are modeled, and it is found thatthe maximum output volage ofa practical boost converter is indeed limited. Nonetheless, very lange ouput voltages can be produced ifthe nonidealities are suficiently small ‘The de component ofthe inductor current is derived by use of the principle of capacitor charge ‘balance. During the first subintrval, the capacitor supplies the load current, and the capacitor is partially discharged. During the second subinterval, the inductor current supplies the load and, additionally, recharges the capacitor. The net change in capacitor charge aver one switching period is found by inte- _rating the (0) waveform of Fig. 2.15(0),23 BooutComener Example 2S a WR 8 Fig. 217 Vain of inductor cuent de Cormonent/withdu yee bostcomence. 6 4 2 ° oo of 0 8 1 > 5 36) [lvcou(-¥)or.s(1-for, a Collecting ters, nd equating the result 0 zero, leads the steady state result en By ming that (D+ D?) =I, and by solving for the inductor current de component fone obtains ex) DR So the inductor current de component is equal to the load current, VIR, divided by D’. Subsittion of Eq, (2.34) toeliminate V yields a 239) De ‘This equation is plotted in Fig. 2.17. It can be seen that the inductor current becomes large as D approaches I. This inductor eurent, which coincides withthe de input current in the boost converter, is greater ‘than the load curent. Physically, this must be the ease: to the extent thatthe converter elements are ideal, ‘the converter input and output powers are equal Since the converter output voltage is greater than the input voltage, the input cuent must likewise be greater than the ouyput current. In practice, the inductor current flows through the semiconductor forward voltage drops, the inductor winding resistance, and ‘other sources of power loss. As the duty cycle approaches one, the inductor current becomes very large and these component nonidealities lead to large power lsses. In consequence, the efficiency of the boost ‘converter decreases rapidly at high duty cycle. "Next, let us sketch the inductor current (0) waveform and derive an expression forthe inductor ‘current ripple 4i,, The inductor voltage waveform v1) has been already found (Fig. 2.15), so we ean sketch the inductor current waveform directly. During the frst subinterval, with the switch in postion I, the slope of the induetor current i given by di) 1% ew © Likewise, when the switch isin position 2, the slope of the inductor curent waveform is26 Principles of SteadyState Comer Anais Fig. 218 Boost convener inductor curent waveform 0 ‘The inductor current waveform is sketched in Fig. 2.18. During the fist subinterval, the change in induc tor current, 24i, is equal tthe slope multiplied by the length ofthe subinterva, oF ay Solution for Ai, leads to 24) ‘This expression can bo used to select the inductor value Z such that a given value of Ai, is obtained. Likewise, the capacitor vote 1?) waveform can be sketched, and an expression derived for the output voltage ripple peak magnitude Av. The capacitor current waveform (is given in ig. 2.15 uring the frst subinterval, the slope of the capacitor voltage waveform 1) is i _idd)_-y aay a oe During the second subintera, the slope is den i ‘The capacitor vollage waveform is sketched in Fig. 2.19. During the fists capacitor voltage, -2Av, is equal tothe slope multiplied by the length ofthe subinterval: Solution for Av yields aa) 219 Boost converter ouipt voltage v waveform 0,