TABLE 1-1 Typical Proportions of Materials in Concrete Mixtures of Different Strength Low-strength Moderate-strength High-strength kg/m’) (kgim*) (ke/m*) Cement 255 356 510 Water 178 178 178 Fine aggregate 801 848 890 Coarse aggregate 1169 1082 872 Cement paste proportion percent by mass 18 22.1 28.1 percent by volume 26 29.3 34.3 Water/cement by mass 0.70 0.50 0.35 Strength, MPa 18 30 60 Table 3-2 Relation between w/c and specified compressive strength of concrete according to ACI 318-83 Specific Compressive Absolute Water/Gement Ratio (by Mass) Strength at 28 Days*(MPa) Non-Air-Entrained Concrete ‘Air-Entrained Concrete 30 0.40 = 25 0.50 039 20 0.60 0.49 7 0.66 sd Table 3-12 First estimate of density (unit weight) of fresh concrete as given by ACI 211.1-81 Maximum Size of _First Estimate of Density (Unit Weight) of Fresh Concrete (kg/m) Aggregate (mm) _ Non-Air Entrained ‘Air Entrained 10 285 2190 12.5 2315 2235 20 2355 2280 25 2375 2315 40 2420 2355 50 2445 2I5 70 2465 2400 150 2505 2435Workability oF Water Content (kg/m?) of Concrete for Indicated Maximum, Air Content ‘Aggregate Size in mm 10 25 SSS Non-air-entrained concrete Stump 30-50 mm. 205 «200185180, 1601S ds 125 80-100 mm mS 2S 2001951757060 140 150-180 mm 240-230-210 205185180 170 Approximate entrapped air 32s 2 1s 1 os 03 02 content (%) Air-entrained concrete Stump 30-50 mm WO 17565 6D 4s 120 80-100 mm 200 190 «180-175 t60SS 15035, 150180 mm 215-205 1908S 170S Recommended average total air content (5) Mild exposure 45 40 35° 300 25020 s* ae ‘Moderate exposure 60 55 50 45 450 403. 30 Extreme exposure? 1S 70 60 60 55 50 45° 40 Table 3-5 Recommended air content of concretes containing aggregates of different maximum , according to ACI 201.2R-77 (reaffirmed 1982) Recommended Total Air Content of Maximum Size of Concrete {%) for Level of Exposure Aggregate (mm) Moderate Severe” 10 60 75 12.5 35 70 20 5.0 60 5 45 60 40 45 55 50 40 5.0 10 35 45 150 3.0 40Table 3-11 Dry bulk volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete as given by ACI 211.1 -81 Maximum Size of Dry Bulk Volume of Rodded Coarse Aggregate Per Unit Valume Aggregate (mm) of Concrete for Different Fineness Modulus of Sand 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 10 050 048, 046 044 125 059 ost 035 0.53 20 0.66 064 0.62 0.60 25 om 069 0.67 0.65 40 075 073 on 0.69 50 078 076 074 on 0 082 080 078 0.76 150 087 085 083 ost Table 3-10 Example of grading of individual coarse aggregate fractions to be combined into an “ideal” grading for mass concrete Cumulative Percentage Passing for Fraction (%) Sieve Size (mm) 150-75 mm 75-97.5 mm ‘975-19 mm, 719-476 mm 175 100 7 = = 150 98 7 = = 100 30 100 = = 10 92 = = 0 2 30 100 = 315 0 6 94 = 25 o 4 36 100 19 ° 0 4 92 95 0 0 2 30 476 ° 0 ° 2Table 3-6 Workability, slump, and compacting factor of concretes with 19 or 38 mm maximum size of aggregate Degree of suune Workabitity (mm) in) Very low 0-25 Ot Low 25-0 1-2 Medium 25-100 2-4 High 100-175 4-7 ‘Compacting Factor 078 oss 092 09s Use for which Conorete is Suitable ‘Roads vibrated by power-operated machines. ‘AC the moze workable end of this group, concrete may be compacted in certain cases with hand-operated machines. ‘Roads vibrated by hand-operated machines. ‘AC the more workable end of this group, concrete may be manually compacted in roads using aggregate of rounded or imegular shape. Mass concrete foundations without vibrated or lighily reinforced sections with vibration. At the Jess workable end of this group, ‘manually compacted flat slabs using cnushed aggregate. Normal reinforced concrete manually compacted and heavily reinforced sections with vibeation. For sections with congested reinforcement. ‘Not normully suitable for vibration.Table 3-3 Requirements of ACI 318-83 for w/c ratio and strength for special exposure conditions Maximum Water/Gement Minimum Design Strength Ratio, Normal-Density _in MPa, Low-Density Exposure Condition Aggregate Concrete Aggregate Concrete ‘Concrete intended co be watertight “Exposed to fresh water 050 2s Exposed to brackish or seawater os 30 Concrete exposed to freezing and thawing in ‘a moist condition Curbs gutters, guardrails, or thin sections o4s 30 Other elements 0.50 25 In presence of deicing chemicals 04s 30 Fer corrosion protection of reinforced 40" xy ‘concrete exposed to deicing salts, brackish ‘water, seawater, or spray from these Table 3-1Relation between w/c and average compressive strength of ‘Average Compressive Effective Water/Goment Ratio (oy Mass) ‘Strength at 28 Days®(MPa) Non-Air-Entrained Concrete ‘Air-Entrained Concrete 45 0.38 = 40. 0.43, = 35 0.48. 0.40 30 055, 048 25 0.62 0.53 20 0.70 061 15 0.80 7 Table 3-4 Requirements of ACI 318-83 for minimum cover for protection of reinforcement Minimum Cover in mm. Reinforced oncrete Precast —_—_ Prestressed Exposure Condition Gast in Suit Goncrete ___Goncrete Concrete cast against, or permeability 7 = 0 exposed to, earth Concrete exposed to earth or weather Wall panels 40-50 20-40 30 Slabs and joists 40-50 — 30 Other members 40-50 30-50 0 Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with earth Slabs, walls, joists 20-40 15-30 2» Beams, columns 0 10-40 20-40 Shells, folded plate members 15-20 10-15 10 "Nonprestessed reinforcement = - Er Concrete exposed to deicng slats, brackish water, seawater, or spray from these sources Walls and slabs 30 40 - Other members 0 0 =Table 3-7 Recommended values of slump for various types of construction as given by ACI 211.1 -81 Range of Slump* Type of Construction a) a) Reinforced foundation walls and footings 20-80 1-3 Plain footings, caissons and substructure walls 20-80 1-3 Beams and reinforced walls 20-100 1-4 Building columns 20-100 1-4 Pavements and slabs 20-80 1-3 Mass concrete 20-80 12 Table 3-9 “Ideal” combined grading for coarse aggregate of nominal maximum size of 150 and 75 mm ‘Cumulative Percentage Passing for Nominal Size of ate in mm, 150 mm, 75 mm Sieve Size (mm) Crushed Rounded ‘Crushed Rounded 150 100 100 = 125 35 89 = 100 70 B — 5 55 6 100 8 oresssl | s