What {> crude cid? ® Cdk OL fe a mite y Aihyesenk Wpfapearteens and Ampusifes: Crucis Clarified’ , loosed on Aunsity 5 am qe, meoliom, Loewy or extra heavy . Cade GK Are nok ald ie game, luk eller vary $e. _ cob, composition, and __comsictency: : oy are qereely clansified as Uae oF Tea, he Noefiean pekroleom \wolthute CAPT) apptcach fox BE mensoring cds iL clowtty ie KPT Fety, whic ws expressed ‘in clegsees API ane APL psa decree, ad tro density aad 0 pond Increases , meaning He lriqher the. RPL agraxtty the Lighter ss compound Goods otle wih Ws than 0-5:/ sulPox are Aeferwred fo or Suseck cris, and Huse _ “ySite Sulfor contents pecker than aA ore. A Sovr crude, _ .= Salle = Mekals Shovld nok be mote than 3/ = 25,0 ‘Composition Chomteat ty “ess ~ Un" caine m Crude Of Aa3-3lei? | APTS. BL Cwk Gl < 2a. $.G “st ck ail < lo.0 2 New _usicle’ _tange a car bons - Gs to" Close + pte Cy > Joes _ Stale Co oy more —» Solid staleAromatics (3-30/") & =" Compoordls » More _-teackive. follows huekle Sule . Snolan peksocventfeal ore Bengene »“Ielvene and Xylene _(BTX): _ + Mostly Se prated by extraction: 2) Naphthenes ee es eam cic BYrRe, Alyo —- as " oxeloaleanes. ein ee ton uot. atleast our ahaa 4) Dlkenes = ~ + Crtan é ee . + Carbon - fn Sina Ue. - ogee — formed by cxacktig: a x ae - + Contes one ov moxe pass gy Coreen roe ss inked K( a double Lod. a 3 ) tkyres rand paola ee + foord tn erp\e-Mar- 2021 8 Renzene + Clronfeat formula Calle. . 5 Wn crude ol. ‘ tastiotee lenzene can Cause coolio loath ejects. + Benzene conc. SG —ctude ot can be vpto Foxe Yate. — = Sroud nok be mote than 0. fn fot Tolvene pe + Flammable Weltocar bon a Boise + Chemteat formule Cols CHa. is Gores used os On” Chane —_bonelet in solfne - ‘ es a Sehatatton 4 gh Cone: 8) tolvene can Cause Severe — health ejects. B-120-/ alloped wn Fog Xylene 2 lees formula (Hs), Ce Hy. * FeuworFi Solvent Propestiee. ‘4 Componenks §) Aobricaule; alyo ikon? oa, ; Clearer. Be gua. an_fartiade oa eves noses skin ant Ths aloo occur th CH ott tn conc. y amie 0:5. 2f cluperdtig Oo fix coure |edn( benzene © + Keres aucl elpbenzene, like lenzene and totvene, os the matior components 4 row co fuah ol. « Promadic Wuxplrocar eon nakorally. Yseoouk in “crud peksoleom: og Tlemmable Mineo » Coclnifum, Keane Wor aunt aad etc - ase — Rdatitive vecd fo tedwee fine, Knocking, and fnereare “We fuel’s ockane aki “pairing ths Aempexatore & Peenore ak which auto -Tartfon occurs: w ical antiknocking egeuks are + Tebraetiyleoel Uoxte eljjects tue 40 leact) + \eo- octave + Blending ash methanol: + Metly) exclopeukacicny| mangas Hfearkcr| (mm,Stondasd “est (ASTM - D2842) © Distillation appasakus 4. Thoorelhal plates = 15-13 R- Reftor yalo 2 5:1 3 Alemospherte prmure for oti point helps 340°C qs \Jacuom OIL {y=10.mm Ha for Tesidw al abe 340 © Biel MO fo a Come tea mG 7 Nolome cListiliage - TeP Core for Kuusait crude = E Rees 0.9686 Refine Ratio Fefier talio te lie ein #, tn: Las tick =f a 4 p48 in rac ia ya es os Uelllake. ee an Refion -vattos Ping, gy ty fect back te {ix edume © Amt 8) Uiqy votticleucn ax cPeitiiate »om ra a j Crode Sabie ® Te mest Common Salle are chlorides 9, Sedkfom, calcium , and magresiom Rcativm — ehlorice alg “Ihe most abundant: quse calte can be found in two forums: + Dicsolved fn emuteifted usater clyoplets in dn exude ol, AS a vsaler in ih emubsion OR : Crystatized aud Svs penoke 2olicls. Desnrina Te pupse 4 crch Gt dating ts to cemoe these Unotesineuble Tmporites, espectally galls and __usahe atte ar Impvfities —> chivvide and gulphakes 4 Sectiom 5 calciom , and. magnesium. —_- — Orprometabie comgeunds ey: Se, Vy Ni ete. Xe + Conjosion tn distillation. —_- * ae a crude oh perp» > Pre lines: in pila exchanger: on eS , Ua Steps. 1) fexmatfon etuds And — urcker — emulaton. 9) De emubs4Rcakton sso. (Ove _ obi Electrical Pouser Ty : tight a rete é —— Emubifer __4/- Etechostatie Oesatter| a \ -—__~____-_/ s Se ei] ae Se toate. ot = ea ’ RPT aba 38% ¥-24 walker doll, voales + APT below 23° 4-4ot usaler addled! stomWolle . 5A. 12 bay —_ppv [FRACTION TIS TILL A Tron Co ® LE (Atmospheric chintitiation onit) ' fey ye p ‘a tater \— Retro (30) | a = Naphatvallaste) ceva > furnace. fe ae ok is fi Soni ee Sak p L peel oor Pp =] EF “athe E = Bitumen (Q205_ F + Clly = Fo-90-- + Na = 0-5¢ ¢ Gls O-dof +tb$- 0-37 + CO. 0-81: %¥ > —— k- : Remaining cliseoseion abowk crvdte OL. eee seal | ae erode ma >a L£0:34H | re Neohium ere 019 93.3 -31.1"_| 0-825 -1-000 | —— Crvole = Laa¥ | 0.8% |-000 | aio.d | >\-000__| oR Y Or Che O1L 1 Faraffin hare cxruola tlhe ere Gl woltch contats Paraljyin_voax luk — Ble ox no Asphablfe matter. _ * Goh totes S_comstst_maiuby 8, pataljfr—_— teat stots oline 8 low ockane valut- bai source) paraljyth usar 2 sas qrools Qiibwe. te *aD - Cools. 9 x lhe crus fh conta Ekle o8 ro Preis uoon leuk usu AsphalRe maker _¢lten ee ba ‘rocarbon consist mail a Daphrthene Series # ne couch ot ‘Fields | # Comporatily Lirh Sale ne g (pau | 22M!” base onde x Those cived cis which Coukatah comtdicabe Qmoonk 9 both —uant. & Onphalt « =. ies + Measurement 5 Hy 8) Stream s. + Coney eae a& 15’c or Go's. SUIS — 30:5 &@ —_Nigue Crvols oi = 80-US APL -htoy Cis + 20-72°pP, a $$$af, Kel — “on potaefFtntc © Ke\oS — wq a Nophtreue . . Sulphur content + Nature 4 Sulpher ona be organic or Indvpnic » Qour etude ——> C0575 voetye {* N Sweet crus ——> 70-5 welquk -/* » Bo/ aour crude Ol Te Prresent world wsicle —> Viscosit “Ak Hohe» us. Flow prope 5 erucke. . Measured at loo’ and 2104: - Nery ee _pecpenty for teauy Frat ike \ankee as so ne Bees benne nbeh ih Wet anna tnd Gin Win ome = Covad pow Bok poor pow (Qa) + When Kocarkon %__ codscl, A Choud fs appeared ak a certain temperedre, this tem pera calid cloud potuk- «And by Fortier cooling “ths. \jctrocarrteen wut Cease, fo Fou , tubs ‘femperakore fe called poor poiuk: “3 > _ALASH pot re rc alk conteutk (ut): Asim 3230. Neguly chtovteli ancl Sutphodes 6) Nas k, Go zi Mg (Present a Ciystallfzecl and _Suspenslect Solids ot dlirsolved’ fn__emub?fiecl tater) elt esutks. - Wwreqular behavfor fr _chiptiWlalton. —— = Eapipment aa dus_te Hel foanation. __ = Blocktng. 3 beat exchargen. = pf? Netallit consbftvenks Concentrate fn fle atk ‘Ate Ck of —7_ Ash coulent (wet) = ASIM p26e4 _(go0'c) E analysis method fe used for fie __clohernt ash. cae | FReh (oy Paste): ap 200] ‘ 1 Dsls (Wek Base) = MS toc) ce uohere, _Maste mars 6, ash 4 eradecl__ “Yom le. com Nay Del wa“ aoe Be Mer = Orffual mans “9, _usek eaapie. —* Waker coulout” (vot) = fy “fork |_+ Waker Carer Frreqular Frohavtoor % diptillakfon. » Seclfinenk Mnignk —Trereare Mh ecwlomtnaled texte / Sate —___ t Rgim_D323. (33.8%) 2 RVP folicales “zelalive percaage. (fouter __Wcliocarhons tn crt ott.” Somat lb 15 lifted oo a. alice voor paso exert! a. Utd ak 32.90. 05 tly he oe ASiM-D-323- ee mt 9 “pat tite GL ore (yuk color (Jett to bnewon) eas DP : bmse oils are brawn to black. Nedermineol wit the Saybolt Colovimeler- 4_— = PeTANe nlumeee © > Ockare number te a Seals Used +o chotesmine Has. _ankt- knocking qyrettty 8) fst _tin_nternas Combustion engine: s Qaschine Ge raked fy texme 5) octane number. > Dekane oumer fe _dalfinek on te Pecenkaqe § feo- Ockane (2.2.4-dimelay! heptane) So Volume “fp _a-mio4ure_d) Teo-Ockane and n-heptane. _ ee 1 1 Wor _ockane nomber= SO ‘Te mean _petvol__ Show Same property A On _onffnckure, 3, Sof feo-ockane and 20 / n-hertare i/o oe ea > Cokane number te a Sank used to determine _ dhs. knockin _ property §. Aiesel. a 7 Dfesel fe rtaked tn -jerms cekane number Cokane number Se defined as ve__percentage by _ Volume 6). N-hexacleeane fp A _mfrtue 9, _f-heradzcane and ~methy| naphthating, —___— et tect as cekane nonber = Fo uae: Tk meam olferel shoo gar Wes A -wttture g Ser _n-heradlecane and _aet— “ey Wemethy naghtbantee, = oe eeisadky, - Marios fhe. damage : + Overleaktu + Neder he elptetency ~ hose ew + Note &, vibratton. CRackinia Break 5, Waph molecewlar uveialt Jak being Aoction © tuko (eal s__moleewar sae low ‘ iteg fectfon. a Cie Hay scrackings C5 + Cig = Decane n-Rrtane — Rntene (Tatatfinic) (olefinic) Cracking WS oe most ‘importauk procece for tho Commercial prceluction 5 qratre and clei fat. ‘Tuuse ae two types 4, 1. Thermak a Carried ouk ak Vas Aemperature _unchic Wag applied pressure é . 2. Cababitic Cracking Casried oul in presence 4 Cakatyst ak sah empratre Flows metuiate of NO ee. Crac ing :Ah v1 Croc ki + W\iyh Puertere -Joto km E ge 4emperatore = 400°C 0 Q00C e ‘Ge yodlical_mecbanicm + Hlomolytte - fusion. « Prodwtes mostly alkenes « Prodiocos Wyss w_ Used 9 Hho haber prccens and in margarine marefactyring - volore In the molecule . Bonds canbe broken ba ee bond fiwsien oc” =H bord fission: Ea een “The crackii petro om lemperature wh Presence 4 aa vo die to _pradece ellyjene , propg iene ~ adkenes:— —» Nislsrealcing trons + Sint feantly anor boat viscosity han yotthout aljecting fos Crk AL tesictue Lock Sut yange ge wed to ‘teclure te. prt pate c \iishreakting pesidves and “Tecboce luce “He Viscosity Quant used fo bending with Ue 0 esi Gos sgapotine = coca) Bs ee - Qonach gd wot —— + Delayect Seat Main n-type = roca! ot cae 0 Severe gg thermal crac king user Y uals ONS Lea lider mes o oa coe - ot ih okaiig ton se ) ~~ Various ae On Htc ox, King ¥ bs Procon. a“ tea aac hak he ~ecictus ‘tg SQ fm g tt carton called "Coke's ais a Fieak pes 4g - eeware: are B obairal ) pore: coke ‘ty honey cer coke fff) Neat coke aoltne Cooker takeAng oP fre weaction mechaniem, tine, (3) cruks feed atocke. ig eae 7 Delaued ocktus_ . Conkinvous thermal cracking ores wolicl oeneyates coke and produces Voutous clicttllake: in Sracktonabes om vacuo — Yertolus: Cole dhsim -lemperakuse “emoius_afond US*c - USO". «Tis crocks tte hea chai \yyévocarleon Molec a Aa xeciclual ow ‘who coker Ie Su and fekroleum coke.9 taco 4% fottcnos Fre Box CUA) Cie —— Cli een CHSC He + CHS > Cy + Clscls soe CHC; PCH wes CHEE Ea uf + CHS Oty aos, I +-¢l cH a << ——AGisctt’ 0H; Hac cay SA tienen 5s ———— = . Taare 2 = ; ee = 2 ete, meni —— oe® preseure = 10-20 Psi nfure = USO '- 510°C ek to Spee! x te te “reac kor Cakalysts Thebes Sant ian i ek, bavitte and Silla alumina. © Carbocakion mecharism « Hebeyolytic fixsion- « Psoctuces reanclvd and cyclic alkanes 5 axomakte hyyctrocatleons used fer motor tools, Tare are re laste Soncifom sn catalytic. sac king pow: i. Reaction: Feedstock feacte with catalyst and cweks fuko dij eveuk Lapttocat bone. ii iON: a a : —Cakalyst Se aera boy lori jy cokes it Fractionation: so! ae “Cast \wdvocarbon _ Skseam ee vasfow. pe sana cnt id gi me "eSe ‘Wore are kwo s 6 tae Siac tng a 1. frecl bed ad Wkic _ Crackthg. x Moving bed cat fc orack? nes 4% fe fin We_bwan ony are le ma beakers to crackii = ature YA0°C - USo'c . ‘he Vapors are facecd too a. oe 2 eben iy uted at YASC-450%C ane PIO 81-5 kale Do tie —C¥acktng 40!" Ps ~ cemerted Plo qrotre ard — 2-4) Siegen a om a apors. are li ites Me Conclenred alory wills iti fn aso\fhe ving some clirsolved hoe 1s senk to A stabi tiger to ~vemove’ the aneskey _B-10 lhouss the — cakalystd Stops. & enetonin} due 10 Loposi kon black lanes 4 carton This Ww yeackivatecd ‘4 stout casten ba boevivy- V ontvg_bech Hie exack? vid to Re ik es Cakalytic Cracking » tho f ae sk fe agitated as. S0 “hed Ub can be landltd like fivid Sygkem & can be ae co a trve liquid thir melhod Provider cowkack oe dhe = aneh aw {hs optimum Conchitfoiws for fis metho Ficbocte Gbalyst: ALO, + 20, agitated woth, re Penperafore s Soto Trerres ust atore normal _prerbure. olan & st - in fowded Fe ee ee J OB- 0.96 Jeua + Part ob Ste fs 60-l0.Ltm ® mn don 4. alton Sh FCC largely Ow Aapords gsi propetics a cats Cobabitic crack tng Rnvelvee Carbo cakfor's that ose _ackve In 6 C evack ing seactions as Carbenfum and carbonfum fous . __Qaslooeakfous are fe postive cheargeol fow. sack From aeons e nee 2) Cots A> Coty Caath sen Coe oi . TAKA \eium ionperma _crmcting Hear Kempe hore Fe Prerore axe ‘ae repel. A) pido Wer. tk pradices & ber propa 1 loranched” aatteares 5 whifcl ease eas n_ etrodquk-chain alkanws- ‘ No enikernal {pal FeYpttad Weak Teqhrect foc eyacktng is _clertved from is conk ombeddedt — tn he a a) Wo Wwe (as _aamunke_ S— wiplor CHS4) as commred to thotmal _evack! mh bs. - Field a ie 5 she pretds Sorvbber f\_ clevtce te -vemnove alice, water, focofgn neuter, ox onelertred Urqutcls hak age part 4, tus, . fowsiean +_dtacktiakion ra entering (neg) + dsactryakfon | _pofsor - + chia cteyab ton er foutig Cotteg cy us Ko a tows.a pact by most ot ci 4 ad pws cat Ha chinlpst t eit Party tents bene testy ave Yo_oe elle toyhy focrack’ cobabyst | @) I if edad Bani | f , y Ds CALDs halen, ALD. & cal ce eni/w o Pe, & _, Zeciite | ancreasivy crock activi 4 | Pereaatng bapa oasiihBie: Reactions in hydrocracking ® ethane 5, Oefins _&_Promakies SS cHECh ey eu, — oO om m Pees o& 2. bydroclesutfherizabion (ips) terete Clipe Gate, 2CHy + Ho. CHSCH CH ¢ penal Inyaeodkenitrogenatin WON) ~Feockons — = Cla CH (CHa) CHs +014, =0)ee @® » tk %¢ QA chenfeal proces ured fo convert L-coleum, “eliner naples dintiied {ron etude at eyptcalty Waiing low ockane veakings) tute Laigh used procucke called) veformabes, which are prentiom Leveling ekocks for Wi. -cekane qanline. + Te Aramform low ockane naprtha. er eckane mote as fing. stock Ofowakice wick tn bengone, Loluene , and lene stk epoipe & liqvefeed peiceom o pss De ck. " + Tk reduces“ aukkknock watity 8) napiia - \Ockane nombbar s buplrocortoows ‘pret cadalysts are meno- metallic br methtlfc. of bf-metallie catalysts supported on abontintum, » Soc o> plakinom (Pe let.Os) Piakinym- ‘Trttcm (PE Trg of Padsnom- “Sxtdtom tw fh Te @n/AOr) ‘orechvely.ee ; Rehaplens 9) Yaad Bu Minne ® B4 Za ret al Salas é Us i — v ane 2s sj le F.cclomn- Pg | Kornace<— Ce TA t Pa a0 in ab oat 43 ae cS tons ce. oe i aa a ere conve! =o" asl Ce nid elven Dal 2. [somentzatiow~ Sa s {le tomer’ zakfon 9, _ formal ee bo convert Hiwm — fuko 80 patra FEen-(p-paraffin) 2, S-dimetiy hexane [ p n-Ockans Ch (an iso-faraffin) EB . Darydrooy eteabfon es on. nct aromalt zabfon affens to aromahice Comments called lip ckiocycttzatton). Cts se ser N- heptane Owens. - : rocrackiy Ek 5 a Fuko Smaller % —t ih nie re n-heptans Isparta” ethane Numerical Yous mock Wak “respite fo -eaine the femperabore 1,o00sb 9, % UO APL miked-bare ol fom too to Geo FL~ ! $s Q gs s4cs S88 - Sy SRS 8 Ss 8 Tes : ei 9 98 +48 : id 306 Temperature, °F 400 AE TANNA RA Xai nt | ACER SCEENN KN to os hy Ss cS 9 Ss Ss Ss Ss Ufte/ U8 toay ayiaads 200 Fia. 5-1. Specific heats of Mid Continent liquid oils with a correction factor for other bases of oils.m= Loco dh a Ae TE 8 2 Bin Beate 2 “Ce With au fom graph) ee _ olution: ht os Spectfte (reat ab [0060-48 Be Speci fre beak ak eo’ s 0-745