GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 – FIRST QUARTER b.

Muscular system – provides movement of the

MODULE 1: ORGANISMAL BIOLOGY body.
– It includes all muscle groups (cardiac, smooth,
SUPPLEMENT LESSON MATERIAL
and skeletal) and tendons.

SUPPLEMENT LESSON – ORGAN SYSTEMS

OVERVIEW

A. Animal organ systems (particularly mammals)

(1) Body covering

a. Integumentary system – protects underlying

tissues, helps regulate body temperature, houses
a variety of sensory receptors, keeps pathogens
out, and synthesizes certain products.
– It includes the skin and various accessory organs
such as hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous
glands.

(2) Support and movement

a. Skeletal system – provides the framework and
structural support of the body.
– It includes the bones, ligaments, and cartilages.
(3) Integration and coordination
a. Nervous system – controls all bodily functions
and movement through electrochemical signals
called nerve impulses that are sent to and from the
body.
– It includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerve cells
(neurons).
b. Endocrine system – secrete hormones that travel
all around the body through the bloodstream or
in the interstitial fluid and regulate metabolism.
– It includes glands such as the pancreas, ovaries,
testes, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal,
pineal, and thymus gland.

(4) Transportation

a. Cardiovascular system – transports gases (e.g.,

O2, CO2), nutrients, hormones, and waste
products.
– It includes the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries,
and blood.
b. Lymphatic system – transports lymph fluid from
tissues to the bloodstream and aids in defending
the body against disease-causing agents.
– It includes the spleen, thymus gland, lymphatic
vessels, lymph nodes, and lymph fluid.
(5) Absorption and excretion
a. Digestive system – receives food and break down
food molecules into nutrients and eliminates
materials that are not absorbed.
– It includes the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary
glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver,
pancreas, and small and large intestines.
b. Respiratory system – takes in oxygen and expels (6) Reproduction
carbon dioxide from the body.
– It includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, a. Male reproductive system – produces sperms and
trachea, bronchi, and lungs. secretes male hormones.
– It includes the penis, scrotum, prostate glands,
c. Urinary system – filters waste from the blood and and testicles.
helps maintain water, pH, and electrolyte
balance. b. Female reproductive system – produces eggs and
– It includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, secretes female hormones
and urethra. – It includes the vagina, cervix, uterus, Fallopian
tubes, and ovaries.

B. Plant organ systems

(1) Shoot system – involves the process of

photosynthesis, transportation of materials,
reproduction, and storage.
– It consists of stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits.

(2) Root system – absorbs nutrients from the soil

and provide the support of the plant.
– It mainly consists of the root.