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    Unit 5

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    Balraj Deshmukh

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    Environmental Pollution ‘Syllabus Betintton ef potuben, Types : orevonmaent and ives Ambront air quality stansarcs, ‘Municipal Solid Waste, Bio.rhedical waste and E-w to manage, $.1__ Introduction ~ For the last hundeed the fast growth of popu st the world fevel and mainly in the thin! world coumines have made a direct and indirect imnpact-on the Lithosphere, hydeuxphere, atmosphere and alse: on the biorsphere = Duc to fast industrialization and urbanisation, the the forest fan areas eneral Land use is to teas, the praisstanuls, the billocks near by the expand This thas affected the namural ecosystems ly petting changed is 2 human are get ‘over the lana andl ass in tne water ern dha wot emi ae DM st ‘sound? has been converted into transport Hiekapes. the ‘wowed? hi eine. “The urban wastes, the malarial wastes have made our * unaral environment Nery toxic. These unacveptat cletnents 4 the ait, water and land have changed the naturel cycles salled as the Kuyiroamental Folletian Natural and Arnticial (Man- rade). SolliLand Potution Praveniive measures. Water Potton : Sources of water (eurface an cf water poltion, EMects on environment and ives, Preventive measures, ‘of water, treatment plant, Water consorvation. Wastewater : Sagram of sewage traalmont plant, CPCB norms of sewage ‘Nolse pollution : Sources, Ellecis, Provention, faste = Sources. Genevation, Charastevislies, Elects, and methods Causes and effects on 1d sub surface), Sources BIS water quality standards, Flow diagram Generation (Domestic and Industcat), impacts, ow discharge, Air pollution ; Causes, Elects, Prevention, Nowa levels at various zones of the city, ion, Artificial (Man-made) 5.1.4 Pollution - Definition [etnies oases a Envivoomental Pollution can he defined ag, “AR undesirable change in chemical, physical and biotopleal characteristics of air, Water and soil, whieh causes the bath problems 0 a the lili beings.” 5.1.2 Types of Pollutions 8.51.2 Whatarediteroat types of Folutions. | (Rel. Sec. 5.1.2) t Types a potions Scanned with CamScanner (wsBTED 2 cor sis oS eo ment duc tw various | 5. Dit nt Pollutants peitution 3 wy pollsants which are discusted i bre rr nin seed 0 ma [xs wet oe typesct pure? a Sen 54) ws : ss pe of pouaion involves natural activities or || Sr. | Pollutants Examples sggsers Hee eyelone, Sunamie floods, draught, earth || New [No,.S0,,6O, Gases agate fi, Inder such conditions, pollution due fe 2 epuerice remainders of rodents unattendend Industral Pree. dead bodies aly play role (0 waste ole be exstonment 3, [Meta waste [Mercury, lead, zine, nickel, ig anes! or manmade polloton ts caused due to jcadmium. chromium etc, _t sedwies of industries oF vehicles, pesticides, sprays Aciits 1,80. MNO, aie Ths type of pollution occurs solely as & result of || §, |Agro pesticides | Herbicides, fungicides, bactericides, sigs of maa such as industrial enssions, vehicular esdicles emissions, constnuction activities, ete [Toomey |Garbage. Rubish pitferent classes of Pollutions | waste 7. [Radiosctive [Nuclear sh from atomic Reactors (1) Airpollotion (2) Water pollution | waste a) Solpolntion 4) Sound/ Noisepotiuvon Hf g, | waste arene (9) Nuclear pollution (6) E-Waste x sy Sous Topi | Soll Land Pollution - Causes and iris furtber sub categorised also 25, Heats on EXWita ae nee (A) Iedoor pollution {B) Quidoor pollution Land / Soil Pollution 513 Classification of Pollutants The subsistence's, either in gaseous: liquid or solid fim cease air, water and soil pollution: ¢=0 bbe classified « = Degradable or non-persistent pollutants » These | 5.2.1 Introduction apidly by the natural palms ean be brokca gown rapidly EY OS THRT™ | gi js hin yer ‘of mistures of minerals, organic process e.g. Domestic Waste, garbage and seweet © patter. inorganic material al and Water, “ ; 1 These f Slonly degradable or persistent pollinate + ee )> Te formed by the weathering process and the pollutants remain in the environment for 2 ve organic matter is added by the eimatic activities. oaditions. may {°F etod of time, in the unchanged © in the cold artic region while in the humid mild mite wees Oe cape fo ow Non-degradable pollutants ¢ These = the punts development is fast sever pet dagraded by any. satial PROFS a S gg ane ead conitons for the soil development, it fin o eradicate and they £2 °° re we | oes 15 years gern i ig sot 1m oxic i eg. the tour thickness, while in the extreme conditions it needs Pelluting the environments: ste ete mundred of years to develop soil, Scanned with CamScanner Fequie a hong time to deride the ull he, Sull Pollution is w fast process, wiht has ereated # Nerinus probe agricultural activities. 5.22 Definition Soil pollution may be sefined as, the com ‘caused by chemiea!s and oiticysubsistence'y resulting. in the fess of the Fertility ar the productivity a wail. ‘The [Proxtuctivity of the soil is measured in terans of the yields 0 tains per unit of lanl. The in contamination is observed through tke crops conan rect elfect of sail When such contaminated grains ore consumed by the birian Ieitigs they affect che human healt 5.2.3 Causes sources of Soil Degradation / Pollution ‘The soil degradation means the quantitative as well as «qualitative Joss of so 5.2.3.1 The Quantitative Loss of Soil Wis a movement of Surface litter ond top soit frou one place ta another, = It is Known 3s sail eros = The soil erosion is a matural proves. It isthe result af fast weathering and steep slopes. So on the mounain {aps and on the slopes the suil eros iy fast resu into thinning the sei ayer. ~ Hut at present the seil erosion has become 4 serious environmental problem doe 10 uscontrolled. fnuman activities like over grazing, deferestation, buning of rasslands, construction works et: The loss of the top soil reduces its fer holding copacity is also reduced In due to soil crosion, the river beds become shallow, causing the flood ty as the water be low-lying. reservoirs and The top soil gets settled in the arti the water holding capacity gets reduced, and intern edluces the usability of the dams, corn 5.2.3.2 Mumon and Animal Excrata + + + > 11s wl a5 am pic Fie 9 ine he ny yields W these excreta have anys may pote (iyiravtrat wastes) | (H) Racoacsive waste Hig. 5.2.1; Human and animal excreta aw Invceticidey D.D-T, Aldrin, benzene are used. 40 control the growth of soll borne pests. ‘They degmuds very slowly and hence get accurmulatd tener in the plants and affect the food total, in the chain (ii) Anctustrial wastes ‘The metals like irom, eapper, lend, mercury, zine and the acids and alkalies enter in the soil directly through iol waste Water Le. the effluents diretly oF indirectly through the air i.e. may duc teacid rains. ‘They make change ia the composition of soil va makeit toxic for the plant grow, iii) Radioactive waste ‘Through the mines ani nuclear process, these radioactive waste reaches the soil und enter wees ‘Brass and finally to the grazing animals and enter int? the humein body either through the meat ar mile (iv) Nitrification ‘The mltrates either through the airr through the Wa! scumalat in the sol ‘They Feach ous of soil and accumulate ia the sre! Scanned with CamScanner inal SUAS (MSBTE) ihe above cass, at present the medical wjed to the soil has made it more toxic. wi i es __efets of Soll Foltution 2 pws mised with mam excrete, sewage and eben enters in the agricultural felds, Kills the nisms and hence the soil’s production ye w the domestic garbage, industrial waste and sop organic; mater UKE dead animals, bad alos is developed, which may canse the chro ets. pueto excess doses of pesticides, the soll as well as get polluted us they get dissolved and the well water quality and if ose affects the human health, the ground ater catperalated, This affects iis used foe drinking porpe Shinty the metabolic activities ‘ase diziness and general weakness = fie Maorides are absorbed by the erops, though the ‘ol sad are consumed by the Inunan beings. it eauses fuuosis, a Syllabus Tople : Preventive Measures 525. Prevention / Gantrolling the sail Degradation / Pollution Preventenicontralting the sail patutton 7 afeaaiege wo eontol quanta oases Of soll Tceguos we omrolqoamaine 1008 101 1 degradation / get disturbed. It may 75422: Prevention / controling pollution oil +1 stanes to earl atrttatne se 9 ~ By making vegetation over By temace or comaur bomdine- ~ Bycontolting the grazing activities 8 applying. ater infiltration pingeine ninure conservation. BY ‘i erosion and also wo recharse te ie Se ee Environmental Pollution + 2 Measures to-control qualitative losses of soil Soil wastes, material from various sources: must be minimized. This ean be done by reuse of puper wastes, plastic wastes, metal wastes, glass articles Soil can be saved from degradation by using proper methods of disposal of the waste material ee. composting of biodegradable wastes, burning of the noniowdegradible wastes, ‘The heavy metals and toxic material most be treated before they ate allowed wo flow through the industrial effluents over the land surface. ‘The faulty sanitation methods must be improved. Finally, by formulating and implementing. pollution contol ucts and also by the general public awareness aboyt the eauses and seriouseffects of sot pollution. Syllabus Topic ; Water Pollution - Sources of Water (Surface and Sub Surface), Sourees of Water Pollution 5.3 Water Pollution Q.53:1 Explain Wator politons causes, effects and Preveetive measures. (Ref. Sec. 5-9) Introduction ef Water Pollution 5.34 ‘The water we drink must be odoutles, Free from any ranicms, the dissolved inorganic material, rust be within the given norms, shoul be free from the saspendod solids and turbid sbould Be moderately soft issolved material rust tot be more than mst be fe from any toxke matter and the pH Jig waler should be between 7 and 8.5, When mits sealed as le, the 180 p. value of drink ‘ener we consume crosser the ahove I the poled water: 5.3.2 Definition sre be define ase presence of impurities ad ntact iv water In such a quantity that Towers foreign s ‘unfit for consumption and eauses jas quality and makes It health waned Scanned with CamScanner a] Studion (MSBTE} 5 or chemical change OF ay ey ‘water quality that adversely affects living org ms can be ooencndene pl 5.3.3 Sources / Causes of Water-Pollution Fe.sa2 Exptain me causes of water polation (Ret. Sac, 5.2.3) ‘The water gers polluted by various causes andl at coc which are divided a: urce is identifiable, (0) Point source Source ix not identifiable, ii) Non-point source 5.3.4 Water Pollution through Industrial Discharges [Point Source] = The industrial eMuents have a wide variety of organic and also the inorganic pollutants ¢.g, the acries, paper and pulp mills, Dying ie lain Sounees of industrial breweries, 1 textile industries ar ‘water pollution, I industries have also = The fertilizers: andl chet Of water pollution a serious made the prob environmental iss, = The harry metals dischanged fons the industries such as Na, Cu, Cr, Hg, Pb cic. have a serious effects an the: Living organisms “These metals bhio-aceumutate in food chain is incinerators, coal burning posver ir aching = Their main sou planiser: Also mine de 6.3.5 Water Pollution through Agricultural = The main source of lead to wate 73 ronmental Pottos = ‘These ehetnical substance are consumed by the feat the aqua ecosystem is put in danger, ~The phasphotes and tates in the ferilizer, make the water rich with nutrients od i Becomes mone proscing. "This process i calles Eutrophication, ~ This reduces the oxygen level the water and a ihe same time the CO, level goes up. This change, ill he aya life sd further, makes the water more polled, = The overtse of pesticides also takes the water poltuied fay killing the fish and other life in the water and sis by Killing the aqua plants, These aca plants are natural purifiers of water. When they get kill ihe ‘water quality goes on reducing, 5.3.5.1 Water Pollution through the Solig ‘Waste of the Industries Lead and mercury are the main” toxle- said ssubsistence's which come opt of the indicia wae sand get mixed with the nearby waler pool, The coestimpsion af this polluted water makes a dre Tnpact on the human heulth e.g. the lead pollution damages the Hiver and kidney i also reduces the hemoglobin formation. Lead sy affect the exntesl nervous system which ead 1e-eama orto death, ‘the effluents ofthe lead pracessing industrial plants. From the paper and pulp industries effluents and also from the Muoreseent liyht tubes, high intensity street Lamps, batteries, thermometers. = The mercury compounds enter in water body get converted into methyl mercury compounds due o inerobic microbes Finally it enters in the aqua food chain and disturbs the entire aqua ecoxysiem of the pone or the lake. $< ——— Discharges [Non-point Source] ‘Syllabus Topic : Effects on Environment and Lives Setaiis Tope’ Elects on Esielrone es SS The modem ageiculture Js supported by the fertilizers and chemical pesticides, herbicides: sid 1 doses of these ety ced water, = weedieldes, The ox materials get dissutved ior the isis river through small ke it chernically = This liquid wante teaches streams und sett polluted. = Tealo alters pl af water, which in wen affects aquatic | tinimals, as they are highly sensitive 1a pH of water. 5.3.5.2 Effects of Water Pollution on the Environment Wott isune ofthe basic needs of all the living beings. ‘The contamination of water has direct impact oa th Healthy status oF the living organisms and on abe total environment at alarge The notable effects are as follows. Scanned with CamScanner Environmontal Pollution Y uch Oe ora ive Measures to Control Water | ‘Table 53.1 lands for rmunietpal water af drinking —_ ‘Sr. | Charactedstcatmpueias | Speeliedecorimended gre onal water eet the water by itt can | |g ae . snediniothe pure natural form, eet — . [est TSifmgl) | WHOImgY jp fas water pollution throueh industies, | [can OsnrardTase | Coes * » asp ai mesic was we ned 9 Csoatess | Conulss teens presses 10 ea he Her 10 bring it its and and Tesalesa Sl sins Following ste some of he important | }— Tasteless Fetigps ws for Water eatment. 2 | pn 68 6a ip Danton of water 3, | Total solved sds [im oil a, | Disved oxygen 40 = 4) Sedimentation Se 5. | chlorite 0 0 Gpubes Topic an water quality standards, Flow | | 6 | Suptste 1,000, 00 iagram of Water, Treatment Plant, Water 5 = Conservation 7 a S | come 201 a sa BIS Water Quality Standards | Foi 30 15 10, | Chverrium ‘O05 0.05. 0533 Give BIS Water ‘quality standards. a1. | Lead ot 008 tate eeS 1 | ann [eae ‘The municipal supply of water should have fallowing hrutristes, or specifi standards : (i) Itshould be colourless and odorless. (GG) Tpshould be good in taste, (i) shoeld nor be bot, fir) Is turbidity should be less. than 10 ppm, In) I should be free from objectionable dissolved gases lie 1,8, (i) It should be free from objectionable minerals such as lead, arsenic, chromium and manganese: salts, (+i) ks atkatinity should noe be higk- PH ahold be an the mige of 70-85. (yk shou be reas soft foal hardness su less than $00 pen 6) fe sbouk beige rom isease-proucine MENT a be Organisms. be bss ) Chloride, uoside and sulphate comtes* an postive: than 250 ppm, 15 poem and 280 poms nity standards ‘As discussed) above, the water being an important Commodity is required to be it pure form, for different uses, Hence it is important 10 analyse the water for various finpuctes. Different tests done are to. test, hardness, chloride, alkalinity, DO, COD, BOD etc. the water supply has been monitored by municipality of the cespective area. The most commen sources of water are FVET, lake, wells etc, But the Tomer gevting accumulated in these is mot fit to be used sectly, expeciily for deinking purposes and also cooking panpses Hence, the waiet reine to be tested to make it-potable’. 5.3.6.1 Treatment of Water A534 Drew flow diagram of water treatment plant (Rel, Sec. 5.3.6.1) Siete i oF treatment methods depends upon the nature ail extent of impurities present in water. ‘The ‘Table $.3.2 gives broad idea about the choice of technique employed for porticular category of impu te water, 8 existing in ‘The Table 5.3.1 summarises water a —$_— ‘Scanned with CamScanner ‘Type of impurity Technique Floating matter (eg. Screening or wood pieces, leaves, | filtration. flowers, fruits etc.) Suspended impurity | Sedimemation (eg, clay, sand, dust ete.) Fine suspended Seedimeatation with inorganic matger, (ep silica, mica, fine dst etc.) coagulation, 4 | Colloidal impurities. | Filtration or ultra filtration, 5. | Micao organisms. Disinfection and or L sterilisation, 6. | Pathogenic Bacteria, Lo sterilisation, Disinfection aad for ‘Flow diagram of water treatment plant Comite Fig. 5.3.1 : Flow diagram of water treatment plant Syllabus Topic : Wastewater - Generation (Domestic and Industrial) 5.4 Waste Waters or Water Pollution through the Solid Waste of the Indus’ Q.54.4 Botine Waste water. (Rel. Sec, 5.4) rested ? (Ret. Sec. 5.4) = Reduction 9-542 How Domestic and industial waste waters are 5.4.1 Generation of Waste Waters 2.5.4.3 How waste waters are generated 7 ] (Fat. Sec. 5.4.1) | ~ Read and mercury are the main texte stg sabsistences which come out of the indusrial wane sand get mixed with the nearby water pool ~ The consumption of his polluted water makes x dine, impact on the human health e.g, the lead. polition amazes the fiver and Kidney it also seduces ihe hemoglobin formation. Lead may affect the central ‘ervaus system which leads to coma or to-death, ~ The main source of lead to water is the effluents of the lead processing Industrial plants. From the paper and pulp industries effluents and alse fom the Muorescent light tubes, high intensity street lamps, batteries, thermometers. ~The mercury compounds coter in water boty get converted inio methyl mercury compounds duc to ‘anaerobic microbes. = Finaly it enters in the aqua food chain and distuts the Centine aqua eeasystem of the pond or the lake. 5.4.2 Waste Waters / The industrial Effluents G.8.4.4 Write a note on industrial effuents (Ret. See, 5.4.2) — ‘They have the toxic chemicals like arsenic, mercury. cadmium, lead ere. ~ They kill the aqua life and may enter in the hums body through the consumption of this aqua lift Inainly the fish and may create health-problems. > Gi) Fertitizers and detergents They act os a muttients and helps to grow algse which consume the dissolved oxygen and the Biological Onyzen Demand increases. the dissolved oxygen kills the aqua tif. Scanned with CamScanner ont Ss MSETE) 50 en pramnzee d detogans Ti emetic dna correcta eluents Ti Narbiodegradabo pestcies i 04 potas 1 fadio-o@ive poftants Fig. $41 : Indisteial eMMnents “4 (a Domestic and commercial effluents “These organic materials provide nutrients ta the miiero= eqs which consume the dissolved oxygen and the copa oxygen emand is ineteased, “is als ils the aga tif, 2 (ii) Non-biodepraddable pesticides ‘Toy aed through the food chain and enters ito the hum body and affect the nervous system. pollutants ‘Thiowgh he oi tankers eamying the i and through the ‘dso efTluents the oil gets spread over the water, ‘tating a thin layer over the water surfinces Thi alfeets the water eyele and leads to death of water ‘ids and fishes. + (Y) Radin-active polfatants Foo the mining and refining of uraniam, thorium the radioactive polfutants enter in the human boxy ‘tevugh water and food and get accumulated in blood ‘thyroid plands Fiver, ones ane muscles ~ This cause serious illness. and deaths alse (vi Praorides on causes dertal Ercess amount of fluorides consumption causes dent limi problems x generates the I caer consump of polluted er eonsamgin of pl eas, ke typhald basally dyaenters ler Aambebie dysentery etc. Environmental Potution oo 5.5 ‘Syllabus Topic : Prevent Measures Measures to Control Water Pollutions Q.5.5.1 What ate the measures to Control Water Pollutions ? (Ret. Sec. $5) ‘Through the natural water cycle the water by itself can gets converted inta the pure natural form, Due to fast water pollution through industries, agricuiure, transport ond domestic waste, we need 10 vse various processes to teat the water to bring i its natura) status Rellowing are some of the important tecnigues used for water treatment fa Sedimamatian| i) Flration| i (4 Scfiering ol water Fig.5. 1: Measuresto conteal water pollutions 4) Disinfection of water It is the process of killing the organic life Le, bacteria tomalke the water safe for drinking ‘This can be done by chlorination, Chiorine is used in the forms of Hiquidl, gas or oxides. This is done by using bleaching powder. (ii). Sedimentation is a process sed #0 remove the suspended material from water. FFor removing the sludge and the setled.raerial, ifeent types of tanks are being used ike, circular tanks have citer radial flow or circumferential flow, other types of tanke used for sedimentation are rectangular tank and hopper bottom tank. J ————__ Scanned with CamScanner — WF csircomenia Studios (STE, 50 Environménial Pohang the second type ie. curate med er a on a iy tr abis process the water is allowed to pass through a bed ofeoarser und fine sued, — In rentoves colour, taste, odor and also the bacteria, ‘These fitters are of awo types Le. pressure Filters an nivity AMers, F(i0d Softening of water = Toremove the hardness of the water, two methads are used. ly boiling: water the Nardiness is removed, = By adding time in the water the hardness can be removed, Syllabus Tople : impact of Water on Environment 5.5.1 Impact of Waste water on Environment — Wastewater temperature affects receiving waters such as fresh water streams like rivers, lakes etc = When waste water discharged in large quantities, © It cum ea local © the temperature of meceiving streams and © Distupt the natural balance of aquatie ie © Inereases pH. ty of wastewater alfects ©The acidity or alkali otk treatment and the environment, ‘Syllabus Tople : Flow Diagram of Sewage Treatment Plant Sewage Treatment 0.5.6.1 Draw flow diagram of sewage treatment plant ‘and lst stages. (Ret. Sec. 5.6) Waste water rreatment can be eter. Preventive treatment ar w a ‘The preventive treaiment involves the steps to redhice halume of waste water OT 10 reduve the strength of Curative treatment pote {By and large the volumne reduction of waste water can bse achieve. if the industries recyele amd reuse the seuer used in the processes ~ ovo meth ene ptt og Pollutants depending upon their densities, Activated sludge process tor sewage ‘treatment Objectives of sewage treatment The sewage that is colloced from residences, peblg placer, industries ee is disposed off by leting it ino bay ‘of water such as fiver or sea or of land, But before the sewage has totreated for the following seasons : 1. To prevent pottetion of water into which tse sewage is Tet off ag the Water may be used downsteam {at drinking water supply. This causes a healt hazayd is ‘sewage contains pathogenic bacteria To prevent offensive ocour in the water if te -watee is used for swimming, boating ctc., and to the people living near the water or land where the: sewage is disposed wf; as it causes health hazard, 3, Toprevent the destruction of fish and other aquatic lif 4, If the sewage hax 10 be disposed of on land, the 50 ‘will become sewage sick after some time and cantot take any more sewage. This creates a very messy scene at the site and produces offensive odour polluting Be entire atinosphere and affecting the neighbourhood. 1 Broad Outline of Sewage Treatment by Activated Sludge Process ~ Sewage contains mineral and inooganie mater it suspeasion and in solution. lk ato cootains living organisms, some of which may be dangerous. ~ Hence, treatment of sewage has to be caried out Thest lweatment processes can be classified into the foflowiné categories |. Preliminary treatment 2. Primary treatment 3. Secondary or biological treatment Disinfectian, Scanned with CamScanner taj Shigies (MSBTE) & + ge wi oman ang seeped ‘solid subi a3 gs woot met, plas, et These have 10 be vexed ey imerfire wi hc ERIMERE PORES or chanical equipments in the preliminary weatment, these suspended inpurties are removed. 4 b. Primary treatment mary twatinent {0 sewage mainly consists of the sedimeration process {0 Femove suspended organie sobs. = Chemicals are sometimes added in primary clarifiers 10 assist in the removal of finely divided and colloidal solids to precipita phosphorous. 93. Secondary or logical treatment = in this category, processes such #5 filtration ot acfivated sludge process are included. Filtration is dane im comact beds or intermittent sand futers oF tickling fiers = Weremoves finely divided suspended matter, In the activated sludge process, the sewage I biologically rented. - A pan of the digested sludge is aided wo the 1a sewage together with oxygen which promotes ‘coagulation of the suspended and colloidal matter. ~The mater which settles down at the bottom. after treatment is called sladge and the liquid is culled fluent = The sludge is disposed off in many ways such as drying beds, dumping into sea. ete Intaert Enerormartal olution eee ee. e 1 reiinary treatment The efiuent tt olson disposed off in many ways sah a sewage farming, leing tt imo a aatural drainage or sca. Stages in sewage tweatmentsart shown in Fig. 3.6.1. Tekin Secondary Pomay DER “Barta emer Disntecbn Stages in sewage treatment Trickling filters consists of circular beds, 2 - Sim high, filled with parous lumpy materials, eg. hard coke. The waste Water fs poured on the filer bed with the belp of a ratetory sprinkle. As the waste water percolate the filter bed, the aerobic ‘bacteria gra wsing the orgunie materi the sewage 38 food. ascessery to msinain high!y aerobic condition. ‘The organic matter undergoes bislogical oxidation due to these bacteria and the treated water is collected, ‘Yield of this method is normally neatly 90% BOD. The process is comparatively very fast, if the aerobic condition is maintained. Second precaution to maintain the speed is the regular recirculation of the «fMluent so that fer does mot get choked duc to excess biofilm geomth taking place. 4. Disinfection [Aer the secondary or biological treatment the effluent free fom sludges is subjected to disinfection 114s ehirinated 10 Kill the bacteria which may remain in he effluent of sewage Ft Scanned with CamScanner beeen ‘onennaies ‘Syllabus Topic : CPCB Norms of Sewage Discharge 5.6.2 CPCB Norms of Sewage Discharge (0.5.6.2 How CPCB covems sewage discharge ? Gives norms of CPCB. (Ret. Sec. 5.6.2) ~ CPCB Sewage Discharge Standards - Centra! Pollution Control Board repulatory authority and mandates the treated water guality for any STP in India. The discharge standards in 2015 have been diluted making it easier (CPCB) is the for STP owners, The changed norms are 2: Schematic diagram activated sludge process supiie setae shige ‘eocagesa * Discharge standards revised on 19-40-2017 Table 5.6.1 Parameter | Units | Otd | Revised | pH 600| 6510 ss | 90 BOD Mer | to | <20 TSS Mg |_10 | <30 MeN | NIL | <1000 Coliform | ‘The CPCB publishes the notification frown time #0 tie for country, The curtent valves have boca given DY otfication for Indi dated April, 1988, from 66 office at New Delhi, It ix important. 19 be) © | otc te pute. | ureshold limite very stringently €0 health, vegetation and property Scanned with CamScanner 1 Studies (MSBTE) erie ener and wherever TAO) ronsecy - aoe the limit specified above far the respective oer it wauld be considered adequate reason to Sue replofcontinvoas mosiforing and further int investigations “STs Tople : Air Pollution — Causes, Effects, Fa TO vention =—_—_--_ Xanwrnw}]}]] 57_ Air Pollution [DszA Wi a note on "minamata disease". (Ret. Sec. 5.7) 9.672 Ewlein Ait polutions causes, effects in| Preventive measures. (Ret, See. 5.7) | 0.57 Discuss the Sources of AirPollution 2 (Ret. Seo. 5:7) 874 Introduction [ir pollution can be traced-a way back to the period of Hippocrates, sbout 400 BC. He has mentioned about ‘Air pollution. Use of coal as the domestic energy sroducer, made the air pollution more proneunced Tn 1273, King Edward I, made the fist anti-pollution act to-testiiet people from using coal for the damestic purpore. Industrial revolution made the air-pollution a ‘efious problem in the Eoropean eoumtries Jn 1952, London was attacked by smog, which resulted in the deaths of the human and other living brings te tll of death was mere than 000 Aber the development of railway and road transpor in 20° century the problems of sir polation beeame mare serious ‘Use of petrol and diesel in the transport systems, has ¢feated the airplluion a serious probleri in India ant ‘also it the third world countries. 57.2 Air Pollution - Classification * Definition Air pollution can be defined as, “Presence/addition of ny costaminant to the alr which causes harm to the [health of living organisins. S12 Enviroomental Pollution. poluten-clussieaton ‘Prmmary poaarts aah ‘Sat paties pollen are spores eoke wind enn dst (2 Peemarypotnants Sours tor pamary polars to ® Fig. 8.7 + (a) Classification (b) % primary pollutants (¢) Sources of € of primary pollutants 5.7.3 Sources of Air Pollution Sauce a pana polutanis crentea ny Rats ‘Valeanses Gmakng Poligrs Blowing Bactara Fire oa curt "ar stinbuma conta ‘Acceriuatod by human Fig, £7. : Air pollution - Natural and manmade sources Baarca pera antara] reve by roma nee lan we, ka or " sume eaung Guiry vr poe Primary pollutants due to human activities Secondary Pollutants ; Atmospheric H,S0, formed by reaction of moisture! water + $080, Scanned with CamScanner Page 513 acid = Photecticiuical samog : A harmful mixture formed by Sass OF nitrogen and particulate matier due to Pholwchemical reactions under the influence of strong sunlight. Qzome contributes majorly to Photochemical smo r = 1 EM etn eee ee ‘ee Srevcnoas ane Fig. 8.74: Secondary pollutants - source and effects ~The air gets polluted because of the industrial and transport activities, which release the toxic matter in the air, 7 Major alr pollutants Following are the important ten pollutants, which have ‘made the problem of Air Pollution very serious, ~ Carbon compounds CO; is released by complete combustion of fossil fuels and CO, very toxic gas, is released by auiomobile exhausts, — Sulphur compounds ; Through the thermal power Plants, using coul, and from the oil refineries, SO, HS, 1,80, are released ~ _ Nitrogen Oxides ; These oxides like NO, NO, HIN are released by automobiles, power plants and indasties, ~ Ozone ; Due to coating industries the CFC is released which has affected the O, in the atmosphere. Fluorides : They are produced by the industrial and insecticide sprays, Hydrocarbons : They arc releaced by the automobiles ext, Benzene, Benzpyrene ctc, Metals : The metals sich as lead, nickel, tin, beryllium, titanium are present in to form of seid Particles produced by metallurgkeal process. Photochemical products : The products such as PAN, PBN are the photochemical smog produced by autamobites, Particulate matter : The Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) is released inte the air by the stone crushing industries ond dust and the ash from the thermal Power plants. ronmental BilogialPartiulnte + They ae main he hae cells, fungal spores an pollens Allof these pollutants are effects of human act 5.7.4 Effects of Air Pollution ies, @.5.7.4 What are effects of airpaliston on Wing ? (Ref. Seo. $7.4) ‘i AAI te Tiviag beings Le he plans and aniaty pp | affected by the air polation. Ut slso has exceed ong wg effect on he eine ie. Global warming sich intent caused the sea level changes and over Moding ofthe kr ying areas due to melting af snow. ‘ig. 8.7.5: Air pollution ; effects on tiving | $.7.4.1 Air Pollution and Human Health ‘The sir pollution causes shom term and tong term effects on the human health. Some of the noticeable effects | are as follows : — Inritation of eyes, throat and nose. — Imitation of the respiratory system. = Respiratory damage through tobceo smoke. ~ Convulsions, delirium, Coma due to lead-polsoaing. — Cigaree smoking cause cardiovascular diseases, due to cadmium particulates. = Radioactive dust causes genetic effects on the next generation J ~The mercury from combustion of fossil fuel affects HE nerves, brain and kidney. 5.7.4.2 Air Pollution and Vegetation 2 ‘The direet use of pesticides on the agricultural plants ‘and also through the suspended particles in the air make Bie following impact on the vegetation cover e.g, The pesticide affect their growth and metabolic activities by destroyias ehilorophil and also by diseupting photosynthesis. Scanned with CamScanner emironmestal Studios (MMSETE) spe ise im Orem causes Necronis | umaging, the eaves. ese in NO, cate Absetsson te, premature fll of femes. This cesults in reduction in the crop protection. Thee in $0, causes chlorosis ic. yellowing of the lens. - Sa de aie polloson has qualitative and quaniiarive eflectson pans. 47.4. Air Pollution and Animals. When the animals during grazing consume the yariralae cooted plants mainly with fluorine, lead, Ansel ihey get affected, resting int iiness 0° poisoning evensdeaths. The pets also suffer due to hung diseases When animals are fed with oil cakes oF grass, the remains of insecticides! patricides settled on vegetation, hur the digestive system very severely 57.4.4 Air Pollution fects on Non-livings ‘ir pallution : ENeets on norelivings (Effects on material ti Efacts.on climate Fig. 526: Aie pollution : Effeets on nonclivings F )_Eftects on material Taroueh Abrasion an corresion the material pets affected, The damages are caused to the material exposed to the air pollution are as follows ‘The acid gases like Oy, 5 the textile, ‘NO, affect the cxength of ‘The building material gets affected by SO, and Acid rains, SO, and Acid gases affect the quality of paper and leather. ‘The paints get deeoloured by SO. and HS Bid Environmental Pollution F Gi) Emteets on ctimate Due to cutting of the natural vegetation the carbon ‘eyele has hoem broken i. the CO, generated from the ‘cant through burning ‘hy the plants. ivities used to be consumed = To keep the bilance about 83% of the total seographical area must be under forest cover. So the percentage of carboa dioxide is incressing, ©O, is heavy gas ancl hae the capacity to absorb the thea. Rise iO; has caused the global warmalag The release of CRC gases, have made an impact an fovone layer due to the ozone depletion tays the aeane spliere, which has the capacity to trap UV rays, The halance of the atmosphere thas changed and has created the health problem to the living beings. 5.7.5 Prevention of Air Pollution ‘The sir gets pollated mainly by contaminated articles ant contaminated gases. Although a large {quantity of pollotanes are discharged. into atmosphere: their Percentage ata global level does not very much. This proves that the mature has its own mechanisms to femove the polltants, 1 is ested as seavenging. When the speed of pollutants enieting im the ai is areaier than the self clearing mechanism, the air becomes polluted i) Natural Mechanism Dispersion : Some suspending pollutants are dispersed ‘by the wind. [tis called as Dispersion of pollutants, Settling : Due wo gravitational pull the heavy pollutants ect sctled on the ground. — Absorption Some pollutants ie absorbed by the ‘stare or raindrops and the sir ie made clear. Some Pollutants are absorbed by the dust particles and the ai is made clear, Mf] Artifictal mechanism (Imposed) ‘The atmosphere has the cupacity to get cleaned, but the hhuman activities like industies, transport, mining. do not allow the air to get pollution free and hence. we have to make Use ef mam-made mechanism to control the air pollution, Scanned with CamScanner WF cnscrment stuses MSSTE) ‘This ean be done by. Controiting pollution at the source only ic. use of servitutional setling chambers, cenuifugal separators, ‘wet serubbers bag filters and electrostatic precipitators in the industy ean reduce the air pollution. ‘Construction of tall chimneys to reduce the addition f pollutants at the lower level of atmosphere. This heips the diluion of gaseous pollotants in the atmosphere, Development of green belt around the indusiry can redace the suspended pollutants inthe aie."The tll trees ct a8 ainatural filer. In case of automobile pollution use of better quality fuel and use of catalytic converters will help to reduce the air pollution. ‘To reduce the pollution i the mining areas. sprinkling Waler can help to suppress the dust particles and will redduce the aie pollution. Controlling Air pollution through Regulation ie. “The Clean Air Act of 1970" which mandates the Setting of standards for four primary pollutants, ie. 4@ Particulate matter 5.15 Environmental Potion (is) Nitrogen and one secondary pollutant ie. ezae Syllabus Topic : Ambient Alr Guallty Stongarde 5.7.6 Ambient Air Quality Standards ~ The CPCB publishes the notification from time to tine for country. The current valucs have heed given by iy otiication for Tndia dated April, 1994, from central office at New Delhi. As per National Ambient aij Quality Standards the levels of sr quality are necessary With an adequate margin of safety, to protect the public health, vegetation snd property Whenever and wherever io consecutive valyes ‘cxoeeds the limit specified sbave for the respective ‘category, it would be considered adequate resson to institute egulavcontinuous. monitoring and further investigations ~The State GovernmenState Board shall notify the sensitive and other areas in the respective states within 4 period of six months from the dite of Notifiesion of Notional Ambient Air Quality Standards = 8.0. 384(H), ‘The Central Pollution Contro! Board in ‘Of iS poWers conferred under section 16 (2) (t) OF the Air (Prevention snd Control of Pollution) ‘Act, 198E(I4 of 1981) Reecby notify the National @® 80, Ambient Air Quality Standards with immediate effect. Schedule-1; CPCR ‘Standards Pallant Time Weighed Coneertration in ambient ar erage Indhustria! ‘Ausidental. Rural & ther Sensitive: ‘wa irens, Area 1 z 3 4 5 5 Suhr Dede Prewal Average | 60 vain? | ecu? ‘1Svgim —| improved West and Gace meted {80,) thous * seougr? | tong 30ugim* | Utavidet tuorescence ‘Spain? | oceo & Heetaieer madd (Na-trsonte) Method SOugin? | Gas Phase Chemiuminesons TOuper | average tow vate not ase ber 1.1 m iat Scanned with CamScanner ¥ nagemetal Shes (MSOTE) 24 boody/ hourly values should be met 98% of the time ina year. However, 2% of the time, i may exceed but not on 10 consecutive days, Syllabus Topic : Noise Pollution — Sources, Effects, Prevention 5.8 _ Noise Pollution 1.581 Explain Nolse pollutons causes, effects and Pravertive measures. (Rel, Sec. 5.8) 9.58.2 Whot ore permissible noise lends at vaneus ones of a city? (Ref. Sec. 5.8) 5.8.1 Introduction We make various sounds which are meaningful for communication. Eich one has different intensity of sound stme speak with low intensity whifle some shout! ~ The unpleasant, high inlensity saund is called os noise, The heavy industries, vehicles with very high speed and high pitching hours make the noise, the Blasting In the mines also make noise, the urban areas, Abrports, Industri plexes, mining areas, power tations are some Of the ener: natoriows saurces 5-16 Environmental Pottution | —— Se] | aga “Toe Welgheg Concureobor nani or Tired ot asirerent Hh | average }

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