Biodiversity and Its Conservation [ syllabus pode‘ - Detinitions, Levels, Value and loss of biodnversty, Biadversity assessment intiatwos in india, Threats | tro Hops of tide rly, Consenations ef dha -Objecs, Yaron ows. Fyllabus Topic : Biodiversity = Definitions 41__Introduction (0.41.1 Daina the following leems = Genetic biodiversity (Ret Sec. 4.1) variety of fife : The different Biodiversity is 1 pues, animals sad eicre-organisins, their genes and the sogatems of which they: are a part 41.1 Definition 1 variation of life Biodiversity can be defined as," foems within given ecosystem, biome, of for the tire Eat ~ This definition deseribes most circumstances and resents unified view af the eraditional three types in ‘hich biological variety as been identified = Genetic Biodiversity Species Biodiversity Heosy stem Hienliversity + |. Genetic Miviliversity For yencticits, biutiversity is the diversity, aF peace Sid the orp anisms yy ind the vuriery of genes inside and species (varieties ed as genetic The freque heiween the populations of the san of plants or animals) are biodiversity “The genetic variation is fundamental quality ofall the biological entities Le. the population of crop plants and domesticated unimals, their will parcets and other wild popalations 2. Species Hiodiverstty Species biosiversity indicates the oumber of species found in a partieular ecosystem. Kealso accounts for the ruber within the species ‘The species biodiversity, means onimals and plants of big sire ‘There are millions Of Gay invertebrates (primarily of insects) which comstioute 78%, microbes such as ruses, bacteria, algae and pcotozoa constitute 64%, rousheoorns comstinute 4%. 3. Beosystem Hiodiversity Koosystem biodiversity is the diversity ef the durable interactions between species and their environment, In cach ecosystem, organisms interact with each others and albe with the air, water and sofl sumounding them wbiotis factors), Scanned with CamScanner }© covert’ Susi (user) These interactions include the recycling ofthe muttive clements, formation of the grounds and filtration of water, ‘These terms were first used by wildlife scientist and ‘Souservationist Raymond F. Dasiiann, Now-a-days the “concept of biodiversity” has achieved widespread popularity among biologists, environmentalists, political leaders, and concemed citizens world wide, Syllabus Topie : Levels of Blodiversity 4.2 Levels of Biodiversity 'Q. 4.2.1 Dotine te fotowing terms : Apna diversity. (Ret, Sac. 4.2) @.4.2.2 Detine the following terms : Beta diversity. (Ret. See. 4.2) G.4.2.3 Wat are oxtteront levels of blodtversity ? (Ret. Sec. 4.2) ‘A variety of objective measures have been developed in order to measure biodiversity empirically. Each measure of biodiversity retates to a partiewlar use ofthe data, ‘= Most commonly used indicators for measuring Biodiversity ‘Alpha Biodiversity Bieta Biodiversity Gamma Biediversity Alpha Biodiversity Diversity within a particular area, community oF ‘econystem, measured by counting the number of taxa ‘within the ecosystem (usually species) 2. Beta Bindiversity versity of species among various. ecosystems, Tt 42 —==q Blodwarsty aN Consanason SS Caner F 3. Gamma Biadiversity Wis a measurement of the overall iveray fifty ‘ecosystems within a region. ‘Bodiversty i usualy plated as taxonomic ren og a geographic area, With seine reference toa tempat sexe, ‘Whittaker described following three: commen mit, to measure species diversity : ) Species richness Gi) Simpson index Gli) Shannen-Wicner index Recently, another new index Mean Specie, ‘Abundance Index (MSA) is uscd. This index calculates he tre optlation sie ofa croxs section of the species =—— Syllabus Tope : Value and Lose of Biodiversity 43 Value of Biodiversi G.4.2.1 Discuss, how the rich biodiversity helps ia] Dragress of anation? (la See, 4.9) Biodiversity support a number of eoosystem process and services like air quality, climate (both global COs sequestration gnc local), water purification, diem: control, bielagical pest control, pollination Prevention ef erosion, — Biodiversity is also believed to create stability ecosystems, allowing these ecosystems to convime providing services inthe face of disturbances obtained fro = Non-material benefits ecosystems include = that are (> Spiritual and aesthetic values, Gi) Knowledge systems-and (Gil) The value of education. = Benefits trom biodiversity are usually categorized as ‘Consumptive uses It includes direct cans mptis® | biodiversity. All emaps. fruits, flowers, animals. foods etc. are directly consumed by people. ay (0) Productive uses + tt includes derived protic Scanned with CamScannercommettat Stucke (MSBTE) ew he ite paste) i other industry products sre Wat of bil vesity in earhus Feds tke Human Health [Bosinges and Endlustry Leiwre, Cultuntl and Aesthetic Value cher Ecological Services aa) Agriculture The rexervit of genetic traits present in wild and sonestic varieties és extremely important in impeoving .pafiy and yield of crops. Inferbreeding cxops stains sib diferent beneficial waits has doubled the crop roduation in the Last 50 years aso result of the Green Revolution in India, (a) Hiher agriculuure biodiversity alse conus the spread of certin diseases as pathogens will need 4 adapt to infest erent species. 432 Human Health clth issues influenced by biodiversity include dietary ion security, infections diseases, social @ beath and put and psychological healt have am important role itt et and ®) Biodiversity is also Known ralacing disaster isk, and in postedisaser #2 eovery efforts. i Binkiversity is dinectty related ta the drug discovery and the availaility of new medicinal resources iy or indircetly ff drugs are direct 1 80% of Sigsificam proportion Gerived fiom biol Population uses medicines from at sources. plants] 483, Business and Industry ~ The degree tw which biodiversity, #PpeTS site gets, THe ‘aries herween regions and eeonom'’ ae importance of biodiversity for source SFM ‘ and fibre. wer quantity and quality. timber ay food and medicinal resources. ete Reognized as universal —__ Bleetvorsty and Its Cons 4 wide range of indusietal materials like building material, fibers, dyes, rubber and oil are derived 2 Viability In protected areas nstutal selection and community ‘tvolution continue to produce new communities, systems, and genetic material. >A. Economic sustainability Countries maintaining biodiversity are actually storing helt forute economic benefits (Refer values of Dindiversity). Whenever the need arises this diversity may ‘be thoroughly examined and commercially valuable genetic and biochemical material may be found “a Risks of in Situ Conservation i habitat of the golden ‘emarind in 1990 by fire, Few natural risks ‘are 2s Fallows Demographic Uncertainty % Environmental uncertainty Natural calamities Genetic uncetta Demographic uncertainty ‘ Resulting from random events in the, *eproduetion of individuals, Scanned with CamScanneryudies (MSBTE) ‘ie : 7 piemental WOT jo andor oF unpredichie changes in weather, | BL AL Doe fot sappy a the populations of competitor, | cy ors, parties, ect Di Satural calamities ah Nal B) ach 25 Moods, res, or droughts, Which may occur at rasan intervals Fl gk Genetic uncertainty or random changes in rosie make-up duc ¥o genetic drift or inbreeding that | — sper the survival arn) reproductive probabilities of individuals, i 4413 Biodiversity Conservation in India india always participated and actively involved ia | _ any iverational aggeements and programmes related ( hidvesity conservation and sustainable development. Few hee are 28 follows . ~ Canvention on International Trade in Brdangered species (CITES): lai became a party to CITES en fh October 1976. India prevides anmual dats to the] _ CITES secretariat om the trade of endangered species through its CITES Management Authority: World Heritage Convention : Government of tndia | _ nfl the World Heritage Convention is 1977 These sites are = - Convention on biological sliversity 2, Ramsar (Weilands) convention 1. Convention an biological diversity versity O8 Inia signed the Convention on Biologia! Di yoo and 56 ne 1992 and ratified on 18th Febnel hot inn farce or 15H May WH THIS COMME Provides a framework for the sust ssanagernen at | ‘Shenton natural resources. + 2 Ramsar (Wetlands) convention ay w tne india tas con 1? of has been a contracted Pm vention singe 1" February 1982 tion. ws nt wetland sites. Few of them are follo ion | Biodiversity and lis Cansrvatian, Chika Lake (Grisso) Keoluden National Park (Rajasthan) Walar Lake (J and i) Harike Lake (Punjab) Loktak Lake (Manipu) ‘Sambar Lake (Rajasthan) 4.6.1.4 National Parks of India ional parks belp in conservation of endangered species of animals and plants, 1 500. wibdlife ‘There are ever 96 national parks sametuarées in Lndia, whicl reflect the iraportance that the country places ot nature and wildlife conservation. “The variety of wildlife in India ineredibly diverse ‘and being able 1 view these usiimals and birds in their ‘natural habitat i¢an experience OF a lifetime, lishod an 1935. India's Gist national park Hailey National Park, now knows as Jim Cerbert ak, a es National In 1972, India enacted the Willlife Protection Act and Project Tiger to safeguard the hubitas of endangered species, As of April 2007, there ate % national parks, |All antional park lanis encompass a combi 16% of India's total surface area, 38,029.18 ki ‘A total of 166 national parks have been authorized. Here we are providing same description of three ton rational parks “The Sundarban National Pask Kanlia National Park, Nagushole 1. ‘The Sundaram National Park tis Une os Lind in the work. Ih is spread over 54 islands wificent jungke of mangroves. bisa one af and extends into neighboeigTangtadesh. Sundarbans has tite wildlife sanctuaries, ot sland and at Hiihay Ishin, Ts sSajnekbali, Lothian | Scanned with CamScannerEnvironmental Studies (MSBTE) ‘The Sundarbans is home to a 2,585 km’ In addition t0 tigers, the area is full of reptiles, binds, and other animals such as monkeys. wild boar, and ect, Kanha National Park Tk has the honor of providing the tuckground to Rodyard Kipling’s classie novel. The Jgle Book, is rich in tush saal and bamboo forests, lakes, stress and open grasslands, The park is one of the largest national parks in India, with a core area af 240 kit, sand surrounding area of 1,005 kre? Kanha regarded far conservation pmgrams, and many endangered species have been saved there, As well as tigers, the park abounds with barasingha (swamp deer) and an extensive variety of other animals and birds is well its research and 2 Nagarhole ‘The park Is a place of unspoilt wildemess, with serene forest, bubbling streams, and a tranquil fake. It's also ‘officially known as Rajiv Gandhi Nasional Park. Nagarhole tems with over 250 types of Binds, iget, leopands, deer, and elephants, sloth bear, bison, ‘wild boars, Syllabus Topic : Conservation of Biodiversity — 4.6.2 Various Laws Various Laws for Biodiversity Conservation the. various law for biodiversity ‘concervation. (Ret, See. 4.6.2) vironmental lav plays-a eructal role in providing a lating the se of environment and its 2.4.8.2 Explain ——s Biodiversity and its Consereanen It nation in the work! 10 have may Protection and conservation of environtent iq ig Coastiution in 1976, The Ministry of Environment sad Forests (MER) {he nodal agency in the administrative sructue of ty Central Government for the planning. promotian, ex ordioation and overseeing the implementatioa of India's environmental and forestry polities anf Programmes. ‘Along with MoEP Central and State pollution const Boards have been constituted to provide techni support to MoEF in ts functioning: ‘The Biological Diversity Act, 2002is an Acta te Pasliament of India for preservation of bialegial diversity in India, end provides mechanism fa ‘equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of ‘waditioral biological resources and knowledge. Biological Diversity Act, 2002, Notes: This Act wit passed by the Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament) on December 2, 2002 and by Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Parliament) aa December 11,2002 ‘The Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 is am aet of de ‘Western Australian Parliament that provides the state relating to conservation:snd legal pratection of flan and fauna {mn I981, the Air (Prevention and Control of Polltice) Act mas passed, and in 1986 as fallout of the Bhopal fm tragedy, the Parliament passed the Environment ‘Protection Act (1986), this was. | am “umbrella legistation designed to pravide {ramework for Central Government coordination of Be Activities of various Review Question: ] framework for rei Cae vment tn ine, several Acts were pase fom 1972 | C1 Dane tw llenng denna ¢ Gera techy ve yome and wasious amendments there vernal = Ter protect the environment, G2 Define the following terms, + Alpha diversity. = Regulite sone ws, (Peter Secon 4.3) — Protect biodiversity, 2.3 Define the following terms : Beta diversity. t; ete (Peter Section 42) — Comerve forests, ete. Q.4 What are differant ievels of biediversity ? : (Peter Secon a2) Scanned with CamScanner