AISSCE-2020 PROJECT WORK O HARDNESS OF WA NAME 3CERTIFICATE This is to Certify that Khushboo Kumari of Class XII has successfully completed her chemistry project on the topic of “Hardness of Water”. As prescribe by Mr. U.K Laha, Mr. Manish Kumar & Mr. Nagendra Kumar during the academic year 2019 — 20 as per the guidelines issued by the Central Board Internal Examiner External ExaminerI would like to express my greatest gratitude to my teacher who have helped & supported me throughout my project. I’m grateful to MR. NAGENDRA KUMAR, MR. U.K LAHA & MR. MANISH KUMAR for their continuous support for the project, from initial advice & encouragement to this day. Special thanks of mine goes tomy colleague who helped me in completing the project by giving interesting ideas, thoughts & made this project easy and accurate. | wish to thanks my parents for their undivide & interest who inspired me & encouraged own way, without which I would be unablg my project. At last but not the least I wa friends, who appreciated me for my wo! me and finally to God who made possible...CONTENTS Introduction Sources of hardness Temporary hardness Permanent hardness Effects Softening Health considerations Measurement Hard/soft classification Water PurificationINTRODUCTION Hard water is water that has high mineral content (in contrast with "soft water"), Hard water is formed when water percolates through deposits of limestone, chalk or gypsum!!! which are largely made of calcium and magnesium carbonates, bicarbonates and sulfates. Hard drinking water may have moderate health benefits, but can pos critical problems in industrial settings, where water hardness monitored to avoid costly breakdowns in boilers, cooling towers, a other equipment that handles water. In domestic settings, hard wat is often indicated by a lack of foam formation-when soap is agitated water, and by the formation of limescale in kettles and wat heaters.”! Wherever water hardness is a concern, water softe commonly used to reduce hard water's adverse effects ’ 'BIBLIOGRAPHY e www.google.com © www. wikipedia.com ¢ www.ncerthelp.com : y vww.cbsenotes.com