CHAPTER 9

REPRODUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
 Male reproductive organ
MALE Spermatogenesis
Role of hormones in spermatogenesis

Human
Reproductive
System Female reproductive organ
in ovarian cycle &
FEMALE Oogenesis menstrual cycle

Role of hormones +ve & -ve feedback

mechanism in the
cycles
9.2 HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: MALE
Learning outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

• Overview male reproductive organ (testis) and the

structure of spermatozoa [C1]
• Explain the structure of spermatozoa [C2]
• Explain the role of hormones in spermatogenesis: GnRH,
LH, FSH and Testosterone [C2]
• Explain the stages in spermatogenesis and its hormonal
control [C2]
9.2 HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: FEMALE
Learning outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
Overview female reproductive organ (ovary) and the structure of
secondary oocyte [C1]
Explain the structure of the secondary oocyte [C2]
Explain the role of hormones in female reproductive cycle:
GnRH, LH, FSH, Estrogen and Progesterone [C2]
Explain the stages in oogenesis [C2]
Explain female reproductive cycle and its hormonal control [C2]
i. Ovarian cycle
ii. Uterine / menstrual cycle
 Human reproductive system
• Human reproductive system consists of:
– a pair of primary reproductive organs, or gonads
that produce gametes in a process called
gametogenesis
Testes (pl) : produce sperms
Male gonads / spermatozoa by
spermatogenesis
Female
Ovaries : produce ovum
gonads
(pl:ova) by oogenesis
testis ovary
meiosis meiosis

sperms fertilization eggs (ova)

zygote
mitosis

embryo

foetus

baby
Male Reproductive Organ
 Male Reproductive Organ

Site of sperms
production
 Male Reproductive Organ
• Nourish the deve-
loping and mature
sperm cells
• Produce inhibin

Scattered between
tubules
- Produce
testosterone
Structure of Sperm
- Consist of a nucleus
- Part of the nucleus
is covered by
acrosome
- Contains lots of
mitochondria
🡪 provide ATP
energy
- Has 9 + 2
arrangement of
microtubules
- Provide movement
 Organs Structure Function
Testes Produce sperms and sex hormones
Epididymis Site of sperm maturation and some storage of
sperm
Vas deferens 2 ducts that run from scrotum around and Conduct and store sperm
behind urinary bladder
Seminal A pair of glands that contributes 60% of Contain
vesicle semen total volume (semen – thick, - fructose - nourish the sperm and
yellowish, alkaline and contain mucus, - prostaglandin - stimulate contraction of female
fructose, coagulating enzyme, ascorbic acid reproductive tract & help the semen up the
& prostaglandin uterus
Prostate gland Secrete an alkaline fluid (neutralize the acidic
environment of vagina)
Bulbourethral Secrete mucus
gland - neutralize any acidic urine
remaining in the urethra
- lubricates the penis, facilitating its
penetration into vagina
Urethra Drains both urine and semen
Penis
 Role of Hormones in Spermatogenesis
Hormone Function
Gonadotropin-Releasing Stimulates anterior pituitary gland to secrete
Hormone (GnRH) FSH and LH

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Stimulates Leydig cells to secrete

testosterone
Promotes spermatogenesis by
Follicle-Stimulating • stimulating Sertoli cells to synthesize
Hormone (FSH) Androgen binding protein (ABP)
• Stimulates Sertoli cells to secrete
inhibin
Role of Hormones in Spermatogenesis

Hormone Function
Stimulate Primary Sex Characteristics
• Growth of reproductive organs
• Spermatogenesis
Testosterone Stimulate Secondary Sex Characteristics
• Growth of facial and body hair
• Muscle development
• Voice deepening
Inhibin Inhibits FSH secretion
Role of Hormones in Spermatogenesis

Androgen
binding protein
(ABP)
 Spermatogenesis

The formation and development of sperm

Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis
 Spermiogenesis
The maturation of spermatids into mature, motile spermatozoa
Female Reproductive Organ
Female Reproductive Organ
Structure of Secondary Oocyte

Released during ovulation

 Structure of Secondary Oocyte

Granulosa cells

Corona radiata

Zona pellucida

Cytoplasm

Nucleus
Plasma membrane
 Secondary Oocyte

Plasma membrane Zona Pellucida cytoplasm

- The membrane of -A layer of First Polar Body
ovum glycoprotein that one small cell that
surrounds the is produced
Granulosa cell plasma during the
- Secretory cells in membrane of a development of an
Graafian follicle that mammalian egg oocyte (in the first
surrounds the oocyte cell. of meiotic division)
- Supply nutrients to - It develops as a and finally
the developing oocyte jelly coat. degenerates.
Roles of Hormones in Female Reproductive Cycle
Hormone Secreted by Function
Gonadotropin- Hypothalamus Stimulates anterior pituitary gland
Releasing Hormone to secrete FSH and LH
(GnRH)
Follicle-Stimulating - Stimulates follicle
Hormone(FSH) development
Anterior pituitary
gland - Assist FSH in stimulating the
Luteinizing follicles
Hormone - Stimulates ovulation
(LH) - Stimulates development of
corpus luteum
Roles of Hormones in Female Reproductive Cycle
Hormone Secreted by Function
Ovaries (developing - Repair and thickening of
Estrogen follicles) and endometrium wall
corpus luteum

- Thicken and maintain the

Progesterone Corpus luteum thickening of endometrium wall/
double thickening
 Oogenesis
The development of mature oocytes in the ovaries

• Oogenesis
starts during
embryonic
development
Oogenesis
Oogenesis
Oogenesis
 Female Reproductive Cycles
1. The Ovarian Cycle 🡪 The cyclic events occur in ovaries
2. The Uterine/Menstrual Cycle 🡪 The changes in endometrial wall of uterus.

Uterine/Menstrual
Ovarian Cycle
Cycle
Follicular Phase Menstrual Phase
(Day 1 – 14) (Day 1-5)

Proliferative
Luteal Phase Phase
(Day 15-28) (Day 6-14)

Secretory Phase
(Day 15-28)
 Female Reproductive Cycles

Ovarian Cycle Uterine / Menstrual Cycle

 Female Reproductive Cycles

• Regulated by
positive and
negative feedback
mechanisms.
• Ovarian cycle
hormones controls
the uterine cycle
endometrial growth
and loss.
Female Reproductive Cycles
Next lecture

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