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Vat Lieu Hoc Nguyen Van Dung Chuong 4 Tinh Chat Co (Cuuduongthancong - Com)
Vat Lieu Hoc Nguyen Van Dung Chuong 4 Tinh Chat Co (Cuuduongthancong - Com)
1. Khái niệm
• VL thường chịu tác dụng của lực khi sử dụng
• Tính chất cơ của VL xác định biểu hiện của VL dưới tác dụng
của ngoại lực.
• Đáp ứng của VL với ngoại lực phụ thuộc vào:
Loại liên kết.
Sự sắp xếp của nguyên tử trong cấu trúc VL.
Loại và số lượng khuyết tật.
• Tính toán:
Giá trị lực
Biến dạng của VL như một hàm theo lực, thời gian, nhiệt
độ,…
• Tính chất cơ thể hiện qua các phép thử cơ học (theo các tiêu
1
chuẩn: ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials),
ISO (International Organization for Standardization)…)
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Ứng suất=Lực / diện tích
Ft
s
Ao
original area 5
before loading Stress has units: N/m2 or lb/in2
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Độ biến dạng
Lo
wo
• Shear strain: /2
/2 L/2 L/2
Strain is always
= tan dimensionless.
/2 -
6
/2 /2
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Stress (s) for tension and
compression
F
s
Ao
Strain (e) for tension and
compression
Compressive load
Tensile load
Shear stress
Fs
t
Ao
s=Ee
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ỨNG SUẤT TRONG CÁC TRƯỜNG HỢP THỰC TẾ
• Simple tension: cable
F
s
Ao
Ski lift (photo courtesy P.M. Anderson)
• Simple shear: drive shaft
Fs
t
Ao
9
Note: t = M/Ac
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• Simple compression:
Ao
Note: compressive
Balanced Rock, Arches structure member
National Park
(photo courtesy P.M. Anderson) (s < 0 here).
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• Bi-axial tension: • Hydrostatic compression:
sz > 0 s h< 0
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BIẾN DẠNG ĐÀN HỒI
(ELASTIC DEFORMATION)
bonds
stretch
return to
initial
F
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BIẾN DẠNG DẺO
(PLASTIC DEFORMATION (METALS))
1. Initial 2. Small load 3. Unload
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KÉO NÉN
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Biến dạng dẻo
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• Modulus of Elasticity, E:
(also known as Young's modulus)
• Hooke's Law:
s=Ee
• Poisson's ratio, n:
metals: n ~ 0.33
ceramics: ~0.25
polymers: ~0.40
Units:
E: [Mpa, GPa] or [psi]
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n: dimensionless
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OTHER ELASTIC PROPERTIES
t M
• Elastic Shear
modulus, G:
G simple
1 torsion
t=G test
M
• Elastic Bulk P
modulus, K:
P P
pressure
test: Init.
vol =Vo.
• Special relations for isotropic materials: Vol chg.
= DV
E E
G K 24
2(1 n) 3(1 2n)
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