introduction gg What is an essay? E } | ito Argument ‘Te esay os a genre remains motors dificult to define probably far totay that there ae ae many type of cy as there fr types of essays. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784, hmselfa ne says, desrbed the esa as “ase slo he nd an neg lay agested pce, nat a reur or edey prtomnance”Athoagh the typ of es discussed and practised inthis book wl be any thing but aoe", imegula” and “undigested itis worth bear {ng mind that the term essay has, history, eguory een ‘isocated with ideas ofthe tentative, unscentfc and even the fmteur Tis reflected inthe les of some ofthe most famous sayin the Enis anguage, om Chaves Lams "n Pras of chimney smeepes" to. Poesy "On Doing Noting” ‘The tem “es0y" comes fom the French exer atemp) and the gener em ea wat colned by the French vrte Montagne in 1880 and wed inthe tte of his famous volume o sas pab- lished in tha year Tor Montaigne, the essay was kind of tl or This sas good a definition as any, but i leaves the Held wide ‘open at penne elected bythe history ofthe essay @ ‘genre ise. The “father of the English esay”, Francs Bacon iser-145, vote shor, total and didactic etsy on sch sub. [reson “toe ombition” ond ‘tava By the endo thes fnteeth century the pilospher John Locke coud use the term “ss” inthe ile of fall ingth philosophical rete, An Eso ‘Cencoming Human Understanding, Sine then, the name "essay" hasbeen apple to works a or apart Alexander Popes pio sophia! poo in heote couplets A Essay on Ma (1733-4), and ‘GK chattetn's hort mediation “On Lying i a ‘What ol shese types of essay have in common i an interest in ‘igure They do nt simply state fac or opinions, nor do they {ella tory: they argue case, They take aida, or ster of eas ‘nd, in Montagne: sense, put tem on tal. "An mast tals, the purpose eo prove @ point and reach @ vette Teach the dested verdict the essay must ore things. Test produce song anpuneats, expres thes argues ‘Geatly and foresuly, and suppor them with convincing ev ence Whether you ae wetingam saan the ight an wrongs ‘of eapital punishment oon the use of metaphor n a pee, tbe Suc of your esa wil depend above al on these thre factors.B Critical essays hing Howto Wt an Ess a prctcal guide to essay wtng frst dons of Engjish fuses on the planing, structuring and fr ‘mulaing af etical esponss to iterary tet. The type of ay ‘duced and raced inthis bok ir generally rele to asthe fra (o erry cea essay. Tn spite ofthe bool’ particular teary tial focus, he proc: teal and analytical guidelines offers should be relevant to all ‘oma eesay wring To write an esayof any Kind, you need to ‘now ert bse technique. These incade how to anaae a fseay question; how to selec and onder the main pint of on tanner how to wate welstucured paragraphs ntodutions ‘and conclusion: how o expres your arguments ceri and con- “andl how to check and ree your work; and how to pro the ond improve your esayrting ecugue All ofthese pos fre covered n dean the individual chapters which allo *Wting as such forms oly onerelatvely smal partftheesay- wring prowssasa whole Onecanoniy"witep” an esay when fe ha decided what to say and how best to say Eyl who begin wring before they have Nahed thinking usually geen @ ‘muddle and lose sight of the queston they are meant to be ‘dressing. Thissnotto deny tht some of urbe thoughishave the annoying habit coming half way though the eampostson ‘fan esay Bu thee fe alot we condo to a oe hough to lave god ime and srt themselves out nan det fostion eon we launch into the fit word fos nsodacion ‘Good ting isthe result of good thinking To say that sme ‘one wats wal to sy that they have organized thelr thoughts Iva dear and convincing manner. This book, hercore, is above fla bock about taking ~ or rather, about thinking aloud ‘temps ste by tp, ogo trough a sere of more o es auo- ‘mati thought proces and to render them cansclows. Once We hove sean hat hese proceses inva, and haw we con make them function os effective as possible, they can Beoreauto- ‘aticagain. When iis no longer necessary to thnk aloud while planning and formulating an ey. ths book wil have served ts Purpose, Like all gldebook, i uitmate im i to render at Superduous, @ How this book works pee Presumably, you wll never have to wean estay quit as ong (John Lac An Ex conemning Human Ondesandng. Ts ‘ook wll primarily be concered with shor exays of ve to ten ages (1.$00-3,000 werd). To write a whole book on something {Small sinevtbly a usky busines ean seam ate ying toopen an envelop with fork i rack, of ke a hippopetaras trying to ple up pea, as someone once sald ef the prose se of Henry lames. You ight find yourself asking: "Do teally have fo ‘ead ll his us to we an esay? Do I have to follow all these eps and stages and decks and double cheds? Ifo, wating @ Single esay going to take me a lifetime. “he ype of “thinking aloud practised inthe flowing chap. ters oer ke an analy ofa goal in a fotall mate, played backin slow motion. Of course only takes seconds or the ball to land in te bodk of the net Likewise, when the processes ‘kesrbednthisbook are actually exscied, they only take oat ter of minutes to parton. By looking at them in low-mation, we ‘Nmpy se more exactly how the ore best cared out ‘Mos ofthe stges of tnking deseibed in the folowing pages are mates of common sense. Once you have gasped them they ‘al bcomerlexes thot you perform quickly and automaticaly DRsprinter watches his or her face in slowemotion replay in oder to eam how ton faster hope tl be the sae for esas ‘Sng tus book, ‘Thebook’schapersare presented the orden which you should 9 boat weting an ey. Before you star planning says you ‘ined to know hoe to analyse essay question. This she ors ‘ot chapter ‘Chapter 2 shows how to plana esa. Is the longest, mest etled, and probably the tno important cape nthe book ‘fall coherent plan isan essential ingredient of «good esoy. {hls chapter alstuses ways of electing relevant pois ond of putting them ina cearand log erer als shows how agood plan can generat os for intodtons ond conclsion- Te Chapter 3 we urn tothe wating pres isl. Tis chapter focuses on how to saute ond lnk ay parageaphs ‘Wstollowedby a chapter on those roblmatc paragraphs that form he beginning and endofam esa the invoducton and eon ‘Sislon. Chapter discusses worios types of itrodetion and ‘oncluson and iustats thelr appropiate we, “Chapter 8 concentrate on questions of se Iles a sere ot pose guideline for expressing ideas clearly and condly and ‘fers listofimpartant yt weakneses that shold beveled Sessamples Practice ‘chapter 6 deals with tnishing touches, uch as presentation, deching and revision It lo fers ten tip fo improv Your ‘Ssayeing technique, and a simplified summary ofthe man points of the book. “Chapter 7 looks beyond the teary ctl esay and shows ‘now he ils developed in the book can be applied to oter pet ofesay descriptive reece, and argumentative) ‘Altbough you ore edie to tea the chapter: in ore, coc oi ie perspectives of raat and character cid Tn Manse shor 09 "Wis BA ‘There ae several impli suggestions inthis question which need tobe unpacked before you can begin werking nan ase. is The question suggests Dat the reader has access to two PersPec- tivern Mansfield story. Scondy, # suggests that thse perspe fiver con be otibuted to the namator and to the crocs. ‘Thirytsaogest thal thes perspectives resent dre (Mae must be ferent i they ca be contrasted, De you agree with allo ome ofthese propoatons? If no, would you be able Yo produce convincing evidence against them? As ts approach keywonis mas cer the question demands that you identity and conta the perspectives of narrator and char ‘eter Any part of your esay which snot engaged nthe uses ‘fetter identifying or contrasting wil be imeevant. Therefore, ‘ren a elliont dissin of how dual pempectve afl the ‘ater’ interpretation ofthe story as a whole snot dey ree- ‘ant to the queston and wil no! gain any mari, Atmosta very ‘Areevant say then, wll need tobe very dear about what the task of ientiying and contrasting relly demons, et us 8 ‘wecan decode these ern dentying involves finding and defining relevant information in ‘he tet In identifying the perspective of narrator or character in ‘Mansa story, you wil need) to find passages the text where penpective suggested: on to say what tis pespee {ive sand whom fbslone to In planning your esay you wil ‘needs draw upto listo such pest ane forthe nae torand ane forte charactor opening oy Questions Example 3 Contrasting means showing difrences. a this question simply Involves tying your ts ond looking for he main Allens ‘between them "Notice agen Now a base plan aleody emerges from aft stroighformard procelure of unpacking and decoding te ques cs the representation sx and gender n Shakespeare's Ie Nigh, ndcom- ent os pion fr the atom oe pla 1 Unpscting (reiworas ‘Siggeston The general focuskeywords here ore “Shakespeates Twelth Nigh The specie focte keywords ore “representation”, "sean fpr, "signiicance”and-outcome ofthe play Your esa wll Rave to conde all hes points of oe o, ust by Hdenting the focus keywouds you wil beable to recognise that this Is {emanding, multiple focus question. “Ihe quation contain we approach-kaywords “ascuss® and ‘comment one fist we have aeady decoded. The second is relovelysitexplanotory. To “comment on” a tpl odo es than dacus So leshoulé be dear hat yow wl wre more on the first part ofthe esay question than on the second at ‘vith Keywords highlighted. the question looks ike this RE =] oe Dias she [rpsentaton ] of [serand gon} ta Ge me Take Tel Night — | ond omer) on ts Ea ca Tare] twte Coxteme oe pian “The eel suggestions of ths question ae not hard to identi suggests that set and gener are repented in Tveith Nght ‘nd tert rpresentan sgicant forte outcome of the ply. The queston, however, also makes an aaitionalimplit aggerton: that sex and gender are two dileent concep, beth ‘twhich wil egre eparate atenson In your answer sep ny ganna ag by ag ane ”2 Decoding Ssexana ender Reprsen Signiteance ‘4 Look osely atthe wording ofthis question, Note that doesnot orand that you dscuss sex and gender n Shakespear pay, Sat tht you ascus ther representation. Is there 0 diference ‘between thexe vo tok? Ye theres decoding), and you mst ‘eognie tin order fo produce a relevent answer “The question also demands tht you comment on the sgn cance a ths representation forthe outcome othe ply. Ti ‘Gear and spec demand, You are not asked to comment on the Sonincance of ths wepresntation for Shakespeare atude towards men and women or for Ezabethan Weoogy in genera ‘Once younave denied the specie demands ofthe question, do ot let your essay stay fom them A east four ofthe Keyor inthis question wil need decoding ‘eforeyoucan begin constructing an answer These keywords ae Net, Ygender, epresenaton® and "igaiicanes™ [As we hove seen, the queston sugges an impli distinction ‘etween the te set ad gender Ae you aware of, and do you “nderstand this dition? Ir ntfs unadeeble to tempt fanswerng the question. (Contemporary Gender Studs tends to Sisinguish beween "sex" as a bologicaly given fact and “gen ‘der asasoctlly and cultualydetemaned const) “Representation” ea very fequent approach-keyword in ey questions ts therfore vallyimporant tobe able te dstngulsh ‘tween ducing otopices ch cnd dotting the way ep ‘eseted in given txt “Represertation” questions canbe bo. en dow tata two bic ements, one relay objective, the ‘ther more sabjecive 8 what means and in ha ght 9 topic deplced na text? Ths one spe of representation question ‘sand devices wed to express.an Wea. The other aspect oa ep ‘senttion question concens the ates, emotions oe values ‘which colour tisenpreaton, An ina can, fr excnpl, be ee ‘ated inthe echalcal sense) through metaphors and inthe ‘logical sense) favourably or unfavourably *signcance’ ako afequent essay keyword In this context generally means the sme hig as "mporiance”” A sighlly fxtended meaning i efec Le the way one element in text Influences others n np, forinstance, you ate ashedto co ‘menton ow the representation of sex and gender hasan ee fn orafuence the end ofthe Play pypanhng ay Qutans Example 4 + anihplump ac and banish al he wld” Discs the character language and finn of Flan Shaeseare's Henry 1V, Pa. 1 Unpacking Siggestons ‘bemand This is im many ways a more complex question than those con sidered so far The question ses receded bya quotation, and ‘before embarking oman answer tw sports to avestigte lhe rattonship between the oo pars However he base Prost ures for packing the question remain the same. By now the focu-heywords wil hardly need pointing out ond it ‘hold note necessary tomork them graphically hee. The tems fof general focus are “Tata in omy 1 Pur I" and the ters of ‘pei focs are the words “character, “language, and “ane “The approach keywords, of couse, ‘Thequtaton part the question dows ot contan any keywords ‘such. However, aay tll us things about Fala flevant fo ‘Theres nothing very conpovesal about what this question sug ges. goes almost without saying that a igure na poy has @ ‘haroctet ond language and would be od ihe had no une ‘on. But the question also seems to make another suggestion ‘which ts rather let obvious thot there Is some. conection between the quotation and Falstaff characte, languoge ond fanctom nthe ploy. eisnot absaltely necessary to cent and ‘mabe use of ths connection in yout esa. You mgt, however, find that Flstats ow words do offer hints on how you might proceed tial tht you pay proper attention to all tre. You are not, ater fl, merely beng asked owatea character skech aff Can You wnt something wort on Fatt tongwoge and chor {cor and incon’ Ir not you cannot fly meet the questions ‘demands and had bese hin le about tempting the Que tin, You might fe! confident aot eusing Fast char. {er This involves using Shakespene tex to bul pan image of what kind of man Flstf is larglyon the basis of what he Says and what het say about him. The task of discussing his language may aso appear stsghtorward You ned to choo a handful of representative pasages and say something about the LS sy etn stage tage aa2 Decoding vey Fast peok he types of words Ne uses, his setork is tr et). Dscosing is tuncson, however, may sem more rob- Tema tls Ume tht we decoded Wistar, uncon’ questions seem fo cause prtclar problems, This ‘beens the very speci Rind of information they ask a soften Imsundestood, Discussing te function ofa charter a plays fot the ame os ving a characterization Justa acusing the fnction of «symbol sot the same as interpreting symbol. Tuncton” quetons demand a consigeration of the purpose fjven aspect oa text full he content ofthe whe The une fof a choace na pay can be defied asthe reason fe his ‘orher bing there, the ele he or abe has on our understanding ‘tthe ply ora hole "What Lind of function, in general, con @ dramatic character nave The pssbies are int, but i order To give 0 coset ea of whats understood ths cuca erm, here shore — land wer incomplete Het of posible futons. A character can function + to supply new information + to comment onthe action + tofin gop inthe plot + to provide a contrast other charaders + to produce a comic tragi or ont fect + toate link tween other character, between present and past bebe players and audience et) + to tond for patela value, aitude, vite or vice These ate some ofthe typical functions of drama charts {nd thee or the types of thing you shouldbe looking for (Gnswering an essy question of th funciona given characte. {tis wort noting tat there fncins are not neces tlted {b the maida or personal characte of te chara It ‘question. ‘Ot couse, not only dramate characters have functions: almost any expect of a itera text an be ocussed ters of sn tion ltt fore the dea of haneon” usd In essay ques tons, her ea list =ogai very Incomplete ~of sme ofthe pos Sole tunctons of sym. Symbols can uncon seponhing ay Quetons + twrepresent absuact Seas + tocreatean atmosphere + tocharacterize a yerson thing or suction + toreveal unconsios fers or dese + tomake textual or ntertextual connections + to foreshadow ute sven + tounity the various pars of text These are the types of focus require for an esay onthe funcon f'symbolsin any given text. Note that menting these une tons, me are not necesraiy being aed to interpret the symbols thematver In some cases howeve ts impossbs to discus the Fnetion fa symbol without fst interpreting is meaning, Example 5 “the tyscal Ballads may employ he tanguage realy polenby men bu hy emp {ns language oa decidedly oni effet" Txomine how Wordworth achieves hie ‘roe ee th eerence foot least three of his cantbutins tothe Iya al” 1 Unpacking fies) This question requires a great dal of unpacking. The two parts ‘qotation and question proper both contain stantial guidelines {itonow the question tbe answered In sample # the ota. tion paride contain important quson keyword Ine gamete are imprat eyo bot pars ofthe gu 1s wally impostant fo et wed to ooking for keyword in quo- tations which induce esay questions Such Seywords, there tre any areas relevant to the say as those nthe second par of the qusten "hotarethe kaywords inthe quotaton prt of Example 5 Les math them aged Sethe istration overeat Keywords (Ehsan uy quent stage ype amar 21- oe the | yrial Ballads may employ i Ely poke ye tut they employ tis language to oe a deledy hone ee ‘The general focus 4eyword is of course pal Ballads areola ‘onary volume o pasty publahed by Wiliam Wordsworth and Some! TylorColendige in 1798. More pesos keyword ate “the language relly spoken by men" and “ironic ee”. Your ‘seay would be expected to reer to bolh topic. However You ‘ould drectmostof your attention ironic eer hii the ‘tle ofthe second par ofthe question you are unsure ‘ofthe meaning and significance ofthese two groups of specie {Gaus keywords you should not ote to answer the question, “Te second por ofthe question mast lo be scanned in detail for relevant keywords, They an be marked as flows: tne ag ms ox Eeuning? row [—Wordevort | aches his aK Toni ec? | wth etrence afro hee ofhiscontutens to ak he yc Balog” “The general focus remains the same - the yc Ballads but now you ore tld that the esay shoul only focus on poems by ‘Wordsworth So dnt chose any of Colerges contutions to the volume! Asin the fist prt ofthe question, the main specie focuskejwords ate "wonie eta” The words “at least three [poems oe alo esenta foes keywords, ad a fale to beat {ham in ind would have dsastous consequences for your esay. “The only approach keyword in the question fexamite" which ‘rel want decode love powontng sy Coens (Demands 2 decoding ‘The fst pat ofthe question qulte leary makes a strong sugges ton Not onl does suggest that te ial Balad use spe languagetolronic ec, ao suggests that hs eles ached ‘map ofthe imply of he language In considering te 9- gestions ofthis question, therefore, you must ask Yousel at east feo fundamental question sit indeed the cave that ordort chives an ironic fet through the ae of simple language, ond 1S thee really any necestary contradiction between ony and very languoge? Statements this ied are intend to pro ‘oko a espense, and It would be hard to wt an esay on this ‘question without responding tts propostion. any questions woh begs by quoting te word a etc re srequenty provocative You must not imagine hat you are always expected 6 ogtes wih ther gropositions In some cases aged ‘Asagreement i the mos ikly response, Few wer for exar= le would nowadays arguein favour of Vltaes famous ese. Hon of Hamlet "a vulgar and barbarous drama’ were this (ote in anesay question. “The seco pr ofthe question also makes a suggestion: that the “toni fe” feferred ton the quotation iin fac achieved Insome of Wordsworth’ poo, You wl have fo decide Whether you are, and what evidence you wl be able produce sup pom your case The question explcy ass you to examine how Werdsworth ‘cer is roncefet in teas thee poems, Notice tha yo arent simplyreqedtoanalsethe" roc er bul exam Ine how Wordsworth aciewes ft That sy ate require to fs poetic means, In adaton to poet efecs. The words “with feferenc tot est thre poems” arealso cena tothe questions ‘demands An esay which examines only two poems il lose ‘mori, whereas on esa which examines en poems superialy tl bees effective tan one which dcr threo for poem In dep “ihe question alo make © more mpl demand y opening with a provoctee statement Ie imply ealls ypon Fou to ‘Te approach keyword “examine” may require sme decoding Uke dscss ta fly open term. ymaogtaly “examine” ome fom the Latin ec the necdle oe tongue ofa balance. “Tus, odonaly thas to co with weighing Im current Ena, however “examine” hos came to mah to lok a dos AS It Elsen ny quent stage by Sage aaExample 6 the cate of “cus, both meoningt or ipl in decoding “kami” os am ey question Keyword. "Exomine” quetont ‘egire a combination of cose textual analysis and a weighing ‘pel the pos and cons ofa statement or argument ‘Te phrases “ironic elt” and “the language spoken by men” thay leo need dcoding bore you begin planing and Wrng ‘ones. What you wll want w ask youre sa ron effect? And are these eects in Wordwort'spoety the rent of wel inn the we of worst mean the opps of te wsual ss), brofdomaticiony (here the ony basedonastaation rather than on an inconvenonal ue of words)? The mote questions ct this ind you ask your, the more mata you wil automat: Cally gather for your ey. “The tanguage realy spoken by men* ean pole decoded as father odd nd atglted way of saying “every speech Surthereieactaly morte decoding than this The phrase as ‘tan is a quotation fom Worsoworths fomous Peface othe [jel Ballads In onswesing the question it natral elps i You ow the “DH, Lawrence's Lady Chatty’ Lover is na sucess novel ti a sci ‘lament whch tasks eos 0 ero he raged becomes coal" ICUS. 1 Unpacking vation Keywords 0 ‘This avery efit question to tackle dil om ou rev ‘us exempts in that centres on the ean ofa work of He ‘rare. Citic esa wings about developing arguments and Supporaing them wit extunh erence, One can argue tha the Tanguoge of Falls Shakespeare's Henry IW, art] is icaly Ietophonal", and one can go To the text to find evidence. But that Kind of evidence an be drawn ont ippor judgement of ‘ale? Thee fo obvious or deitive answer otis question, land yo teal sey are frequen asked to argu Why oe text may be considered “beter” "more elective, ore suees- {A tnon oncther As era evaluation dearly continues to be fe pt of ey wtng, ts worth atemping Yo npack one ratte esa question Ree ‘By now the general facie keywords shouldno longer need sttng ‘The more specie focus keywords areal lated to the quoted peprscting ey Questions Demands 2 decoding sucess stotements view ofthe fos text “sco nove solo fallament The esa willalso havo ecuson te notion fake Ing “ideas (to) seus” and the statements use of te Words tage and comical. “Discuss the approach keyword “hr tpl the case with evluatv sty questions, mest of the keyword nvoived wl need considerable coding rome 6 cleory makes a numberof expt and mpl 9 gestions 1 explilly suggess that DH. Lawrences Lay Chatter Fyisnotasucestl nove timp suggestthat a nove ca ‘ot, or should not, be a “soslogeal lament and that @ (ieraryy text which takes doa to serously renders st Comical, The dial of sponding to these clas in an ey [Sthat the Keywords on whic ts based are fr ro being early ‘etne, or even dearly deine, What a “success nel fan according to whot cena can we aay that a est ake el {oo senousy? Everything depends on how we decode these sp- ary ters ‘The demands of this question are polemical. We are asked to respond to ond engage with judgement, ree than sinply ‘kamine some features of atex ox prove a hess, For this eton port of our esoy elf would hove to be devoted To unpacking. scating and tang tom th the question. That the qui demands tat the procs we normally wse to analyse ey ‘questions oe octualy verbalize inthe ay sel Inthe cate ofthis question th argument of our essy wil depend ‘almost entirely on our reading ofthe Keyword of the quoted ‘tatement. Not only wl we be required, i unpacking the ques ‘ont think obout what constitutes a escrow" ew flo fhave to discus thiseancept in theese lS incase ke {thie decoding ie dou important In decoding the prse "sue ‘asl noel, wewlhave to ecognis that there ae severl di ferent criteria for measuring a novels “sucess a novel "uc ‘esul" fff sels many copies or Hf mes the aesthee ‘expectations of cetan ction eeatng a scandal ~ i ‘sds tothe authors fame? I the ea ofe nove stucessisbased ‘on certain aesthetle standards, whet are these standards, and ‘who determines then? Succi selaive term "uctest" in “Comparison to what? Having thought about hve hese terms ean be decoded t may be hep fo focus on one citron for suc ‘is to sti hiforus,andthen tose it ane bas forte ove ‘allergument of he es. [isso esi questo a sage by sage anysSedona asuges ‘I pase sodlagal lament is equally ifaw decode — ‘ot so much becoe ofthe ter el but because of the mpd ‘pposton between the sclogical and the ere novel. S.A “sociological lament ispresamablyatudyof society that ‘xpress get ver the problems desc Havent many sc “afl” novels been elf tes f society? Ori the quoted Statement ying to get at smething else In oppesing the soco- Toglal and te novels perhaps it wants to inst on asin ton between artiste representation and sient sty To nt pt the formula "suctestl novel vr sociological lament” oF 0 farction onthe theme “at sence cetaly one legitimate ‘way of decoding this say question, Such decoding sems 1a be supported by the next duster of ej Novels thot take their own ideas too seriously become Jaughable and ths aso unsuccestfl this necessary he case? Ieitrealiyarotement abot novels a such, merely about this pateula enties personal preferences ~ 12. about the types of Fovel he likes ond dies? Tiere, our deca of keywords Inevtabiy Teas ust the sue of Taste" This ws stands tthe thor ofthe whole question and wil hae tobe adaressed by our ey. T hope thi unpacking and decoding of Example Shas shown thot "evaluation" quettons can be fasiating aswell {ule They do requltealoterthought especialy inthe itil phase ‘Stanalysing the question ct Dose of ti evaluaion” ques. tons nave tobe read with paral ere Pechaps the greatest ange they pose that some the sues hey mse (eg that of ost) ores enormoss tet is ct to do them fost in a short etsy. Summary of chapter Inthischapterwehavebeen looking how to analyse esayques- tons by spacing and decoding ther heyword, lois ond dermonds. The four esental stages ofthis process ae ilustated bythe folowing diagram: open sy Guesion, 3 Unpack demand (E tisode Keywords and demands] ‘This chapter has paid special attention toa numberof question ejworas which tend 9 come up very fequenty in esay ques ‘ons Of these the mod inportan are the oe keywords Rretion {and representation and the appreachseywords dics, ermine Sind ent ever ou should fs uncertain about what ind of ‘sponse these keywords demand you should find voreassitance In tereoding the ferences other inthis cape. Practice n unpacking and decoding essay questions san eser- ‘al form of aining forthe production of good, elevant essays. Unlike esay wring ial analysing questions is ot atime con. suming activ Ir takes only a matter of minutes, andthe more ‘Joupretse ond te moe the fou sages involved become ato matic the faster you wl become inal, ene golden ule. Never attempt to answer @ question bore you have flly unpacked and decoded if he packing {nd deoding proces rises problems You cannot save, you are ‘ell advised to mows on to another question. ‘Usually however you wil nd that nsyieaticaly unpack: ing and decoding a Gueston you have acady cllected aot of relevant material for the writng of your essay te, Basa tctgter 27