THREE STEP DIAMOND SEARCH ALGORITHM FOR BLOCK-

MATCHING MOTION ESTIMATION

K.N.Vyshnavi,B.S.Akhila Sudha
III btech ECE
Rajeev Gandhi College of engineering and technology
vyshnavikovur@yahoo.comAKHILA.BHY@gmail.com
Abstract:
In video coding, block-based motion estimation plays a vital role for video compression.
There are few block matching algorithms existing for motion estimation and motion
compensation. In this paper a three step diamond search algorithm is proposed. The
performance of this algorithm is compared with other algorithms by means of error
metrics and number of search points. This algorithm achieves close performance with
that of TSS. It uses less number of search points than TSS. When compared with original
DS algorithm, this algorithm requires less computation time and gives an improved
performance.

Key words-
Block based motion estimation, Block matching algorithm, search pattern, Diamond
search.

PILL CAMERA
(An Application of Nanotechnology)

CHERUKU RAVI, KARTHIK REDDY.T

E-mail: ravi.nani.610@gmail.com,thappeta_karthik@gmail.com
III/IV B-TECH
ELECTRONICS &COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
D.M.S.S.V.H. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MACHILIPATNAM
 ABSTRACT
The aim of technology is to make products in a large scale for cheaper prices and
increased quality. The current technologies have attained a part of it , but the
manufacturing technology is at macro level. The future lies in manufacturing product
right from the molecular level. Research in this direction started way back in eighties.
At that time manufacturing at molecular and atomic level was laughed about. But due to
advent of nanotechnology we have realized it to a certain level. One such product
manufactured is PILL CAMERA, which is used for the treatment of cancer, ulcer and
anemia. It has made revolution in the field of medicine

This tiny capsule can pass through our body, without causing any harm it. It takes
pictures of our intestine and transmits the same to the receiver of the compute analysis of
our digestive system. This process can help tracking any kind of disease related
to digestive system. Also we have discussed the drawbacks of PILL CAMERA and how
these drawbacks can be overcome by using Grain sized motor and bi-directional wireless
telemetry capsule .Besides this we have reviewed the process of manufacturing products
using nanotechnology . Some other important applications are also discussed along with
their potential impacts on various fields.

ARTIFICIAL VISION
TOWARDS CREATING THE JOYS OF SEEINGFOR THE BLIND
Made possible by micro medical electronics
AREA : NEURAL NETWORKS
ST.ANNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
Authors
K.MAHESHGUPTA , P.PRASANTH
3/4 B-tech, E.C.E
mahesh.g.4u@gmail.com , prasanth.polavarapu@gmail.com
Phone num:9290440373 , Phone num:9704074625
ABSTRACT:
Blindness is more feared by the public than any other ailment. Artificial
vision for the blind was once the stuff of science fiction. But now, a limited form of
artificial vision is a reality .Now we are at the beginning of the end of blindness with this
type of technology. In an effort to illuminate the perpetually dark world of the blind,
researchers are turning to technology. They are investigating several electronic-based
strategies designed to bypass various defects or missing links along the brain's image
processing pathway and provide some form of artificial sight.
This paper is about curing blindness. Linking electronics and biotechnology, the
scientists has made the commitment to the development of technology that will provide
or restore vision for the visually impaired around the world. This paper describes the
development of artificial vision system, which cures blindness to some extent. This paper
explains the process involved in it and explains the concepts of artificial silicon retina,
cortical implants etc. The roadblocks that are created are also elucidated clearly. Finally
the advancements made in this system and scope of this in the future is also presented
clearly.

Mobile Number Portability

M.Haritha , C.O.Sameera ,IV B.Tech ECE

Phone No: 20044008 , 20044016
G.PULLAREDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
KURNOOL.
email:
haritha_4008@yahoo.com
sameera.1987@yahoo.com

Abstract

Mobile number portability allows a mobile subscriber to switch operators

without changing his/her telephone number. This paper describes and analyzes mobile
number portability routing mechanisms and their implementation costs. Cost recovery
issues for number portability are discussed in this paper from a technical perspective. We
note that rules for cost recovery also depend on business and regulatory factors that vary
from country to country.
This paper examines the consequences of introducing mobile number portability (MNP).
If the sole effect of introducing MNP is the abolishment of switching costs, MNP
unambiguously benefits mobile customers. However, if MNP also causes consumer
ignorance, as telephone numbers no longer identify networks; mobile operators will
increase termination charges, with ambiguous net effect on the surplus of mobile
customers.

Mobile number portability (MNP) requires that mobile telephone customers can
keep their telephone number–including the prefix–when switching from one provider of
mobile Tele communications services to another. In the absence of MNP, customers have
to give up their number and must adopt a new one when they switch operators. As a
result, customers face switching costs associated with informing people about changing
their number, printing new business cards, missing valuable calls from people that do not
have the new number, etc. Based on these considerations, many regulatory authorities
have imposed mandatory MNP–or are about to require its introduction–so as to reduce
customers’ switching costs, attempting to make mobile telecommunications more
competitive The world’s first country to introduce MNP was Singapore in 1997.

This paper introduces the concept of number portability, explains its different
types and benefits, and the technical, operational, and economic issues that might arise
out of its implementation in India. The specific issues such as ensuring tariff
transparency, the National Numbering Plan, and regulating porting charges, etc. have
been raised and will need careful consideration.

A Road to Future Broadband wireless

Access: MIMO-OFDM-Based Air Interface

M.Jyothi ,D.M.K Devi , 3rd year E.C.E

jyothim435@yahoo.com , devi_smile3@yahoo.com
Ph no . 08812 250723 , Cell no. 9440350723
SIR CRR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ELURU

ABSTRACT:

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing is a popular

method for high-data-rate wireless transmission. OFDM may be
combined with multiple antennas at both the access point and mobile
terminal to increase diversity gain and/or enhance system capacity on
a time-varying multipath fading channel, resulting in a multiple-input
multiple-output OFDM system.
OFDM has become a popular technique for transmission of signals over
wireless channels . It converts a frequency flat subchannels ,which
makes the receiver simple . In this paper we gave a brief technical
overview of MIMO-OFDM system design . The OFDM systems have high
spectral efficiency , low receiver complexity, suitable for high –data-
rate transmission over a multipath fading channel , high flexibility in
terms of link adaptation , simple implementation by fast Fourier
transform . Undoubtedly. OFDM could be a potential air interface
candidate for futhegeneration mobile wireless systems .

Multiple antennas can be used at the transmitter and

receiver, now widely termed a MIMO system. A MIMO system takes
advantage of the spatial diversity obtained by spatially separated
antennas in a dense multipath scattering environment. MIMO-OFDM
key techniques are introduced, . MIMO-OFDM system design are also
given. Our paper focused on MIMO OFDM –based air interface,
including spatial channel modeling , MIMO-OFDM transceiver design, ,
MIMO-OFDM channel estimation, space-time techniques for , MIMO-
OFDM and error correction code .

DIGITAL SPEECH SECURITY SYSTEM

USING SCRAMBLING

P.VENKATAPATHI RAJU , A. CHIRANJEEVI SRINIVAS ( ¾ E.C.E)

S.R.K.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE ( BHIMAVARAM )
EMAIL: venky_zordan@yahoo.com, chiru_maveric@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT
In digital speech security system (DSSS), the analog signal is converted into
pulse code modulated (PCM) digital form using an analog-to-digital converter and
encrypted before transmission by a special technique (Scrambling with the help of
Computer). The desired party can decipher the message by treating the received
encrypted data with the same technique. Thus conversation can be carried out without
interception. Mathematical Operations are being performed with the help of computer on
the bits of the Digital signal which is obtained from the Analog to Digital Converter to
obtain an encrypted speech before transmission. Such a system has the property that for
the interceptor, the received message appears like noise and thus prevents him from
eavesdropping. However, the desired party can decipher the message by once again
mixing the received enciphered message with the local replica of the pseudorandom noise
(PN) available with him.
 IMPLEMENTATION OF
HAMMING-CUT-MATCHING ALGORITHM

N.SRINEETHA, V.SWARUPA
Koneru Lakshmaiah College Of Engineering
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
srineethanimmagadda@gmail.com, saru_288@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

This paper deals with the basics of iris, its properties and how it adds some
advantageous features to recognize the correct person. In this paper we discuss the details
regarding the information about how the iris is located, to distinguish it from other parts
of the eye, how the scanner scans the whole pattern of the iris while enrolling and
matching and how the scanned patterns are converted into 256 bytes of data so that it
can be stored in the database. We compare the iris codes of the current person who wants
to access the database and gives the matched results to the user accordingly.
As the iris recognition technology produces very low false rate when compared
to the other biometrics results it is very preferable in many systems such as airports
,banks ,defence , etc.., where the security plays one of the major role. But in the case of
fields where the database is huge, the comparison time is very high.
This paper includes the implementation of HAMMING-CUT-MATCHING
algorithm which reduces the comparison time for matching the iris code with database so
that we can use iris recognition in case of huge databases like voting system. As we have
used hand geometry for verifying the identified person, it adds the security to the whole
system. Finally this paper contains the applications of the combined features of the
recognition of iris and verification of hand geometry in airport.

THE BIO-CHIPS
(PAPER UNDER THE THEME:”BIO INFORMATICS”)

K.MAHESHGUPTA, M.KRSHNACHAITANYA, 3/4 B-TECH

ST ANNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Department of Electronics & communication Engineering
Email: Mahesh.g.4u@gmail.com, chaitu_nany@yahoo.co.in
PH NO:9290440373
ABSTRACT
“A single electronic card may replace everything in your wallet including. . .
. . . your cash
. . . your credit cards
. . . your ATM card
. . . your ID cards
. . . your insurance
. . . and your life
FUTURE One card, or one chip, with your life on it.”
“Biochips”-The most exciting future technology is an outcome of the fields of
Computer science, Electronics & Biology. Its a new type of bio-security device to
accurately track information regarding what a person is doing, and who is to
accurately track information regarding what he is doing, and who is actually doing
it. It’s no more required with biochips the good old idea of remembering pesky
PINs, Passwords, & Social security numbers .No more matters of carrying
medical records to a hospital, No more cash/credit card carrying to the market
place; everything goes embedded in the chip…. Every thing goes digitalized. No
more hawker tricks on the internet….! Biochip has a variety technique for
secured E-money transactions on the net. The power of biochips exists in
capability of locating lost children, downed soldiers, and wandering Alzheimer
patients.

MULTILEVEL CELL FLASH MEMORY

Satya karteek.G , Siva Rama Krishna.P, ¾ E.C.E

S.R.K.R.engg.college, Bhimavaram
e-mail: sskmaestro@gmail.com ,pandu86@gmail.com
ph no:9885364561 , ph no:9989494255

ABSTRACT:

Today the world is suffering from information explosion. There is a huge

amount of information but no proper means to store and retrieve it. With the
advancements of modern technology we are able to store a preassigned amount of
information in the designated memory locations i.e. each bit of information is
stored in a single memory location denoted as 1 bit/cell. With the advent of
Multilevel cell flash memory, we can store double the information in each
memory location there by meeting the requirements of information explosion up to
some extent.
 A flash memory with multilevel cell significantly reduces the memory per-
bit cost. A 32MB multilevel-cell (MLC) flash memory storing two bits of data per
cell achieves 32 MB memory storage capacity using 16 M flash memory cells.
This 32 MB flash memory on a 0.6μm process has a 2.0x1.8μm2 flash cell. In
MLC operation, the logical flash memory cell achieves two bits per cell using four
possible states, defined by four flash cell threshold voltage ranges.The relationship
between the threshold voltage ranges stored in the flash memory cell and the
corresponding logic levels is shown in this paper, which also shows a plot of the
four threshold voltage distributions, each with a separation range.

In recent years, there have been major advances in integrated circuit

technology, which have both made feasible and generated great interest in
electronic circuits, which employ more than two discrete levels of signal. Such
circuits, called multiple-valued logic circuits, offer several potential opportunities
for the improvement of present VLSI circuit designs. In this paper, we give an
overview of recent developments in multiple-valued logic circuit design, revealing
both the opportunities they offer and the challenges they face.

LOW POWER DESIGN TECHNIQUES FOR SCALED

TECHNOLOGIES
V.REKHA, M.PRIYA, III ECE
Email: rekhabujji.2006@rediffmail.com, priyactr@yahoo.com
SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
CHITTOOR

Abstract

Scaling of transistor feature sizes has provided a remarkable advancement in silicon

industry for last three decades. However, while the performance increases due to scaling,
the power density increases substantially every generation due to higher integration
density. Furthermore, the demand for power-sensitive design has grown significantly in
recent years due to tremendous growth in battery-operated portable applications such as
notebook and laptop computers, personal digital assistants, cellular phones, and other
portable communication devices. Consequently, the need for power-efficient design
techniques has grown considerably. Several efficient design techniques have been
proposed to reduce both dynamic as well as static power in state-of-the-art VLSI circuit
applications. In this paper, we discuss few techniques to reduce the dynamic power in a
VLSI circuits and in the end a technique called Deterministic Clock Gating (DCG) is
viewed in some detail.

IMAGE COMPRESSION AND DENOISING BASED ON

 TREE – ADAPTED WAVELET SHRINKAGE
P.SHRAVYA, G.YESESWINI DEVI
Shravya.palvadi@gmail.com, ssv_4028@yahoo.com
IV B.Tech (E C E)
G.Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool
ABSTRACT

An algorithm is described for simultaneously compressing and denoising images. The

algorithm is called tree-adapted wavelet shrinkage and compression (TAWS-Comp).
TAWS-Comp is a synthesis of an image compression algorithm, adaptively scanned
wavelet difference reduction (ASWDR), and a denoising algorithm, tree-adapted wavelet
shrink age (TAWS). As a Compression procedure, TAWS-Comp inherits all of the
advantages of ASWDR: its ability to achieve a precise bit-rate assigned before
compressing, its scalability of decompression, and its capability for enhancing regions-of
interest. Such a full range of features has not been available with previous compressor
plus denoiser algorithms. As a denoising procedure, TAWS-Comp is nearly as effective
as TAWS alone. TAWS has been shown to have good performance, comparable to state
of the art denoisers. In many cases, TAWS-Comp matches the performance of TAWS
while simultaneously performing compression. TAWS-Comp is compared with other
combined compressor/denoisers, in terms of error reduction and compressed bit-rates.
Simultaneous compression and denoising is needed when images are acquired from a
noisy source and storage or transmission capacity is severely limited (as in some video
coding applications). An application is described where the features of TAWS-Comp as
both compressor and denoiser are exploited.

Keywords: image compression; image denoising; signal processing; video coding.

WIMAX
k.s.nishanth & k.abhishek
R.V.R&J.Ccollege of engineering
 contactID1:nishanth.kara@gmail.com ID2:arjunforall444@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
WiMAX is an acronym that stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access. WiMAX is a wireless metropolitan area network (MAN) technology that can
connect IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) hotspots with each other and to other parts of the Internet.
It can provide a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for last mile (last km) broadband
access. WiMAX is the wireless solution for the next step up in scale, the metropolitan
area network (MAN). WiMax does not conflict with Wi-Fi but actually complements it.
A WiMax system consists of two parts: A WiMax tower & A WiMax receiver. WiMAX
has the potential to do to broadband Internet access what cell phones have done to phone
access. Some cellular companies are also evaluating WiMAX as a means of increasing
bandwidth for a variety of data-intensive applications. The purpose of this Paper is to
highlight and assess the value of WiMAX as the right solution to:

• Extend the currently limited coverage of public LAN (hotspots) to citywide coverage
(hot zones)
the same technology being usable at home and on the move,
• Blanket metropolitan areas for mobile data-centric service delivery,
• Offer fixed broadband access in urban and suburban areas where copper quality is
poor or unbundling difficult,
• Bridge the digital divide in low-density are as where technical and economic
factors make broadband deployment very challenging. In addition to these uses, this
paper will highlight other potential applications, such as telephony or an effective
point-to-multipoint backhauling solution for operators or enterprises.

Today, a Wi-Fi mesh-network offers mobility, while WiMAX offers a long distance
backhaul and last-mile solution. The best solution is a combination of the two.