1.

A cash flow statement shows how much money enters and leaves your business during a
particular period. A cash flow statement is one of the three most important financial statements
for any small business in order to ensure its survival. These statements include a balance sheet,
income statement and cash flow statement. An organization can determine how much cash it
has in and out of the company by looking at its cash flow statement. A company's cash position
can give insight into how it manages its obligations and funds its operations.

The ability of an organization to generate money for debt repayment and

operating cost guidance (the cash drift statement). Since 1987, a cash flow statement has been
a necessary component of financial reporting alongside the balance sheet and profit statement.
CFS provides traders with the opportunity to learn how agencies operate, where their funds
come from, and how they manage them. It is crucial for determining the financial health of a
company to measure this financial stability measure. Cash flows, or how much money is
available to cover expenses and pay obligations, can also be estimated by creditors using a
system known as liquidity analysis. There are three primary components of the cash flow
statement: operating operations, investment sports, and financing sports.

• The cash flow statement includes a segment describing the way that cash flows from
operating activities are derived and subsequently spent by companies. This includes net
income from the income statement as well as changes in net profits and adjustments to
running capital. Additionally, operational activities coin flows reflect work in
development. Cash outflow is recorded as assets grow from one duration to the next.
Cash flows are registered as cash flows when liabilities grow from one length to the
next. The cash flow from operational operations will be determined based on changes
in inventories, accounts receivable, tax assets, accumulated sales, and deferred sales.
• Sports investing cash flow: In this section of the cash flow statement, you will see how
much Cash was earned or spent in a particular period of time through different funding
activities. It is by far one of the most important components of the cash flow statement.
The options for investing include buying physical property, investing in shares, and
promoting shares or properties. Negative cash flow is a sign of poor performance for
an employer. This is probably due to large amounts of money spent on long-term health,
which includes research and development.
• Cash flow from financing activities: This shows how the company is using excellent
deal cash to guide the coin float process. Cash flow from financing appears in the
financing activities (CFF) column. Loans, investments, and dividends are included in
this category. A company's financial interest cash flow provides traders with
information about its financial soundness and how well its management handles its
capital structure.

The following activities can be listed logically:

 PARTICUR AMOUNT REASONING
LOSS ON SALE 95780 The investment activities will reflect the changes in that
OF AN ASSET area. A loss is the difference between an item's sale price
and its book value, when it's disposed of or sold
DIVIDEND 26000 It is listed under "Cash flow from financing activities" on
INCOME your cash flow statement. An organization's financing
activities are summarized in this segment of the cash flow
statement, which includes inventory, debt, and dividend
transactions.
INTEREST 35000 Investment activities include interest profits from
INCOME investments. The investment return should also be
reported below-investing activity because it is connected
to the entity's investments, and because assets are declared
as under-investing interests.
FINANCE COST 12000 An income announcement will include bond-issuance
PAID ON charges and a balance sheet will include alterations to
DEBENTURES coins assets. On the cash flow statement, the proceeds
from debt issuances are reported within the financing
activities section, and the issuance fees are reported within
the running activities section.
GAIN ON SALE 45000 A cash flow statement's investment activities segment
OF shows proceeds from long-term property income, while its
INVESTMENT operating sports segment shows a discount from
institutional profits.
DEPRECIATION 85000 Within the cash flow statement, depreciation is a non-cash
ON FIXED item within the operational activities segment.
ASSETS
AMORTZATION 110000 Depreciation does not incur any cash expenses. As a non-
EXPENSES cash expenditure, it is included in the indirect cash flow
assertion; consequently, it is included in the net earnings.
In addition to non-cash fees, there are increases in
payables and interest costs.

Calculation of cash flow from operational activities:

PARTICULARS AMOUNT
NET INCOME 269244
(+) DEPRECIATION ON IXED ASSETS 85000
(+) AMORTIZATION EXPENSES 110000
NET CASH PROVIDED BY OPERATING 464244
ACTIVITIES

Cash flow statements are used in financial accounting as a representation of changes in an

organization's cash and cash equivalents that result from adjustments, deficits, and earnings.
An organization provides its users with the cash float statement as part of their operations,
investments, and financial planning. Statements provide information about cash received and
paid out, and the percentage of coins that were traded during the period covered by the
statement.
2.
Comparing the financial data of an organization over time is called trend analysis. There are
several ways to express time depending on the situation. We will calculate and compare a
quantity exchange and a percentage exchange in this study. Any financial expert should pay
attention to the economic statements of a company. There are three major areas to consider.
How does the financial statement look? This encompasses the economy, the sector of operation,
and how the company differentiates itself from its competitors. An analysis of financial
statements can be divided into six phases. Accounting, or economic declaration analysis (FSA,
for short), involves analyzing the financial data of a company in order to assess its risks and
profitability. The material on this page contains annual and quarterly reports, including profits
statements, stability sheets, and coin waft statements.

The following six steps should be included in a standard trend analysis of a company's
monetary statement:

• Identify the economic characteristics of the industry: Identify the industry's cost chain, which
is the chain of people and activities involved in the creation of the company's goods and
services, as well as their production and distribution. Techniques such as Porter's five forces or
economic traits are usually employed at this level.

• Determining the techniques companies use: Take into consideration the company's product
or service, as well as its originality, profit margins, product loyalty, and price control.
Diversification of the enterprise, supply chain integration, and regional range need to receive
attention.

• Analyzing financial statements to see which are most accurate: Determine which of the
important financial facts relate to accounting regulations. To conduct an excellent assessment,
it is important to recognize, value, and classify the balance sheet account. To determine whether
this balance sheet accurately portrays the company's economic situation should be the reader's
primary concern. Ensure that the profit statement accurately reflects the company's overall
monetary performance by reviewing it. It is possible to use the news of cash flows to determine
the effect of operations, investments, and economic activities overtime on a company's liquidity
position.

• Analyze the performance and risk of the business today: A thorough review of the company's
financial records will make a lender provide a valuation at this point. The analysis gear consists
of key financial statement ratios for liquidity, asset control, profitability, debt management,
coverage, and risk/market price. There are two key concerns regarding profitability: how
profitable are the business's operations as a percentage of its assets, regardless of how the assets
are financed, and how beneficial are the operations as a percentage of equity shareholders?
Knowing how to disaggregate go-back measurements into key effect variables is likewise
important. Finally, it is very important to compare the modern-day ratios with the ones from
previous eras, as well as the ones of other companies.
• Analyzing how assumptions about a business' (and enterprise's) future will affect cash flows
and investments: Financial experts need to make assumptions about each business's (and
enterprise's) future and compare the impact of those assumptions. Sometimes, pro-forma
financial statements are prepared using the share of sales approach.

• Value the company: The most common method of valuation is discounted cash flow. These
may be anticipated dividends or more specific strategies, such as free cash flow to equity
holders or on an employer-wide basis. Another viable option would be to use relative valuation
or accounting-based metrics that include economic value.

According to their name, they analyze one or more consecutive quarters of financial results for
the same company. Calculating the change in dollar or percent values of announcement objects
or totals is known as horizontal analysis. Analyses are used to identify patterns in a company's
performance and spot changes.

Particulars March -2020 March - 2021 Absolute % change

value
Interest earned 747983166.00 791182710.00 43199544.00 6%
Other income 164486220.00 189685274.00 25199054.00 15%
Total income 912469386.00 980867984.00 68398598.00 7%

Interest expended 415312517.00 401288374.00 -14024143.00 -3%

Operating expenses 216144109.00 215608340.00 -535769.00 0%
Provision and 201704636.00 202044429.00 339793.00 0%
contingencies
Total expenditure 833161262.00 818941143.00 -14220119.00 -2%

Net profit or the year 79308124.00 161926841.00 82618717.00 104%

Profit brought forward 178795703.00 213274679.00 34478976.00 19%
Total profit 258103827.00 375201520.00 11709769300 45%

Comparative balance sheets present property, liability, and equity figures for "or more time
periods of the same company," "or more than two companies in the same industry," and "or
more subsidiaries of the same company" on one page so that they can be compared. By looking
at a comparative balance sheet, which has two columns of amounts against each balance sheet
item, investors and stakeholders can also easily compare an agency's financial performance
from last year to its performance this year.

3a.

According to the principle of Duality, a dual-effect business transaction is the result of every
transaction reported in the book of accounts. Another way to say it is that some variations are
recorded in every transaction that is recorded. Besides the few observations made about people,
marketers, and objects, there isn't much noteworthy in the Account.
Accounts are divided into three subcategories: intangible and tangible, actual and personal, and
nominal accounts. There are three types of private money owed: natural, consultant, and fake
accounts.

• Personal Account: This is a type of account that corresponds to a particular character or group
of people. These humans could be actual people, manufactured people, or representations of
actual people. Individuals can also be composed of synthetic entities, partnerships,
corporations, and associations of people.

• Real Account: Real accounts deal with real estate, goods, or assets. These characteristics may
be explained by both physical and non-physical characteristics. Therefore, there are two types
of real debt: physical and intangible.

• Tangible real Account: Comprises tangible assets that can be physically handled. There
is building air conditioning, forex air conditioning, stationary air conditioning, and
stock air conditioning, for instance.
• Intangible actual Accounts: They are immaterial assets that are not contained in the
current international and cannot be accessed by anyone. Consequently, they have
economic value. Goodwill, Patents, Copyrights, emblems, etc. are examples.

• Nominal Account: When using minor bills, revenues, expenditures, and profits will be
adjusted. They include wage accounting, salary accounting, and rent accounting, among
others.

Particulars Type of account

Started business with cash Rs 150000
Purchased goods for cash Rs 25000
Sold goods to C on credit Rs 20000
Paid salary for cash Rs 15000
Deposited cash into bank account s 100000
Cash accounts are Real Accounts, while
Capital accounts are Personal Accounts, so
both can be affected.
The purchases account is a nominal account,
and the cash account is an actual account, so
both accounts may be affected.
Sales accounts are Nominal Accounts, so
they will be effected.
Cash accounts are real accounts, and
earnings accounts are nominal accounts, and
as a result, each variation gets affected.
Bank and cash bills are real bills, so the
actual Account could be affected.

We must first understand the various types of debts within the international before we can
recognize the Golden rules of Accounting. No matter how they are structured, the account class
applies to all kinds of standard ledgers. All Accounts will fall into one of the influential groups
indexed previously.

3b.
Accounting transactions are any economic transactions that can be quantified. Credit and debit
systems have been developed to keep track of such transactions. In accounting, a debit item
either increases or decreases an asset account's value. A liability or equity account can also be
depleted using this method. Accounting entries are generally made on the left-hand side. As its
name suggests, credit is supposed to boost the value of obligations or equity stability. The
weight of an account that contains assets or expenditures is reduced. Accessible through proper
accounting methods.

On a balance sheet, a debit entry appears on the left side. In addition to decorating an asset or
expenditure account's price, debits subtract from a sales or equity account. In the proper sense
of the term, a credit is an entry on a statement. Due to credits, assets and expenditures are
depleted. Furthermore, debits and credits play a prominent role in accounting's golden rules.
The three essential accounting rules are as follows:

1. Personal Account: The giver is credited and the receiver is debited. Among the bills in this
category are debtors, lenders, and so on.

2. Real Account: Incoming funds are debited, and outgoing funds are credited. An example
would be money and bank stability, items in inventory, purchases, and sales.

3. Nominal Account: Credit profits and losses and debit costs and losses. Some examples of
these types of money owed are income, hobby, dividends, and depreciation.

Journal Entries:

1. Started business with cash Rs 150000:

Cash A/c ---- Dr 1, 50,000
To Capital A/c 1, 50,000
2. Purchased goods for cash Rs 25000:
Purchases A/c ---- Dr 25,000
To Cash A/c 25,000
3. Sold goods to C on credit Rs 20000:
C's A/c ---- Dr 20,000
To Sales A/c 20,000
4. Paid salary for Cash Rs15000:
Salary A/c ----Dr 15,000
To Cash A/c 15,000
5. Deposited Cash into the bank account Rs 100000:
Bank A/c ---- Dr 1, 00,000
To Cash A/c 1, 00,000

It is vital for an entity to maintain a record of all of its transactions to ensure the integrity of
those transactions. When that type of entry is made, it creates a record of the transaction, and
the record should be maintained by the entity. Accounting has rule of thumbs that apply in the
event of a missed journal entry. It can be applied to any type of account, but first it is important
to determine what type of account it is.