bas {sf of natal resoutens and ts impacts an eavironmon Syllabus Topic ; Natural Resources - Forest Resources, Water Resources, Energy Resources, Land Resources, Minaral Resources, Cauises And Etfects of Depiotion at Resources 21 Natural Resources = Following ase-some examples of t oF natural rescue HESOUNEES Mineral resources: 4, Food resources Energy resources & Ly Kl teseurces Fo. Forest resources ~ Forests are one of the mist natural resources on this arth: Weis a dense growth of tees, together with other Plants, covering a large urea of an, 7. ow resources Water is an indispensable Which all ural wesouvee on this earth © depends, About 47% of the earth's I in0st oF the water in Characterized bby certain uni wrfuce is euvercd by water I Mhave OBS ve ‘Which make it & muvelous resource al resources Berals ure naturally occuring, solids having det Sharsctetistic phy ‘nonganic, crystalline te chemical composition and i properties. 4. Food resources ‘There ate thousands of edible plants and. animals over {he World out of which omly about three degen types ‘constitute major food of humans The min food resources include wheat, vce, malaé, Potato, barley, oats ete about kwenty or so commen Frits and vegetables milk, meal, fish and seafood. 5. Emery resources Altemative sources of energy! non-conventiona-soli Snerey- Wind energy-Hydropawer. Non-renewable 1 Senventional energy sources-coal, petroleum, namurll #88, clear energy 6 Soll Land resourees, sch we ‘and is 9 finite and. valuable resource upon which Mlepend for our food, Fiber and fuel wood, the 8 amenities of life. Soil is also a valuable resaurse. Scanned with CamScannerBF cncoorntl ces (sare) 41.1 Depletion of Soll Resources ____pepetion of sil resource is one of big problem human qitiration i facing ip almost all continents. Soil is the thsi suff required 10 start food ehain as plants ane the etucers which grow in scl, = Soil erosion, soil compaction, low organic matter, loss of soil sructure, poor internal drainage, stlination, and soil acidity are various forms of soil degradation, Among these Soil erosion is a major one. = Soil erosion is 4 nonerally eeeurring prosess on all land. The agents of soil erosion are water and wind, cach contributing © significant amount of fertile soil toss csch year from agricultural fields at an alarming rate causing serious loss of topsoil. = The loss of soil from farmland may be reflected in reduced crop production potential, lower surface water qui (a) Causes (b) ‘and damaged drainage networks. ffects (¢) Solutions A (a) Causes of Sail Depletion (i) Deforestation at huge level. A dense vegetation saver prevents loss of top soil form rain and wind. (ii) Overgrazing cause's loss of top soi (ii) Settlement of environmental pollutants on soil, (iv) Over use of irrigation and chemicals in agricultures has deteriorated the quality of soil, > (hy Ettects of Soil Depletion (c) Solutions to control Sail Depletion Soil depletion can be controlled by (0) Good vegetation cover, Almost one third of the area ust be covered by vegetation so that effects of rain showers and high speed winds om surface soil can be tninimized, a2 Enon Resources, (ji) Use of new irrigation practices-like drip irrigation, sprinkle irrigation etc. save surface vil (iii) Use of sustainable agricultural techniques like we of bioferutisers, biopesticides eté. Prevent soil from overdose of chemicals and their side effects. iv) Educating farmers and other stake holders to take are of this valuable gift, by using ubove techniques in appropriote way, 2.1.2 Depletion of Water Resources — Water is the most important resource to sustain the life hut unfortunately it is the most misused ome, We require water for our all domestic needs ranging from cooking, cleaning, bathing, drinking. gardening ete. — We cannot sustain industrial growth without water, All industries require water in one form or other. Water is used os solvent, cooling agent, cleaning agent, in industries. Depleting water level in natural aquifers and pollution of underground and surface water is 5 serious problem that we are facing. Deptetion of water resources is a jlobal problem. (a) Causes (b) Effects (c) Solution, > (a) Causes of water depletion Misuse of water resources. at indi ‘other level is the biggest problem. dual and various (Waste and by-products from industvier are polluting not only surface water but underground water as well (i) Disposal of municipal waste in rivers and nearby ponds also causes major loss of pure water. (iii) Assimilation of agriculural waste, pesticides, fertilizers, etc. in surface water disables use of water. (iv) Drought and changes in routine weather patterns are responsible for water depletion in some areas, awaeianalaTS Scanned with CamScanner+4 f 24.3 = Minerals gite vane poareet a sty qwtuival ai woot Beth canes pels in Dt th ng With water supply night lowe of live Mock affects 9 seney by United Nations Food and ‘Srganization (FAO), 1.2 billion people, a of the Earth's Population, are + ssarcty. Another $00 million come ose 10 that threshold. = ssesneats are aected by water shortages or supply ‘ems of some sort. For example West Asian poesents this issue. Sotution to prevent water depletion ‘Wuer isues may be resolved or controlled by ssservation, replenishment and by finding new meres JeSisious use of oraer resource is must above all other aseTvation efforts. Rain water harvesting is gaining momentum now ays in various pans of country like Rajasthan, Dethi, Haryana fe. In Mumbai housing societies aie. using this technique to preserve rain water for maintaining parks and general cleaning purposes. e.g. recently developed project at Shivaji Park, Mumbai. i) Significam conservation of Water can be achieved ‘through use of more effective irrigation strategies such as drip tzchniques, 8) New sources may include desalination of older pands and wells, though this option is very expensive and impractical for many locations. Depletion of Mineral Resources nature Which is now renewable fesouree, Coal, irom, copper, metals dnd non metals are metallurgical processex Mining pollutes the environment, ona larger scale Thy ‘ite at which we are digging these minerals, cu ‘uty Beneration may face the extinction, jg very dangerous, Value of these minerals increases becat Se Of the bape emand, but the supply is decreasing. ‘This bas resuineg ‘ther testitories. The Soviuoment is being ubused and this. depletion of Tesourees is one way of showing the effects, (a) Causes (b) Effects {in more efforts to drill and search (©). Solution > (a) Causes of mineral depletion (The Targe-seale exploitation of minerals began in the Industrial Revolution around 1760 in England and has Sr08M rapidly over ages. Today's economy is Largety ‘based on fossil fuels (coal, petrol and diesel), ‘minerals and oil, (a) Lots of building materials are obtwined from mioey Demand of stones, marbles, granite, limestone ete is ever increasing. G8) To suppom 8-99 of GDP growth, mining sector has e do Well. It puts-extra effort on minerals, F (b) Effects of mineral depletion (0 Mining bas resulted in more efforts to drill and search for other teritories enriched with minerals. Mini f Pollutes the environment, only on a larger scale Accidents refated with Landslides. are common in cal; mining areas. (8) The environment is being abused apd this depletion ‘resources show multiplying effects, Situation becomes frim when local people are denied of their shart development process Gi) Onshore mining processes badly affects marine bie > (6) Solution to prevent mineral depietion ire ‘Strong. global and local legislations: are oan Teverse the trend. Governments necd to show BO" Strong political will to preserve our resources @ Scanned with CamScanner— & cron Sates MOTE) |) Yseot sete Building materials ean reduce th earnatural 05S ig) Use of new technologies at thermal power plans, ignition engines, metallurgy, industries ete s0 that big stputs-can be obtained from low inputs 214 Depletion of Forest Resources Deforestation is the clearing of natural forests by logging or burning of trees and plants in a forest area, ‘Av a result of deforestation, presently about one half of the forests that once covered the Earth have been destroyed. (a). Causes: (bo) Impact (c) Controlling deforestation + (a) Causes of forest depletion ) Clearing forests for agricultoral reasons, a8 the especially rainforests increases the need for tand for farming also increases. population of developing areas, pear {G) Acquisition of land for development of industries and wurvan development to meet the need of growing Population goes to newer numbers. (it) During construction of big dams, sizeable forest land and vegetation cover gets submerged. ‘+ (bp Impact of forest deph Because deforestation is so extensive, it has made several significam impacts on the environment, including rise in % of carbon dioxide in the tmosphere, change in the water eycle, an increase in soil erosion, anda decrease in biodiversity. Deforestation is often related as a big cause of global warming. The reduction of forests contributes to about 129% of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, Deforestation also causes soil erosian, ‘The removal of creasing risks of many people ti) trees causes higher rates of ef0si landslides, which is a direct threat to, living elgse to deforested areas rated that SD af the world's known biodivers!ty lives in the rainforests, and the destruction of these accelerating extinetion at an alacraing (©) Controlling deforestation Efforts ta control sleforestation must be taken om Incl and global scale simultaneously, United Nations and. the World Bank have started Reducing Emissions: ftom Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) program, that works especially ‘with developing countries ta use subsidies or other a incentives to encourage and educate citizens to use the forest in a more sustainable way. (i) Reforestation is also being encouraged in almost all ‘countties as an attempt to repair the damage that deforestation has dane: cr Enacting special legislation to protect the forest land and vegetation cover, is also in progress, Gv) Impossing, environmental clearance mandstory for big indostrial or irigation projects. Syllabus Topic : Renewable, Non-renewable and Gyclic Resources 2.2 Renewable, Non-renewable and Cyclic Resources 2.2.1 Which are renewable energy sources 7 Why thoy are imponant ? (Ref. Secs. 2.2 and 2.2.4) 2.22 Which are the various renewable sources of cenorgy? (Ret. Sec. 22) Q, 2.2.3 Why more emphasis Is given on the development ol renewable snorgy resources 7 (Fel. Sec. 2.2) Sr. | Example Souree ‘Use No. 1 | Solar Electromagnetic | For domestic Energy radiation from | and industrial son, ses, 2. | Hydro Falling water | Turbines, ll Power wheels Scanned with CamScanner————— WH cnvccomanta sinies (MSBTE) eieiert es 3. [Wind Poner | Movingair | Wind mills 4 | TidelPower | Rise and fall of | Tog ale | | tidal water electricity. | Geesbermal | Rocks benesth the | To generate [eee | aeahssctice electricity He | octesr | Fission or Fusion | Nuclear | | | ssacton of | power | radioactive ‘genera Lt Lslemenis | 2.21 Non renewable sources of energy These we aio mown as conventional sources of atin sources of energy. These have been bur due to increasing population, th To meet this shortage, in use for ages, 58 Fesources fall chor. Ronconventional cnergy resources are ‘equired to be used more and m 1. Wood, 2. Coal, 3 Cote, + Crude ou 5. Derived Components Cyclic energy resources Some natural 2g water, Fesources are cyclically reused, BY way of rain fall we receive water. The life on earth ‘SES water for consumption in various needs. ‘There Sting 706 ater cover on eamh, due to solar eneryy, the surface water evaporates, leads. to eloud forming And azsin there is rin fall ‘Therefore itis categorised as cyclic source, 223 Causes and effects of depletion of Resources ™~ Be TERNS Feacton erude. _ A wee takes a long time to griw eq 25 Inder the earth's crust, severa Place for years together to yenerate pct a ‘wood and series of prucesses result in cna (B) Effects of depletion of resources With rising population, ~ The need of enerey has moltiplied many feng Hence iis necessary to use ternative which vide, ‘anomie and compliant to dea! with emvronmeny pollution, ‘Thus the stience and technology started anil Solar energy as best alternative, This is followed by several ather alternatives, 'mportance of renewable sources of energy ‘These are not in any particular physical state ‘They produce energy without requirement of O, i panicular, ‘These do net cause pollution, ‘These are renewable and present ‘quantity, future in: abd ‘They arc available freely from nature, ‘These are sustainable Syllabus Topic : Energy forms (Conventional and Non-conventional) | 2.3 Energy forms (Conventional and | Non-conventional’ 4 Non-conventional) 234 Classification of Energy Resources = 0-224 Wich are renewable energy sources 2 Why they are important ? (Ret. Secs. 2:2 and 22 4) > (A) Causes of depletion of resources ‘The conventional sourees of encrgy such as wot, coal, coke, crude oil and derived components are not formed in shorttime, Energy sources are classified imo follouieg €ategories.on the basis ofits origin. Scanned with CamScannerSources of Energy 1p Primary eneney sources Conventional (Nan renewable) sources sil uel coal, coke, miclear fuels al (renewable) sanrces Non convent eg. solar cherpy. wind energy ete. (i), Secondary et y SOHUTEES: ‘ar gasoline, hydrogen 23.2 Conventional and Non-conventional Energy 0.2.3.3 Dilforontialo between : Renewable and Non ronqwabla courcos of energy. (Ref. Sec. 2.9.2) 0.23.4 Differentiato between conventional and now conventional enorgy. (Ref. So. 2.3.2) Non-conventional Conventional Es nerky These are senewable sspurees ol enerEy. 1 [These arene: renewnhle sources of ener. 2 | Thesc are categorized | These are not imry cesteporived further as “Primary or _| Seconaury”. 4. | These are mainly of | These are not in any plysical tales solid, | particular physical sta Tiquiel paves. “They produce energy | They produce enerey ‘only On combustion, | sithout requirement of ite. in presence of ©, | O; in purticular. {exception-number fuels Tihese cause pollutions, | These do not eause polation. Thece are exay tostore. | These are not eusy fo | stor. Primary surces © Foil fuels, Solar enerby Ene wil Wind enceey See (Tidal energy Geothermal energy ele: 5 Petrolfgasoline? Reroche/idiesel et. Syllabus Topic : Present Global Energy use and Future Demands 2.4 Present Global Energy use and Future Demands 2.4.1 Present uses of Energy resources = Theterm ‘energy’ has been known to us for ages. = The ‘energy’ can be defined as “capacity to do work’. = ‘The first law of thermodynamics and other wo laws are well Known to us which definitely explain the significance of energy for different arcas. eg: transport, communication etc. = Thus in all industrial operation, the input of energy is & ‘must to obtain an output from the industry tional Sources of Energy 0.2.41. List the conventional eneigy sources and state their linstations. (Ref. 2.2.1 and 2.4.2) 0.2.42 What are the conventional cources of energy 2 and what are thelr sdvantages and limitations 2 (Pot. 23.1 and 2.4.2) What are the lritation of conventional sourees of energy ? (Rf, Sec. 2.4.2) What are tne limitations of conventions! sources pt energy. (Ref. Sec. 2.4.2) — Bnergy is consumed in various forms such as hea, electricity ete = The energy is derived fm Conventional/(Non- renewable} sources. e.g, Fossil fuels coal, coke, nuclear fuels — Qver the years due to rapid industrialization and also population escalation the usage of energy has been increased multifald. = It is also known that the usage of Fossil fuels as compared to other energy sources is maximum, which is unsustainable — More so, during their use the other enviroamental issues also have been encountered. Scanned with CamScanner