Pets Ecosystems Syllabus Syllabus Topic : Ecosystem - Definition — EE elinition 31 Introduction a 0.3.14, Dot eins Ecaaytem (at Soy] = An ecosystem consists of biotic and abioe Components ic. animals, plants and microbes as biotic components and soil, minerals, water and ait as abiotic ‘components. All of these together form an ecosystem. Ia shor. sn ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the non components of the environment. living ~The nutrient cycles and energy flow play an important tole, t0 link bowie and abiotic components together, thus making EVERY COMPONENT IMPORTANT FOR EVERY OTHER, ® Definition ~ Peologist Arthur Tansley has defined ecosystem as “The whole system including not only the organise complex, but also the whole complex of physical factors forming what we call the environment”. Characteristics of Ecosystem ~ Ecosystem can be of any size, Sun is primary or major source to provide energy, which then flows through any ecosystem, uring flow of cnerzy all components get role to play ss primary / secondary 1 tertiary producers op consumers, Syllabus Topic: Aspects of Ecosystem Aspects of Ecosystem 9.3.2.1 Define terms Biotic and abiotic (Rel See, 32) 9.9.2.2 Explain the concept af an ecosystem (Ret, See. 3.2) 0.3.23 Explain with schematic diagram, the enecgy fox ‘na typical ecosystem. (Rot, Sec. 2.2) In aa ecosystem living organisms (bioti components) Continually interact with each other and with the environment (abiotic components) In simple words ecosystems include living onganism™s, the dead onganic matter produced by them, the abiots cavironment within which the organisms live and exchange elements (soils, water, atmosphere), and the Interactions between these components, ee Scanned with CamScannerenurgerenti St Fig, 32.13 A typical ecosystem ‘The simplest example of an ecosystem ~ just & single tiving plan biotic component) within a small terrarium. exposed 10 sunlight to which a water solution containing essential nutrients for plant growth as been added (abiotic environment). ‘And the other extreme example would be the ‘iosphere, which comprises the totality of Earth's ccractions With each other and the ‘eganisms and the arth systems (abiatis environment) = Rest all examples like a pond, a forest, a9 estuary. 2 ‘grassland will fall between these to extreme ends Syllabus Topic : Division af Ecosystem 33 Division / Classification of __Ecosystem _ 2.331 Gwe classification / Types of eccsystom- (Ret, Sec. 39) The ecosystems are: broadly clossified in following (¥o types “Terrestrial Evosystems 2. Aquatic Ecosystems a ‘Terrestrial Eeusystems “They include grassland, cropland, forest, Sesert <6 F1. Aquatic Ecosystems Ecosystems wes (MSETEL 32 silable as follows ‘General classifications are 4) Aquatis evesystems, lke eoral reef, desert (i) Greater yellow stone ecosystem, (iii) Human eoasystem (iv) Marine exosystem (¥) Microbial eccsystem - Taiga (vi) Temesrial ecosystem - Tundra (vit) Urban econystem Major Ecosystems in the World en @,5:32 List the major eoosystem in world (Pet. See. 33:1] 33.1 ‘The earth itself is an ecosystem. There are many fyPes -ms in the world, These can be broally divided of ecosyste into three classes. Th Fresh water ecosystem {li Tewestial ecosystem {tit Gosan ecosystem Fig, 21: Major ecosystems in the world FU) Presh water ecosystem e.g. Lake, pioad grasslands etc. > ‘Verrestrial ecosystem cep. forests F [U)Ocean ecosystem eg. marine island ete, ‘Syllabus Topic : General Characteristics of Ecosystem General Characteristics of Ecosystem 3.4 ‘An ccosystem contained in particular region depends upon temperature, other simospherie parameters like gases plants grown in area, overall climale and the fluctuations They include pond, lake, river, se SH faced, Any such ecosystem is called 3 ~Biomes” Scanned with CamScannerDetinition Biome can be defined as, 8 area af land contained ith plants and a nals: Whi h are adapted aceording 10 sconfitions of environment én the regio". Types of ecosystems in world / Bionies Biome 1 Tundra 2 Taiga Grassland 4. Terrestrial forest Chaparral = Desert 7 Savanna & Rain forest 9 Alpine, Ai scossstems must inelode both biotic (living) and abiotic (nom living) components, the: interactions, and some ours of enetyy. So now We can clarify the parts of an Ssysiem by listing them under the headings “abiotig and “biotic”, ‘Table 3.4.1 _———_—____ Blatic Components Primary producers —_—e Abiotic Components Herbivores Precipitation Camivores Water or moisture Omaivores Soll or water chemi PLNHY, ete, Syllabus Tople : Functions of Eeasyatem 3.5 Functions of Ecosystems @.8.5.1 Explain broad structure of ecosystem, (Pot. Soe, 2.5) 9.3.5.2 What aro the functions of ecosystem ? (Ret. See, 2.5) 0.3.5.3 Explain energy Maw in acosysiem, (Ret. Soe. 9.5) Dettritivores, ete, All ecosystems help energy ira ‘Wogcochemical eyeting thot tink eomponents 10 t nsfOrmatony te lig, age Ho0-living, or sbiate, ‘The concept of food chain aid food web ‘Component, Is associa ‘with encepy transformation in an ecasyse Energy flaw In ecosystem fead chain in nature ‘At sonysem bepin wih the input enemy fren the ‘we. This energy is captured by the plans (eater PASTY prodcer) by photosynthesis proces, a ig Process carbon dioxide is combined wi (derived from the Produce car ith hydrogen Splitting of water imolecutesy g Pohydrtes, Energy is. stored in the bigh seeray bonds of adenosine triphosphate lor ate, Because AIS the Mist sep in the prodction of energy for living things tis called primary praduction, Herhivores obauin their eneray by ‘Ssonsuiming plats ce ‘Pluss products, carnivores eat herbivores, and Setrtivores consume the droppings and careasses of ‘vings al Dead tissue and waste products are Produeed at all levels. Scavengers, dewitivores, and dccomposs ‘olletively sccoun fo the we of al such waste” ie their metabolic processes, (Fig, 3.5.1) ‘This complete chain is called food chain, 11 includes : rimary producers, erbinores, _camlore detritivares, and decomposers. Energy flaws from bottom to top. But the amount of energy from botom {0 top decreases, Important to note that the amount of prima’ Production varies a great deal from place xo place, die (0 differences in the amount of solar radiation and th availa ity Of nutrients and water, Scanned with CamScannerEcosystoms Fig. 35.1 : A typical food chain Above example Was the example of grazer food sdains, becouse living plants are directly consumed. In detritus food chains the principal enerey input is not reen plants but dead organic matter. For example, the ocean floor in very deep area where all sunlight is entinguished 1000s of meters above. = Mast food chaies have no more than Four or five links, Food Chain Algss > Mayllies -> Stoneflies -> Trou > Humans = Producer = onde Consuaner or Herbivore + PYerder Consumer of 1 onder Camivore + Sender Consumer or 2" onder Camivere = @ oeder Consumer of 3" order Camivore Decomposers — consume dead and decaying matter as baci, 35.1 Concept of Food Web ~ There cannot be too many links in a single food chain because the animals at the end of the chai would not fet encugh food and hence energy 10 stay alive Mos animals are part of more than one food chain an at more than one: kind of food in order to meet heir {ood and ‘energy requirements. These interconnected food chains form a food web: Fosd webs can be very complicated, where Kt appears that “everything is connected to everything ese Fig. 3.5.2: A typical food wel 35.2 Ecological Pyramid @.3.54_ Detine terms : Producer and Gonsurter. {Rit Sec.55.2) = Ecological pyramid is « graphical representation for showing the biomass of Iomass productivity at each tropic level in a given coosystem. (Fig. 3.5.3. shows Ecological pyramid) = Ecological pyramids begin with producers, Fig. 35. : Ecological pyramid Producer — In pyramid, producers shown on the bottom (such as plants). The plants are the primary producers. Producer ean be-defined as, “A natural caiey capable of symthesising fowd for others." See. ee SSE Scanned with CamScanner© srviorrenit Stasis MSBTE) © Consumers ~The pyramid proceed through the various tropic levels (such as herbivores, thew camivore that cat herbivares, «camivores that eat ober weaker carnivores, and so on) ~ Thus consumers are those "who survive on the food! Produced by the plants ic. producers” 1) Pyramid of Domae {@) Pyramid of produetty (©) Pyramid of numbers Fig. 3.5.4: Types of Ecological pyramid ‘> (A) Pyramid of biomass Biomass the amount of living or organic: mamter ‘an organism, Biomass pyramids show how snuck biomass is present in the organisms in unit area at different teopic levels. Typical units for a biomass Pyramid could be grams per meter’, or calories per meter, present > B) Pyramid of productivity — An ecological pyramid of productivity shows the production or turnover Productivity: pyra { biomass at each tropic level sshow the flow of energy through the food chain. ‘Typical units wowld be grams per meter” per year or calories per meter? per year. As with the ottezs, this graph begins with producers at the bottom und places higher topic levels un top, — When energy is transferred te the next tropic level, typically only 10%h of it is used to butld new biomass, (the rest going: to metabolic processes}. As such, in a Pyramid of productivity cach step will be 10% the size ‘of the previous step (100, 10, 1,00.1,0.01), FC) Pyramid of numbers An ecological pyramid of numbers shows. graphically the population of each level in & food chain,” 35 Review Questions 2.1 Detino toms Eo system (Relee Sacten 3.) G.2 Define terms Biotic and abiotic (Reter Section 33) Q.3° Explain the concept of an ecosystem, (Rotor Section 2.2) O-8 Explain with schematic diagram, the energy towing ‘ypical ecosystem. (Roter Section 3.2) 9.5 Give classiication / Typas of ecosystem, (Rotor Section 3.3) (2.6 List tho major ecosystem in world. (Reter Section 3.3.1) 2.7 Explain broad etucture of ecosystem, (Reter Section 3.5) 0.8 Whatare the tunctons of ecosystem 7 (Rotor Section 3.5) @.9 Explain energy flow in ecotystem, (Reter Section 3.5) a.10 Dating terms : Producor and Consumer, (Refer Section 3.5.2) MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS f Q1 An consists of blatie and abiotic companents. Environment ef Ecosystem (il) Ecology (i), None ofthe above Ans. : (ily 2.2 Biotic and ablotic components together form af ur Ecosystem i) “Pond i) River (iv) None of the above Ans.: () 2-3 Community of siving otganisms make part of Environment.) Universe (VAT Evosysiem vy None of the above Ans.: (lily 1.4 «Non fiving organism community makes part f # MIT Ecosystem (i) _ Ecology i (i) Environment (jv) None of tha above 1 Ans.: al Scanned with CamScanner