Energies of liquid motion The energy. tm general may be difine as the capaci, to de work do the energy exie{ im many forms. Wet the Following are Trporian From the subject poted OP yirew. 1 Potential energy a. kinetre energy 3. Pressure energy Potential emergy of a [quid particle in mor tion Ti fs energy progeessd by a Itquvd partical by virdure oF its position. Fa liquid particale is Zt) above the horizontal table. The potendval energy oF the pardreal wi'll be xf) pea leg of Irquid. The potentiat head af the Wwquid at that point will be zm). Kinetic energy eF @ Itquid pardicle fo morion Ti 14 the energy prossessed bg a liquid particle by verduge ts mostion oF velocity. Tha Wqued particle cs Flowing sith a mean yelocity of vims"') when the kinetic energy of a particle will BE Y%4gCm). OF the liquid per thus the velecity head of dhe kiguid at that velocity will be “ea on) Pressuy energy of a qued particle én morbion T's the energy pressess by a liquid particde vevivre of its existing pressure iF a Itquid partvcele fs under pyessusve of P(N). Then the prossur energy of the ardiele will be "/e9 Per unit weight where pis the enerty of the Wquil.” Pressure head of the Waurd under water pressure will be 7p EmJ: Total energy of a Wquid particle in movtion The total energy of the Irquid vo mor tree io the fome of its potential Energy , Kinetic energy ¢ pressur energy mathanetfealy. total” energy,a Es z+ V+ , 39 ?9 ‘4 hav: end dio of = Water ss Flowing thyaugh a 4 *9 2 omm and one dea vespectively. Find the discharge at the larger be eod God yelocrty head at the amaller end, If the velocity sf water ad dhe layger end (% OS ment Diccharge at the larger end —. la { Q + Avea * Velocety of flew 7h Q, < Ey 0% 25 oy? i e, fonné * an 11090 p “ Q, + HobrSH 204K ya suet Velocty hed Gy 8 06D Sib ake 43) G, + 0-0 Au| mig-l by apply contirudy equation ai = & : o-oyay « K,C50010 3) xy, te Velocity head» v? 4 ot geal end 39 Va = _0-0: se i. 214% 50'noe + 90-47 Yeo # Od Tb ae 4el 0-00 78s * asin mm MY + aBeAtmos-! @-Waoter i2 Flewg a prpe oF rom dia under gist pressure of SokPa and with a mean welocily of ams!” Neglecting Frretion detevroind the fobal head of the pipe /s Im above the dafum tne & i» Patentcal energy + cinch oneigy » fratses by usm Ge reve d enevny 3 75 Sew ria Bent) owe 21 + 020 + 6.09 + 12.39 m i. Total energy > 13-29.m22 Q@ fv etrcular prpe of Ss0r0m dig cawyecs aod orl of specific gravity og ad the vate of 130 he”' aed Uueder @ pressure of akPa. Calcutale the fotal energy tlm) at to point which 15 am above the datum line. B= 24 Mo ip 4 ry Griven — Ze am | Be Bokg! | de 280mm { a- or by useng wee @s av solr. Ky (aso) rote 1000 “ 0-18 = 004A ve slid o- ont vie 2.4m mer! t. leimetic ewmgy = v2. (2-au)? 29 aaa = 0.305 Potentional energy + am Catvend Speeifue gravity of ot + density of oF density of water demity of ofl + 0-8 ©1000 + Poa kg ei? Io Preasuy energy +) _P #5 » 28105 Pa Boo 4-81 = 3 + o-209 4 O-Rsy Tetal ° 3-551 m enmya 0 fob} s014 Bernoulli's equation TH status For a pesfect’ inconpreasible, quid , flowing tn ~ @ cantineuour M4 eAte, the todal energy s yemaina the came, ttt, the particals moves from one poml to anethor This stalem- sent baes on the assumpdion thal + there ave mo losses due 40 frichon th the prpe- Madhewatically [2 Fi fe) | ny ~ Section Ana an : Gy te eh | i. 4 F3 i = Belen 8-8 la in| & - = 14 +8 *, ‘ 49 eS | |x | According 42 be epaton Datum lent | ‘ En * 6, Zw Vea Ss eet ye 29 9 ag Py apie @ iene nate noomm oss Séchon Sm above se deter, So man * at the sectvon sm above datum. The pressure of water at +1 section sockPa iF the vebetty of the grat seciron Gime! dedewmind she MmAdferty ef pressures tne second mection Gniven - d= Jom dolum, - Fe Py Bonk Po dy- Some datum, - 3m vy etesSection 2H Me. 5 &; ag ag ak 5+ ef 4 Sow. k —@O Es ag Pd sm datum tne aa Section @ Section @ and 9 SA Le G+ av 73 (PS ‘) ity ‘; a 3,2, 3+.*,P . ke —@ . ‘ pall a Beas a9 «79 = KCo.1" . & + @ b 2 > at F ou¥ 502003! 0x ¥. 541? 4 S00K0 » Gah = fea} E> Va ee att! 29 oot « (asx0 Iv, 5-3 +) - 9864 Soo, P a) a 79 p vz, + 9-0! 29 p-a0083s vm. use v, Jems 2 + B84 500 + a 390°C sho (2 7 12094 + 0-050) = . ' 2.998 PsLimitation of bernoull’s taequafion, equation has beco the bemoullis theovum ot burnully possible divived on Gurtain assumption Which rarely dthnus the bernoulflirs theorem ae + The bernoulis equation hes been sundes the assumplion am the veloerty oF Ivquid partreal auvoss Gey C9059 secon Ys unr'Porrs. But actual practrce It fs ot se the veleeily oe 1S mantrours an lequrd portico] th the center of & prp gradually digrecses towards the walls of the pipe duc to the pipe direction thus while using the bernoully equation only the mean velocity *F they sul be hakan the acco unt, Iran % The bernouties equation het, been divide under the aesupptet onthe wel No exdernal Face egrav'ty Porte fs ating on the Irqurd. But actual practice Theme ore Glmays some external Fevee® auch ao prpe frretroo acting om the: Wqatd wrieh ePfected Floaw of trqurd. fe not owt as been devfde under the asoup * The bevpoulks equation h tron onthe Thave is No loss of enengy of the Vique'd pariicals while ster F lowing. In the actual practee fF 0S realy seu, Tp a turbulen Flew Some binadre energy Is converted @eome energy to into heat energy and fn a wiscos Flow. log due 1? enviar Forces a The bernoullis equator has been deride under the asumpt- } 1 DSOBS - Grade, 0-031) M bay 4 vpn toxins { won od ' a O.0014 Seation-loy ( Pe Moe taymsTh eedivn-02 4 an ana 1 AY + Ag Ve aa 0.035 © 3:4 (TORI YY Zev Pv ke 0-095 + 2.1Mk AGOaNIO™ Vy ag RF 4 v¥, 2 Ovogs ' (2 tq 96 ripe 4 Bertin oi * 1350 ' 765 A+ (ty)? 40 may = 4S nee! ov. 81 yonor ®t Section oa ko key ‘ 2+ C4 4A at ke \ 2698) tooo te! A+ 1:29) 4 HO « 29 19BO » Pa 19-62 Velo 19.69 Rio 44 0-068 + 407K". D+ 1001 + P, 1810 4087 = = 31.0094 Pp Tid 4810 (4.069- 3.009) = Pe q810% 1088 = Pp, Po = to . Pe2 A pre 300" long asa Fhu 12100 aad tapers fom tm diometer at the higher dnd gsm at the lower end, Te quanddy of Water Flowing o Aeoks!. TF the pressure ot the hifes end is robbs. cakulate the presture at the loser end. lel us the datum tine is at tm f72k Po lower pan ad @ is x10 cz270) : soo >t ae | dn 300 > 9m | . wo | oS dale Doom % From qudolity equahon , @ = Ab foo. RAY, by aPPiping quantly equaline ‘a! 4 @ nv wv,» Yona Foye * & boi? ve voted 2 y+ has mst 9.944 © Kw ors yy vy = 4.68 met Mang «+ ¥? 58 ok 09 fection at Seelam o2 8+ (ims)? 4 Jorn - oF se BO 2eORL ioe St aes 19" «951 #4! (1:3 +70) > + (40:0, 8 a? ae 3 vot B+ 39-650 | = 1 honHts +f 7a aw vat 10-20 ty (10 AGS + Pa) qa 1000 wao = 1o4es t Pp Vio Py. 89577 Pa Prue28 adjoe 19019 A pipe Se Inng is dinclimb at ap angal) of 15% with the horizontal. The Smalleh stchm. SF dhe! pipe whieh fs a4 4 Love, level fs OF gomm dtameley, and the larger section af the 4, Sad aHomm ag shown nfteger. Determine Ine differance of Pressure between the a section iF dhe pupa ix uniforedly perpar, and the velocity of water a+ the smaler acchoo 1s Ima! Foo Mois *5 a 15% 0 2508 5 a1 agp m aaa Using bernoullis equation 5 VE es 8 1 39 8 by epphiag quaohily equation Sechion ot @r Av > yrds : A © ly OFT Bes th Oe Byhvy + Ray 29 319 (4olet i+ Gals ve fboo 8 —* 4H OO Vy Bection 2 %y + _lboo 14400 12% + (0), Bh ak —@ ves at ws! 9 95) fi ; # by oppling equation 0 @ = @ 1 @entin uty 2 5 Qe BR 2 1-244 + (0: 4 29) 49 29) 8 £3) we fa 394 tho 3: 9 29 39 h- Ps # $294 + Oro - 1 o9 19,63 P-Ps oe € 294 -— _6-%79_) 9850 A. 6 Pie + (aaa ~ 0:0903) Gero Py-R» 412200- 697 Pq =A 2 12.20 k Paa4 Practical Appieatron a Berspoull’y aquoten, { \ The bernoullits | theorem | 94) bernoulli aquadion! I the basic equadion which has the! widell| anplidatian i/ by droube: be aod applied bydwoulics. Side tha equation #3 bop d Fox the derivation of many Folymulae dhere ov \4s! understanding is very essehial Through the ibernoulli equation thas the number OF prachcal ppplertion For Following hydvoues devices Such as, tt. Verturs meter 99. 1OrFiee meter 03 Pitot debe! | | ' Venturimeler (ya \ | od Zomvergeat divergent \ This is an aporated| te find out tee rate of Itqued Nowing CPischorge of a Inquid Fle) through a pipe This agarates Foleus the principle of bernoullits theorers that dedal heed of a Flowing Fluid remain eonstan: F ' roe When Wquid passes Hnough a the convegent phene it increose in kinelic head CH) ts due to dheveate In prespure bedd (PB, measuring the predsure dvfPeren} with the heldy' differential manometer ‘we can caleulate the velocrty oF Flow ard hence the rote of Plow C@). A vendurimete: consiat of the Following 9 parts 01 Convergent corne | os. Tonoa oy. Divergent core |go » [6 ]2019 M Conveqand come T4’s 0 shod dapaving pipe bese diameter di gradually dicrease Free the dvamtter of the pipe ti the smaller diameter da ad the theead, The chovers - eat corne Is known as toled of the ventuary meter. The Included angle 42 Aboud 20°. the teagth of the convergent corne 2.5 times the prpe qramede Lt ir slope is 1 io O7\t0 tems, 2) ‘Throat Th’? a small potion of cerguler pipe in which the diameder (da) 13 kept Corot in between the converging cone and diverging corne. [1% deameter fz half 4° quater times. (1% wh) fhe drameler of prpe at tnlent as) Divewend core ~ This 12 alse @ Hapeving pipe whore diane when gradually fmereacar Prow thé dvameley at tipyouad Oda) to dhe deameter oF the pipe ds a ciilecat perme s e devergant covne i Alto known ae oudled of the veotuory meter The lengtd of the divergent corne rs about ato 4 4trmet thas that of the convergeat comme, the angle ‘s «bout 3° Diicharye trough 9 venfurirmetey Spr |e € “yy | eg Pas i: Ng P, 2B Consider 0 ventuary meter through when i2 Flowing as shown above Pigare fone Irquid3) hh + DibPerende ra’ mecuty levels vn difPevenesal manometer Chead of mercéry) P, - Pressure at s@ehion oF Mi ~ Veloesty- of water at seelion OF Z, - Datum head at sectr 1 a, - Abga of the veotusimeter at sechon 21 andy Pe Vo,52, 42 Correspounding values at Stetvon Appltag bernaiti *s equadien at secdion ot and 2 Section ot scalen ica % + i 4B. mi £2 4) Vet 4 eB 73 és 38 #3 Leb us pasa oven datum Ine to the axis of the Veotuary meter = % 20 f mz0o | 2 WS ek ade 4 AL | asl | 38 ) 3 i = b - us o | Py 29 ag continuty equalven at sectron 0; 20d 02 @ + @: Qi = %% + Gay my we «% % V2 a vat + = a, aBe Lt. ae to é3 eg 29 of: 9g: a sees H - 1 —@: 3 (3) 4 = i ve 24 a, We know that PB - B is the difference between ® P92 \ the pressure heads and section 01 And o2.. The pip os horincotal this difPereme fe8 presets the venduary head ao 1's dinoted by *# ” e (see Law)» head of mercury ees bn Caates co ae w= SpecFre gravdy oP Wrquid- The venduery heed ( io the) above aten has been taken fp Yerm ef the = Itquid head. Bud im actual practice thys head 3 qiveo at the mercury head: In the given Irqud is water the mercury head can be Converted 49 to water head ‘by multflng the mercury head by the ee grawty ef meveury mrness the speerFre grandy of water. Feeaten (SEAN) b ou, teh Sewe time an atl befag discharge through the wel -aty meter the ventuary head should be taken vn tern of orl heada he on (30 se es} ‘ | ws ay , ; et ye) agh (a «ly ( a (canna vo) Ms + SRW) +d! = @ We know that discharge ef the ventuary meter, @ = CoetFiciend of x aay ven tu tmeter @- % ay, @ * Ga fan a ar ay Qa = fs aa, fag » Si arama Ge eats | a = ah OA! = @*c.cit iV a?-a,? 1, —— em BE 7 Hoe (3 =#) » head of recy Gos CoeFFrctent of ventuary meter. C # Meter constant w+ Sp gravity 8 the Inqurd,By 27,1204 cy in fis? rough @ Ite in aE dadfercabn fo left aad dbvegh of weadings Co eff. Q, Find the quantity of wates ventuary meta OF Sie 1Scmm gem, manometer connected between the veojuiry meter gives berm of muveury ~teitod of ventuary meter ay be taken as 0° duu dyes Giver, j oe dj 2 wer dy » Sem ‘few + Otto) + 0-2%m d+ 0 i bh l én eds oF ~ « @oum By using Brea oP 6 Aye Ro @ +_¢d mas Jo fo let 2 KO P [op a3 ' i 4 Area of 4 age Kr? 4 < 0-4 x K@.1s3 x Kloo faatiete throat 4 6000p? a a 4 Agony (Reon 2eFFemol of prewen head Q@ * 2-48 «9.017 < o-o0lty 4: t53% Hy e (meet 35 2F1 BO = 3 .bh 410% wotey ~ ap tdeb- do @ = 3-977 8- 85) Gr 1) : VS: ObisRIO* a ‘2 #2-b eo oy Qs 12-614 4 2 0.156 m o-O1ny @+ 198,2998 mest t+ T2seo098 © 100 est * 19§229.8 £3"!