Chapter -11

TRANSPORTATION IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS

1. All the living organisms need a transport system to supply them with food, water and oxygen
and to carry away the harmful waste material produced in their body.

2. Circulatory system helps in transporting substances in our body. It consists of blood, blood
vessels and heart.

3. Blood

It is a red coloured liquid which flows in blood vessels and circulates in our body. It has cells of
different kinds suspended in it.

Functions of Blood

i) It transports digested food.

ii) It carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells.

iii) It transports water to all the parts of the body.

iv) It carries the waste product (CO2) from the body cells to the lungs and a waste product
called Urea from the liver to the kidneys.

v) It protects the body from diseases.

Components of Blood

On the blank page

Components of Blood

Liquid Solid

Plasma Blood Cells

RBCs WBCs Platelets

i) Plasma

a) It is the liquid part of the blood.

b) It carries water and dissolved substances such as digested food and waste products
from one part to another part in the body.

c) Blood cells are suspended in it.

ii) Red Blood Cells

a) It contains a red pigment called Haemoglobin (Hb).

b) Haemoglobin binds with oxygen and transport it to all the body cells.

c) RBCs carry oxygen from lungs to the cells of the body.

d) Most of the cells in blood are RBCs.

iii) White Blood Cells (WBCs)

a) It fights against germs, infections and protects us from diseases.

b) It makes antibodies to fight diseases.

c) They are less in number than RBCs.

iv) Platelets

It helps in the clotting of blood in a cut or a wound.

BLOOD VESSELS

They are a kind of tubes or pipes which carry blood throughout our blood.

ARTERIES VEINS CAPILLARIES

 1. Carry blood from Carry blood from all parts Connect arteries and veins.
the heart to all the of the body back to the
parts of the body i.e. heart i.e. it carries the
it carries the blood blood to the heart.
away from the
heart.

2. They have thick They have thin walls. They have very thin walls which allows
elastic walls. them to exchange materials (CO2, digested
food, etc,) between blood and tissue.

3. The blood moves The blood doesn’t flow The blood flows under very low pressure.
under high pressure. under pressure.

4. They do not have They have valves which They do not have valves.
valves. prevent back flow of blood
and allow the blood to
flow only towards the
heart.

5. They are deep- They are placed They are in the form of a network within
seated in the body. superficially under the tissues.
skin.

6. The carry oxygen They carry carbon dioxide Oxygen rich blood enters the capillaries
rich blood (except rich blood (except and carbon dioxide rich blood leaves the
pulmonary artery). pulmonary vein). capillaries.

Pulse – The expansion of artery each time the blood is forced into it is called a pulse.

Pulse Rate – The number of pulse per minute is called Pulse rate. Pulse rate in an adult resting is 72-80
per minute.

Pulse rate= no. of heart beats per minute.

Schematic Diagram of Circulation

(FROM THE BOOK Pg- no- 123).

Q. How do our blood vessels circulate blood?

A. i)Veins bring deoxygenated blood to the heart.

ii) Heart pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs through Pulmonary artery.

iii) Blood gets oxygenated in the lungs and from the lungs oxygenated blood goes the heart through
Pulmonary vein.

iv) Heart pumps and distributes the oxygenated to all the body parts through arteries.

v)On reaching the tissues, arteries divide to form a network of capillaries. Exchange of carbon dioxide,
oxygen and digested food takes place.

vi)The capillaries having de-oxygenated blood reunite to form veins. The veins carry deoxygenated blood
back to the heart and so on.

HEART

It is a muscular organ and is made up of Cardiac muscles. It lies between the lungs and its lower end is
slightly tilted towards the left. It has four chambers; upper two are right and left- Auricles (Artria).
Lower chambers are right and left Ventricles. There is a partition wall called Septum between the right
and left chambers of the heart to prevent mixing of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood.
Auricles (Artria) Ventricles

1. They are upper two chambers of the heart. They are lower two chambers of the heart.

2. They are thin walled. They are thick walled as they pump blood to Aorta
and pulmonary artery which requires high
pressure.

3. They are the receiving chambers of the They are the distributing chambers of the heart.
heart.

4. They are separated by a thin wall. They are separated by a thick wall.

HEARTBEAT – One complete cycle of contraction and relaxation of the heart is called Hearatbeat.

STETHOSCOPE
It isa device used to hear heart beats. It consists of a chest piece that carries a sensitive Diaphragm, two
ear pieces and a tube joining the parts. It helps in amplifying the sound of the heart.

BLOOD CIRCULATION IN HUMANS

Deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body is brought to the Right Atrium/ Auricle by
Superior and Inferior Venacava.
Deoxygenated blood is pumped from Right Atrium to Right Ventricle through a Tricuspid Valve.

From right ventricle, deoxygenated blood is sent to the lungs for oxygenation. Pulmonary artery carries
the de-oxygenated blood to the lungs.

In lungs, the exchange of gases takes place. Carbon dioxide from blood goes into the Alveoli and is
exhaled. Oxygen from the alveoli goes into the blood. Blood is oxygenated.

Oxygenated blood is carried back to the heart by Pulmonary Vein and reaches Left Atrium.

Oxygenated blood reaches Left Ventricles through a Bicuspid Valve.

Left Ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood too Aorta.

Aorta takes the oxygenated blood to all the parts of the body.

EXCRETION IN ANIMALS

Excretion is the process of removal of waste material from the body.

1. Unicellular organisms like amoeba and paramecium- Excretion takes place by the process of
Diffusion.

2. In humans the following waste materials are produced-

 Carbon dioxide – formed after respiration and exhaled through nostrils.

 Faeces – formed after digestion and removed during egestion.

 Sweat or perspiration- it consists of water, urea and salts. It is secreted by sweat glands
present in the skin. When sweat evaporates, it gives us a cooling effect.
 Urine- It consists of water, urea and uric acid and other waste products. It is formed in
the kidneys and is removed by urination.

HUMAN EXCRETORY SYSTREM

1. Each cell performs functions by chemical reactions and releases certain waste
products.

2. Waste products are toxic and needs to be removed. These are present in blood.

3. Blood needs to be filtered and this is done by blood capillaries present in the kidney
by filters known as Nephrons.

4. When blood reaches the two kidneys, it contains both harmful and useful
substances.

5. The useful substances are absorbed back into the blood. The waste dissolved in
water is removed as urine.

6. From the kidneys, the urine goes into the Urinary Bladder through tube like
Ureters.

7. Urine is stored in the Urinary Bladder and is passed at the urinary opening at the
end of a muscular tube called Urethra.

Composition of urine

1. 95% water

2. 2.5% Urea

3. 2.5% Other waste products

Interesting Facts about Urinary Bladder

1. It can hold approximately 500ml to 530 ml of urine.

2. The desire to pass urine is experienced when it is about half filled.

3. An adult human being normally passes 108l of urine per day.

Kidney Failure

Sometimes the kidneys may stop functioning due to infections or an inury. This is called
Kidney Failure as a result of which toxic waste materials start accumulating in the blood.
The blood is filtered periodically out the body through an artificially kidney. This medical
procedure is called Dialysis.

Excretion in other Animals

1. Fish – ammonia (gaseous form)

2. Birds, reptiles – uric acid (semi solid)

3. Humans- urea (liquid form)

TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS

1. Tissue – a tissue is a group of similar cells which work together to perform a

particular function.

2. Vascular Tissues – those tissues which transport water, minerals and food to
different parts of the plants are called Vascular tissues.

There are two types of tissues in a plant-Xylem and Phloem.

Transport of material in Xylem Transport of material in phloem

1. Xylem tissue helps in transport of Phloem tissue helps in transport of

water and minerals. food.

2. Water is transported upwards Food is transported in both upward

from roots to all other parts of the and downward direction.
plant.

Plants need a transport system to carry water, minerals and food to all parts of the
plant.

1. The transport system in plants consists of Xylem and Phloem. Xylem transport water
and minerals, nutrients dissolved in water from roots to the leaf. Phoem transports
food synthesized in leaf through photosynthesis to the entire plant.

2. Plants absorbed water and minerals by the roots. The roots have Root Hair. Root
hair increases the surface area of the root for the absorption of water and minerals
nutrients dissolved in water.
3. Plants absorb minerals and water from the soil. The excess water evaporates
through the stomata present on the leaves by the process of transpiration. The
evaporation of water from leaves generates a suction pull or transpiration pull
which can pull water to great heights in the tall trees.

ROLE OF TRANSPIRATION

1. Removes excess water.

2. Keeps the plants cool.

EXCRETORY PRODUCTS OF PLANTS

Carbon dioxide- Liberated during respiration

Oxygen – Excreted during day time during photosynthesis

Excess water- Removed through stomata while transpiration