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Σ !

" " # # $

Σ Σ+

# # # % $
" % &
# "
%

' "
( " $
)& % * * * * ##
* * % +
,# & # !
* ! #$
% # & #

Σ Σ Σ Σ Σ
Σ-

Σ-
Σ
. # / % $

Σ- Σ
& #* % % λ # $

" / $
, "

1 *
% $
,#
23 = $1 =

23 =

)& " *
90 = 784 9 0 = 75$54

10 =0 4 10 = 064

= 4 = $54

: #
; *
2 =[ ]=
> == $<−

, ;
21 # " & ;"
" % $
; # = ×

; ;* = $ *

= = < ,

. ; # ; #
$

= = = ×

0
) ? &

, ! $

1 % ! $1 #
"% %
* * #
" ## " $

0 ?

) $
• ?
;
0 A 5 2 9A 0 = A
0 B + 9A 0
) )
=@
− + +

=
[ − + + + + ] =
+ + +

+ +
@ =

+ + +
= = +
@ + + + +
< *
## $
• ? "
< @
λ

0 < < @

1 # " =
0

< ' C< = ελ × × ελ "


λ* 2
$ 0

6
3) * ## * %

+ 0 0 + $$$ = - + 0 - 0 + $$$
@= - + 0- 0 + $$$ − − 0 0 − $$$ = ν

ν
)& 0A 0 + 1 0 = 0A 0 1
ν A 1 = +0
0
ν1 = − ν A = −0 0 0

< ##
# # * - 2!2
@ − @ − − @ − @
= 0 0
= $$$ = = 0 0

0 - 0 -
ξ %
− @
* ξ = ⇔ = @ +ν ξ
ν
[ξ ] =
@= ν * D@= ν *0 D$$$D @ = ν *

1 # %

ξ = $ ∆ # @
ν *

∆ = − @ = ∆ = ν*ξ

= @ + ν*ξ

• #

* = = ( − @ = ) ∆

* =− *

• % #

= * =

=
[ ]

B
• %
=−
• .
[ ]= [ ]=
* * $ −

[ ]= [ ]= $<2 $ −

< % # $

'

1 @= ν


ξ
=
• %
ξ
=

< % #

1 @= ν

ξ
= = @ +ν ξ =ν × =ν ×

, / * * =ν ×
*

= = @ + ν*ξ = ν * ×

, E %

1 @= ν

= × ∏[ ]β D

% * β " ! " *
β= β " $[ ] = −F
$< $F− −

)&

2 A0 + ' 0 = 0A' =
[A 0 ][' 0 ] G 0 " $
>A' =
+ -
>' =

5
2 091 + 1 0 = 091 0 = [91]0 [1 0 ] % 0G91* G10* @G910
β =@ * I I

, %

" $ % * = × G

"
# # [ ]= [ ]
) " % & * ! " ! # !
# [ ] = J$ −

; #
K
$

, &
1 ## * = −

1 % &β * * *$$$
1 ## $
1 % L " " $

M "1 N $, "
)&
O': $1
= [ ] [']
α β

1 & $
O ' :
:@
$<2
2 2
ξ
=
& $, >>
* ≤ $ − ≥ − ≈ =[ ]@
= [ ][ ]
α β
≈ × α
×[ ]β

-[ ] %
β α
≈ P- = P ×
, " α +β →β
β " % %
! β$< % % ! $

H
' ? ##

E % # * #
=
[ ]

> =
> =
= =
ν
@ @

)& "&
O'Q * = [ ]α [ ]β
= @* @ = [ ]α@ [ ]@β
& % [ ]@ #& * @

% [ ]@
@ = +α [ ]@ + β [ ]@
@

> @ =
1 # / % β*
" ! " % $

1 # →[ ]* % $

) %

1 @ Q
= *
=
[ ]= − × =−

[ ] = [ ]@ − −@
[ ] = [ ]@ −

7
% # " " @
> =

> =@

1 Q
= ×[ ]
=
[ ]= − × =− [ ]


-
[ ]= -− ⇔ [ ] − [ ]@ = − × ⇔[ ] = [ ]@ 2 P×

@
[ ] @
> =

> =@

1 0
Q
= ×[ ]0
=
[ ]= − × =− [ ]0

⇔ −
-
[ ]= -+ ⇔
-

=[ × ]@- ⇔ − = ×
@ [ ]0 @ [ ] @
[ ] [ ]@

> =

> =@

0
O ' Q
:@

= ×[ ][ ]

8
=
[ ]= − × =− [ ][ ]
- -
⇔− =− − − ⇔ = ×
@
− − @

− −

≠ * = − −
− − − −
- - - -
, = − = ×
@
− − @
− − @
− − @



([− − ]@ + [ − ]@ ) = ×


⇔ =
− −

0 M

" " #
$

1 @ Q
= *[ ] = [ ]@ −
[ ] = [ ]@ G 0 =
[ ]@
G0 G0
0

1 Q
[ ] * [ ] = [ ]@
= −

[ ] G 0 = [ ]@ G 0 G0 =
0

1 0 Q
= [ ] 0
* − = ×
[ ] [ ]@
[ ] =[ ]@ G 0 0
− = × =
G0
[ ]@ [ ]@ G0 G0
[ ]@

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