ey a7 oy 2014 » word hydoaylies has beeo divid formed by ~ byl row which means wales. What the subject of hydvoulcs may be define a5 branch of engineering science Which deailes wel water a4 fed 07 mortion. The subject of Chad mechanics may be define as dhe mechanics of fluid with tneluding water: The a4 thal branch oF hydraulics mechanics may be define wrth deals which the mechanws runs by water yoring the water higher levels subject engineering sevence under some head ov for Use of hydvaulice 1 engine ring Plumbing system oF houses ov other building. Water sypply and treatment system Wadler dislrebulion and conveying wast unter and sewer Hy drawbes pumps Hydrawkes tus blocs Other hydraulics machineries C hngdraultes jocks , excavators , loaders) VEERE YS Hydraules is the study oF liquids ie matven and civil works. The science of hydravives cas pressure (mh pipe and cataganes be dewided sn do two i) Hydrau dyananics Cmoving Inquias) o) Hydrow Statics What is flurd pressure 7 Pressure (2 the normal force a surface. Tf the applied Foxe ts F and dhe axea of applitehon tt A then pressure #6 equal do Prin per und area on Ps Fores pew unt aren + Wy Unit of measurement of pressure 3 the Patcal CPa) ov N/m? Pow thy « Kelis? - iN yn thay + of Nér® - tom Cwater hend om) F - Force Which * the push °7 pul acting upon a bady Force st measured in Newden CN)on tne 1 eg ng? A - Aves Which is the extend of surface area (s measured tn mw? Hydrauhes Rinesples There ore several advastages fy using a liquid. ao, Liquides cooferm to the shape of the container oy, Ltquides ave practicaly tncompreasible os Liquides applied pressure (no all divections or Liquides conform to the shape of the container: — Above Piger shows ] G ) the three body | Ey containes all connected | | together aod Fill do | at container | dhe some level fo lrquid ed the liquid hat conform to the shape of the 22 Liquide is prackicaly imcompressible Wheo substance ic compress —~ i foker up fess space a for |! | force lequc'd oceupint same amouod wa of Space fox volume evan when Under pressure . T Wadon SD Liqueds applied pressure itn all dintetions con find These is equal 7 ttquid subjected disterbudion of prerure to pressuve le the Mqued. The - Pressuve measuved and a ’ } any porod in hydvaw Ire —__—4__. 4” cyleo dey oy bine wilh be the same. Wherever 4 is measured mesh hydraulee oyster use orl, Tt can not be eompress and i4 luplecat® the system mw Why water should be uosuitable fox hydvoule syshen Foeeres at call (00° demprature T4 coutes for dempyabwretens ai baile a4 Puvnvees sd tittle conofien and ywSting tubyrcatron.03 03 2019 Filed) power Tn the Toth genchury 8 French py yt / - cian named blajse poscel Fo”mutateg nice oo oathenad;- which formes boss For bydrautgs lermantal low Paseal'’s Jom = Pressuse appiyad , ved to | {ransmided undiminished im all dnechons aapintd Maud 2 force and ai right anglet 40 thon areas fo) sity “hth equal apply ageins! a small avea can vegull ina ie ee ‘oree enlarging the outpul areas ectwece by smal Fave soe! large Farce Pressuce » 8, oy iS e 6 “ sant oss0tt ee ovehest O01 wt > e104 Pa + SokPa 7 @ Fo. ps water Zout = fone) w 0.01 = Fox vio - soom A Wqeid /n a container fg gibjeteds fone Applyed to a piston handle arrangement} a9 ghowo sbeve Figtve. Hm the applred fovee ip 008 at the handle end. What ' the pressure genavated (a the liquid. Crum the Prstan avea 49 be 0.2m) Pitter hondte Force » JOON Fevee Sppived by puiben arm +P Tabrng moment abt the prost 2 Ce Fai 728003 FP + Geom * Moon oF RP * 4500 +A lefos uv Hydro kernemalice C#@0 #0 59 = Velesity oF lequid Qs ay Q~ Rate of Flew The quinlity oF ligqued Rowing per steond through @ gecton of Pipe @ pipe oF cin! fs knawn as the Yate oP dscharge 07 armply dunarge. T4'# genavaity dipnoied by @ now considera Ivqard Hhrewpin 4 PERE A+ Cross section aves of the prpe v= Awavage veloty of the liqued & Average dithearge Gen + meme! + mise! BR Slow of water is Flowing im @ prpe at @ véloerby of anct dhe diameter oF the pype & asmm What vs the waded oF dicherge fo pepe. @s ay * mary * Mpa Mes isis PT a zon loa] io Prpe Flow & Channel Flow Prpe Flow. A pepe f9 8 close condurl. Genarally of cenculoy cvoss gechon. Uae te Cavyy watey oy any sthew flush when dhe prpe i furmveang fu the flew cs under presse. Bud if the pipe ft not tunning far CO# Mn the cage of gewer pipe , dulvarie , C4¢) The flew ft net under pressure. In duch a case the afherphere pressure acres avde dhe prpe i"Channel flow {7 * A channel (8 a pastage do whieh dhe satan [lou undev Fovee of gravily And Afamoaphente prevune. Flossing other words Fwhen the Pree surface at the Plowing § te water f4 to condacd with the alomoiphere. ao in the case of a channel a sewer ov an aquadocds ‘The Clow ia sed do be do 4 channel , a channel may be coverd ov apto al dhe dop As anmadier of Fred dhe Slow of water ard opeo channel f nod due to any pressure ar to dhe cave OF pipe Flow bat 4's due tothe clope of dhe bed of the eh anne] Thus during the conduction of dhe channel a uniform fiw tr dt bede fe provided 40 mawloin the Clou of water. Aypes of Naud Flow ©) Uni fern flow aad nan uniform flow Uniform Flom - wageitude and divcdise afd eusry npind fo dhe quiele ros known ams uniform Flee (eccuen Noo uniform Flow - Tt ata gives inated the velocity i's not the same and every pornd the Flaw i+ 1% knows as ron unifoym Flow fea #3) Steady flow and —unadeady flow Steady Flew ~ Th a Flusd and Plow charachle triadic? Sueh as. deosihy velocity jpredsiuve: » accelaralion 7 fl etc, At a porn} does ned change Wpe thev flow ( set te be steady if,o Deonty , welocedy After Deosty « veloely pressure , accelaradion Some pressure , acceleration Ot a paved dive. ad pot nod change dosteady Flow - The Purd and Plow chorachteristic ouch 62 densdy 4, P, a ele, at apofnd does chenge with dhe hoe Flow (2 ged tobe unsteady 03) Laminafl flow ard dunbuleot Plow Laminay flow. f Shean: Inne Flow The Plow to which the adjacend layers do net cress each other and move along wed dthined pordh reg Tur bulend Flow The Flow im which adjacend layers esos each othe? doo'd move slong well difined parth 04) Compressible flow: The Flow im whyey dhe volume of Fluid and ite density changes during the Flow Ik called & compresayrle Flow. AW the gasses are genarally tonsidetd 40 have ” Flew Lncompressibi’e Plow PB Flew to which the volume oF Flunde And 145 densidy doeg: nod change duréng the Flow is cated a” ince mpressi ble Flow. A the Mquide ave genarally comsydera to have rocompresatble flew.o8 oth Disowhbe very breiPly the Bllonnng — avPPevend type of Irqurd Flow 4) Steady Flow and unsteady Flo bd) byminan Flow and furbulend FI Stade weather the comtinurdy oF Flaw is” Applicable Blow nol appheable for dhe Fllouveg type oF Flow a) dusbulend Flow by Unrhorm Flow port DiPracd the Following turraa related to the pipe Flow L. Unvform Flow w% Non uniform Flow - Btreaw woe Flew 2B Furbuleat Plow Checkout Lernar Flow and turbulend Flow Land Aas tmadh welt S e yeunded entrance Liquide and they properties Ordtnavily there is 90 difPreadylty rn att dng ucthi: a Wauid Pron a Paoled For the gacr A aelvd bas a de binge shape. Lrqurd taken a Shape oF the vasae! Oh the other hand gao romplebely fills up dhe vessel whieh cantatas amon the Wquids Water will be moatly deal wth hydraulics whvch has the Following preperiverDens | SpeetéBre weight Cmass> Speeifre gravity Compressible VYREE PL Deosrly oF wadey - . ' The density on mass density Ff a teed may %€ APineh OS the mass per uorl volume at tre a standet temproture and pressure, ‘¢ usual deneded as P Pen OMS yeiume + “hp G IP 3.8 0% of a certain oil has a mars Of stom Find the ids mass density mess denwiiy + 2009 ’ 4% “s + eines? | pornos! ia Specific vvight [emass fmeie scatty)] Dede as the wernt per umt whe at the standed Hempratine and pressuve denoted hae C4) wathamaticaly & = weight , EW volume nt SpeeiFie weight oP wotes « 4.61 kN fp? The Fotewing Amble given the values of specdic weight =f water a+ different Jenpraduve as per manual a¢ of american tody cf civil engingere imp of water |e T fe [be [70m 0 100 ‘me ee it ton desrece (FD i i a a re 19 EN/n® |Te an caperiment the weight oF a. rw of e@tain I euwed wor faved te be t8-75 “M+ Find the specific © She Irquid and also Find vty dengiy. 10/70 ~ Speerhic weight + 16:78 «1g law fro® as deogrdy + Meets we fe. 320 byw oe 5S then8 HOP tn o hg kegnt® ae Speerhre gravity af water at the zaho of ap. re werghd ‘of to thad of a ehandy ~d substavce at a standerd demptature Fov Itquide , prve ure water Is daken a9 0 standard tubetance Ord ad xl Mathew -wealy #997 of Irqusd ts equal to Sp .gr - Spectve weigh o tqud Speeifre weight oF pure water 68> FE bnfaa) Spigr = Mint ~ ‘eater Frat Abe spattee gravity of on ofl whose specie weaghh os SpeeiPve grawty oF a Irquid woy be hee define | TAOS EN [rw | | Seige + Mei e Dantes od oil . Ties kh a qt Nw? > 2.800 Find the spigy of & yessel of amt robe contwas and ol | which weights 308KM deteworod the sp-g7 oF oul. | (ven x ae? veWene 400 werght of ork = a abntSp. = Sad Fone = Tse teat - othe Viscosity (MIE Ehodon / gob) We sea thot the flow of thin im Iquds #uth as Glenple or water 1s much easier thee thic Irqurds- Such af sy 1p oven orl. T4's thus obwous thal cach I'quids peecee sore property which controls its rate of Flow. This properties term as vigiooely Surface tension CN/m) (dem grsio) conves coo cave The SvrPace keasion of 0 mud fs ite property which e-erapies f+ to assist tensile Strenghs . Ti m due te the ehnSion between dhe molecules at the eurFace of the byucd the effect of surface tention may be easily seen in this case oF dudes of smaller diameters open de the Atmespherr. For an exomple Wher o Qlasa dube of Semi! Stumeler (a dipth fn wotes. the water ries up fA the ibe wah an Upwords contave Surface 25 shewe fo Frqer: But when the Same tabu is digit tm mareuny , dhe mercy dépresees doen ‘o the fube with an upwerd eonBove surfaceiT values of specsFie The Fonowing table giver dhe spectre weights aod auvFace lennon of imperterl Gyuld af eet deus apoet (0 te M Loh gery Pace tensie lo Water a. ao 0.073 gtycerne faene 0+ 0490 kee ro Gone Tes o-onis Ethyl slim was omy Mevemry | 19268 O-ttoe Capiilavity of water ( caprilandy) Le cwncawe | a = \ water meveury, We have Seen a when @ tube of smaller danctes dapth th water the water vises up fo the tube with ao concave surface - This phenomence of vising water fn the tude of te called © cCapilary Te at shown 4 Figure small drameter Th the vadians of ea) in the tube (a of wates Water fobs aod water welcules adheoven Mercury Tube and mereury molecules adheson vy tube is smaller the rising +P ght. cBhesoo between “ates => concave molecules convex Cdhesion between — yay reeyeusy moltailes caCN Im) t CturPace teenien) - Bight of capriiory rise ~ Diomeder of the capilary nbe = angle contac) Of the water ante + Fovee of surface tenscon, per unil length tm Nie aate We know that weight of the water column (a the tube Above the Water surface acting down+worksds ¥ js (atta 6 4 weght = wh Kd? _ 4 Spiwh = werght a ow Volwne © - specie) weight Vertical componance ph te Pause, of evehace tensor. = Oad cos Since the downward Wergnds of the telymn fs balance by the vertical componeot of dhe force oF surface 4eoa'on There fo, we con say From squatvon | and 2 wh Dat Od cos < hn *« aT ces wd Calewlate the captary eFfeel tm mm fo aglas tube of 4mm djamatéy when !mmerge tn m1) water and 03) fn meveury The values of Surface fenton of water ant mercury in contact with as are 9.0735 Wim | o-8100 W/m respective ly. The contact angle Foy Water jo Net epee @ O0° mercury 0 + Go*on of water of mercury = At cos « wa > 4 0.0735 y cos _o* Ygo 8 4 KOS > Hs oorss Gh 0-00n “0-244 0-0 349 1.5mm * wd cos « wd = 4% 0.5100 cog (30° 192-4 8 “riot aH bo Sh. 139.8" 0.004 AD. ~ -1-$04 68 Soro += 2A bpm depression)‘5 10 for} 2019 Equation of continurty CHydre kinemadie - flucd kinematic) As Cress section area Yn average velvety of dhe Flura ee Rate of dtschage Flow vate a am Qe? 22% 4,°48y, FF an incompressible [quid fa coniinvously Flowing through oF pipe or a chart! CWhese cross sectional avea may 07 may not be constant) The quintity °F liquid Passing per segcond CQ) j@ the same af all sectrons ‘this v3 knoe as the equation of » continuity oF a Wquid Flow. TH fs the first an Fandeemental equation of Flew Consider @ 4 pipe dhvough which liquid 18 Flowi'og as Foltowing Figer We lenow thal quantity ot Nqurd passing through ques @, + avs Stmilayty quandily at section toro + @a + Any, thus section theee ~ @,+ %Vs From the low of congevation of mattey we know that the quantity of Waquid passing thyough section 1,2 ands fa the same. hence Qi # Bs 11.65 G+ The water is Plowing dhyough % pipe line of comm deametre with the Vor IS ma". Determine the diacharge to the pipe Woe to det Q@ aAy : = 0-017 wig bad 7 aM © 060118 1006 + 92, (oer)? , 8 = neapeen! d 4 2 29910000 » 07%, 5 aoae cast) a : Mavs Gs > G45 S ALM, 2 Aaa + Ay Uy aM Aw, Find the size of pipe which as do dischage FasL an ol, Ad the vale of os an of speahic gravity 0-8 wrth the welectdy OF Sms! Sice of pre. given Disehage . Ve loc ty > andst . ae 22s Pang 2019 fea 34 Water is Flowing through a pipe of 0mm dia with an Average yebcity OF \10ms"', Dederwine the vate of ditehange Water in ats Irles per second. Also, deteveoined dhe veloer}y oF water ad the thes end ef pint if the dianchas of the pipe [5 gradually change te 200mm @eav nit! ; 2 21H ¥ CoP y 10 Fe 4 6 = 1065 Bigs Wome Sao menn 0+ 0T8S + 4.1K ¥ (02397 ¥ a 00785 + 0-oslay = 2-5 ms poh A pipe of dramedes soomm yeducet 40 & diameter of iSomn pn as lear jn the Frguve disechoo of flew of woter in it it ark with artes. TF tne woter enters the prpe of lorger dfameds? ad dhe veberty of tee whet 12 the velerty of flow at dhe ead of the smaller drametes pipe. Assume coodinucty of Flow is vald for this- —— a@ew : B00 ff vig” is2 = 5109 (8:8) on re = 81462. O-1quo > Sine Ots2 ey x = Oley Vos thitast ey @- A ppe ef dio o-om reduces fo one of dia O15m i the water enters the ppe ate velerty oP angel. Wheat the velocity of exit From the omakes dia pape any 2 3-14 ® Cob)? 4 = 011% -otrk + Sth ments) av * > tF.ab met8 won foalor @- A branch ppe i¢ ted by @ 30 drameter by ® with the mean vetoerty OF Flow of 0-3ms7 as shown ro the Fiagesure below. TF the velocity OF Flew mMoum dig pipe CByanch 0) ' iS e0o-t Fend the mean velocity OF Flow in the 1.5m dia pipe Flow vate = Area v vehedy of Flow @ > ow Flew vate am @ io'ted Q- Fe steoa I ' = 0-615 K dism - Flow sale af 6bm G branch @, G+ Ey loevens a 2 0-13sk From continty equation @ - @ + @& O-b1SK > O-1B5KR 4 Ky (5 ey a O-b15 + O15 + 0 SbESUy Y2 05 0-615 - @-135 0. 5bas Vz, 2 0.54 o. sas Vas 0-46 G@- Water is flowing through the pipe of 25me dra with an avavage veloerty of 3-3 ms Fhis Piet ff gradualy changing its avarceter 10 15 mem tb and dheo this pipe devided nto 2 pipes of equal dtameter oF tome. a3 shewo Figure %n below. et is tne yeloetty at the end of tue pipes and at point : ¢ oe pace €c = iene ee me % bs y (nm & * o “4 Flow vate + Area *« Veloety of Flew @ + AV oo Flow yale at s3mm dia inlet Gn GO, + KB (sPases foP ‘4 a + 390-628 K e079)" Flow vale at itmm dia @y Ga * & @- Fate, 40% S90.u2sKS% $6 -95K uy, 07 * Vs + 380 bs = $695 Rvs # fio)” fe as “w= b 44 ms" Flow sate at wom dia Os Gat Betts oa a + $90-395 5 From continuty equatten @a- a.+@, aqme = 2, Checeote Geo Gy) soa R= ae Re (Oey a 390.9155 = SOK Me y+ 390.395 ’ so 9 = 2 go ws!