Chapter 3 Flexural Analysis - (Part 3) (Compatibility Mode)

FLEXURAL ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 3 (PART-3)
Flexural Strength
by
ACI Code Equations
A. STEEL STRESS (fps) AT FLEXURAL FAILURE
 The ACI Code contains approximate equations

for fps, the stress in the prestressed steel when
the beam fails, based on a combination of test
evidence analysis.
 Code equations for fps, can be applied only if fpe,
is not less than 0.5fpu.
 In their general form, they can be applied to
prestressed members that may also contain non-
prestressed tension reinforcement, compression
reinforcement, or both.
1. Members with Bonded Tendons but without Tension
or Compression Rebars
 For prestressed beams that do not contain

supplementary bar reinforcement, or for cases
where the contribution of such reinforcement to
flexural strength can be neglected, the stress in
the tendons at beam failure can be found from
the following:
fps = fpu (1 – ypρpfpu / β1 fc’) (3.21)
 In this equation, the prestressed reinforcement

ratio, ρp = A /bdp , in which dp is the effective
depth to the centroid of the prestressing steel.
1. Members with Bonded Tendons but without
Tension or Compression Rebars
 Differences in the stress-strain properties of

low-relaxation wires and strands compared
with ordinary steel require the introduction of
the coefficient γp based on calculations using
strain-compatibility analysis,
γp = 0.40 for fpy/fpu not less than 0.85 (ordinary
stress-relieved tendons)
γp = 0.28 for fpy/fpu not less than 0.90 (low-
relaxation wire and strands)
 All other terms in Eq. (3.21) are as already
defined.
2. Members With Bonded Tendons, Plus
 The influence of supplementary tension or
compression bar reinforcement on the flexural
strength of prestressed beams is accounted for in
the ACI Code method, by
(1)By modifying the equation for fps, (which will

generally be lower for beams with tension rebars
than for those without such rebars because of
increase in depth to the neutral axis as As, is
added).
(2) By including forces in the rebars in computation
of nominal flexural strength Mn.
2. Members With Bonded Tendons, Plus
 For beams containing supplementary bar reinforcement,
the stress in the tendons can be calculated from:
fps = fpu (1- Yp/β1 x [ρp fpu / fc’ + d (ω – ω’)/dp]) (3.22)
where
d = effective depth to non-prestressed tension steel
dp = effective depth to prestressing steel
ω = ρfy / fc’ = Reinforcement Index for tension rebars
ω’ = ρ’fy / fc’ = Reinforcement Index for compression rebars
where ρ = As/bd and ρ' = A’s /bd’ as usual for reinforced
concrete beams.
 If compression steel has been taken into, the term in square
brackets is not to be taken less than 0.17, and depth d' to
the compression bars must not be greater than 0.15 dp,
according to Code.
3. Members With Unbonded Tendons and a
Span-to-Depth Ratio of 35 or Less
 For members in which the tendons are not bonded to
the concrete along their length, the increase in tendon
stress as the beam is loaded to failure is much less
than otherwise.
 The beam span-to-depth ratio has been found by tests
to be a significant parameter also.
 According to ACI Code, for unbonded beams with span-

to-depth ratio of 35 or less (this is typical of most
ordinary beams):
fps = fpe + 10,000 + f’c / 100ρp (3.23)
with the restriction that fps, in Eq. (3.23) shall not be
greater than fpy, nor greater than (fpe + 60,000).
4. Members With Unbonded Tendons and a
Span-to-Depth Ratio Greater than 35
 For slabs, the span-to-depth ratio is usually

greater than 35, and often as high as 50.
 For such cases, the increase in stress in the

tendon is less than that for less slender members.
 The ACI Code provides that for such cases,

fps = fpe + 10,000 + f’c / 300ρp (3.24)
with the restrictions that fps, in Eq. (3.24) shall not

be greater than fpy, greater than (fpe + 30,000).
B. FLEXURAL STRENGTH
 The flexural strength of prestressed beams is

computed, according to ACI Code, by the same
methods as are used for ordinary reinforced
concrete members, with appropriate changes in
detail.
 The stress fps in the tendons at failure is
determined by the applicable equation from
Section A.
 Non-prestressed bar reinforcement, if present on
the tension side of the beam, is assumed to
contribute to flexural strength acting at its yield
stress fy.
1. Rectangular Cross Sections
 For beams with rectangular cross sections (or for T- or I-

beams in which the stress-block depth falls within the
thickness of the compression flange) and containing no
supplementary reinforcing bars on the tension side,
according to the ACI Code Commentary, the nominal
flexural strength is
 a (3.25)
M n  Ap f ps  d p  
 2
where
(3.26)
Ap f ps
a
0.85 f c'b
 For design purposes, according to the Code, the

nominal strength is to be multiplied by the
strength reduction factor φ to obtain the design
strength
 a (3.27)
M n  Ap f ps  d p  
 2
where φ = 0.90 for flexure.

 If non-prestressed refinforcing bars are included

on the tension side of the beam, the nominal
flexural strength
 a  a
M n  Ap f ps  d p    As f y  d   (3.28)
 2  2
where
Ap f ps  As f y
a '
(3.29)
0.85 f bc
 If, in addition to prestressed and non-

prestressed tension reinforcement, the beam
contains reinforcing bars in the compression
zone, the influence of those bars on flexural
strength can be found using a strain-
compatibility analysis to find the steel stress in
all reinforcement at failure.
 Alternatively, the ACI Code Commentary
includes additional provisions for such a case.
 In most cases, the contribution of those bars to
flexural strength can be neglected.
2. Flanged Sections with Stress-Block Depth
Greater Than Flange Thickness
 The equations for flexural strength must be

modified to account for the nonrectangular
shape of the compression zone.
 This can easily be determined by calculating
the stress-block depth a, assuming that
rectangular beam analysis applies, using
either Eq. (3.26) or Eq. (3.29), whichever is
applicable.
 Depth a is then compared with the flange
thickness hf.
 If a is greater than hf, the calculation is invalid
and the flanged section equations for flexural
strength must be used.
 The total compression force in the beam

section is divided for computational purposes
into two parts.
 The first, the compression in the overhanging
portion of the flange, is equilibrated by a part of
the total tension force.
 This partial tension is defined as Apffps.
Accordingly,
Apf fps = 0.85 f’c (b – bw)hf (3.30)
where all geometric terms are defined in Fig.
3.15.
 This flange force provides resisting moment,

with the internal lever arm measured to the
centroid of the prestressing steel, of (dp- hf /2).
 The remaining part of the total tension force

(Apfps + Asfy) is equilibrated by the compression
in the beam web, and is defined as Apwfps,.
Apwfps = Apfps + Asfy – Apffps (3.31)

 The compression force in the web, which is equal to this

partial tension, has internal lever arm, measured to the
centroid of the prestressing steel, of (dp – a/2), where
Apw f ps
a
0.85 f c'bw
 The final contribution to the resisting moment is
provided by the non-prestressed tension reinforcement,
if any, contributing a force As fy acting at a distance
(d - dp) from the center of moments at the prestressing
steel centroid.
 The total resisting moment at failure is found by

summing the contributions of the three parts:
Mn=Apwfps(dp–a/2)+Asfy(d–dp)+Apffps(dp–hf /2) (3.33)
 The flexural resistance is assumed equal to φMn

with φ = 0.90.
C. LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT
 For prestressed concrete beams, based on an

effective prestress fpe of 0.60fpu (reasonably
typical of beams in practice), upper limits
should be placed on the reinforcement indices.
 For rectangular sections with prestressing steel
only:
ωp= Prestressing Reinforcement Index
= 0.36 β1 (3.34a)
where ωp= ρp fps / f ’c
 For rectangular sections with prestressing steel

and non-prestressed reinforcement:
ωp+(d/dp)(ω – ω’) = 0.36 β1 (3.34b)
where
ω= ρ fY / f ’c and ω’= ρ’ fY / f ’c
 For flanged sections:

ωpw+(d/dp)(ω w – ωw’) = 0.36 β1 (3.34c)
 In Eq. (3.34c), the reinforcement indices for

flanged sections are calculated using steel ratios
ρ based on the web width bw, rather than beam
width b as for rectangular sections.
 In all of the equations above, flanged sections

with stress-block depth equal to or less than
flange thickness are treated as rectangular
sections.
 If a reinforcement index greater than that determined by

these equations is used, the nominal flexural strength is
calculated based on the compression portion of the
moment couple.
 Nominal flexural strength
 For rectangular sections or flanged sections in which a
does not exceed hf,
Mn=f ’cbdp2(0.36 β 1–0.08β12) (3.35a)
 For flanged sections in which a exceeds hf.

Mn=f’cbwdp2(0.36 β 1–0.08 β 12)+0.85f’c(b–bw)hf(dp–hf/2)
(3.35b)
 Nominal flexural strengths are to be multiplied

by φ to obtain design strengths.
 Although the usual value of φ = 0.90 for flexure is

often applied, for prestressed beams in which
compression controls, it appears more rational
to use φ = 0.70 as used elsewhere for axial load
plus flexure.
 As a precaution against abrupt flexural failure

resulting from rupture of the prestressing steel
immediately on flexural cracking of the beam, the
ACI Code requires that the ultimate resisting
moment be at least 1.2 times the cracking
moment, calculated using a modulus of rupture
of 7.5√f’c (see Section 3.6).
 An exception to this requirement is permitted if

the flexural and shear strengths of the member
are at least twice that required.
EXAMPLE: Ultimate Flexural Capacity by
ACI Equations
Find the ultimate moment capacity of the beam of previous
Examples by using approximate ACI equations.
 The ratio of effective prestress to ultimate strength of the steel is

fpe / fpu = 143 / 250 = 0.57 > 0.50
 Consequently, Eq. (3.21) may be used to obtain the approximate

value of steel stress at failure. With steel ratio
ρp = Ap / bdp = 1.008 / 12 x 17.19 =0-0049
the failure stress, by Eq. (3.21) is
  p  p f pu   0.40 0.0049  250 
f ps  f pu 1  '
  2501    214ksi
  1 f c   0.85 4 
 The prestressed reinforcement index for this beam is
ωp = ρpfps / f’c = 0.0049 x 214 / ( 0.85 x 4 x 12 ) = 0.26
ACI Equations
 This does not exceed the limit value of 0.36β1
 0.36β1 = 0.36 x 0.85 = 0.31, so the beam is classed as under-
reinforced, according to the Code, and either Eq. (3.25) or Eq.
(3.33) is applicable.
 To determine which equation to use, one calculates the depth
of the stress block using Eq. (3.26), which is based on stress-
block depth less than or equal to flange thickness.
1.008  214
a  5.29in
0.85  4 12
 Because this exceeds the average flange thickness, Eq. (3.33)
for flanged sections must be used to calculate Mn, according
to Code.
ACI Equations
 From Eq. (3.20)
Apf fps = 0.85 x 4 x (12 – 4) x 5 = 136 kips
and from Eq. (3.31)
Apw fps = 1.008 x 214 – 136 = 80 ksi
 The stress block depth within web is found from Eq.
(3.32):
80
a  5.88in
0.85  4  4
after which the nominal flexural strength is easily found
from Eq. (3.33)
Mn = 80 x (17.19 – 5.88 / 2) + 136 ( 17.19 – 5 / 2)
= 3,140 in kips = 262 ft kips (355 kN-m)
PARTIAL PRESTRESSING
 The kind of design, where the limiting

tensile stress in the concrete at full
service load is zero, is generally known
as full prestressing.
 An alternative approach, in which

flexural tension, and usually some
cracking, are permitted in the concrete
at normal service load, is called partial
prestressing.
 Partial prestressing was pioneered in Europe

by Abeles. There is also increasing use of
partial prestressing in the United States.
 It has been observed that reinforced concrete,
on the one hand and fully prestressed concrete,
on the other hand, are merely the two extreme
cases of the broad class of steel-reinforced
concrete systems.
 Partially prestressed concrete represents
everything between these limit cases
 Load-deflection relations for beams with a varying
amount of prestress force are presented in a qualitative
way in Fig. 3.17.
 Both reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete

beams may be under-reinforced with a relatively small
steel area such that failure is proceeded by yielding of
the steel, or over-reinforced with a relatively large steel
area so that failure is initiated by crushing of the
concrete on the compression side of the member before
the steel reaches its yield stress.
 In each case, the amount of prestress force introduced

by the given steel area may vary from zero (reinforced
concrete) to a very large value (over-prestressing).
FIGURE 3.17 Idealized load-deflection curves for beam with varying
amounts of prestressing force (a) Under-Reinforced beams (b) Over
Reinforced Beams
 Figure 3.17a shows load-deflection curves for under-reinforced
beams, all with the same steel area and concrete dimensions but
varying amount of prestress.
 The dotted lines represent load-deflection curves calculated using

the flexural rigidity of the uncracked transformed cross section
(EcIut) and that of the cracked transformed cross section (EcIct).
 The load causing failure is about the same in all cases.
 Beam (a), with zero prestress, responds linearly up to its cracking

load, after which its load-deflection curve is approximately linear
and parallel to the EcIct, line.
 Obviously for the beams (b), (c), and (d) that are prestressed, the
load causing cracking is higher because initial compression
stresses are superimposed in the tension zone.
 The location of the point of departure from the line EcIut,

depends on the degree of prestress.
 Beam (b) represents a partially prestressed beam, in
which cracking may occur below full service load.
 Beam (c) is fully prestressed, with zero tensile stress at
service load, cracking only when a higher load is
reached.
 Beam (d) is over-prestressed, and will fail suddenly in a
brittle fashion.
 As shown in the figure, for under-reinforced beams
there is normally a further change in slope of the load-
deflection curve before failure, as the steel is stressed
to its inelastic range, as extensive cracking occurs.
 The corresponding curves for over-reinforced beams

are given by Fig. 3.17b.
 Such beams may also have zero prestress or may be
partially, fully, or overprestressed, the degree of
prestressing determining the cracking load as before.
 After cracking, the curves follow more or less parallel to
the EcIct, line all the way to failure.
 They fail suddenly and with much less warning than
before.
 The effect of varying the prestress is similar to that for
under-reinforced beams, except that the load that
causes failure increases to some extent as the
prestress force is increased.
 Ductility of a prestressed concrete beam refers to its
capacity to deflect extensively before failure.
 It is clear from Fig. 3.17 that as a class, under-

reinforced beams are more ductile than over-reinforced
beams, and that in either case, partially prestressed
beams exhibit more ductility than fully or over-
prestressed beams.
 The capacity of flexural members to absorb the energy

of impact is directly related to the area under its load-
deflection diagram. The advantage of partial
prestressing, in this respect, is also clear.
 The choice of a suitable amount of prestress, as Abeles
has observed, is governed by a variety of factors. These
include
 The nature of the loading (for example, highway or
railroad bridges, storage, and so on),
 The ratio of live to dead load,
 The frequency of occurrence of the full load,
 The presence of corrosive agents.
 With structures in which the direction of loading may be

reversed, such as in transmission poles, a high uniform
prestress would result in reduced ultimate strength and
in brittle failure. In such a case, partial prestressing
provides the only satisfactory solution.
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES AFTER CRACKING AND
STRENGTH OF PARTIALLY PRESTRESSED BEAMS
 At the full service load stage, partially

prestressed beams are usually cracked,
although generally both concrete and steel
stresses remain within the elastic range.
 Although service load stresses at a cracked
cross section may properly be considered of
secondary importance, compared with the
strength and safety of the member should it
be overloaded, calculation of stresses may
be required due to several reasons:
1. For prestressed members, crack widths at service
load are related to the increase in steel stress past
the stage of concrete decompression; consequently,
the service load steel stress must be known as well
as the stress at decompression.
2. An accurate calculation of both elastic and creep

deflection at service load requires that curvatures
be based on actual, not nominal, stress and strain
distributions.
2. If fatigue is a factor in design, it is necessary to

determine actual stress ranges in both concrete
and steel.
2. It may be necessary to compute stresses in the

cracked section to demonstrate compliance with
design codes. (The ACI Code does not require this.)
 The effective cross section of a typical partially

prestressed beam at service load is shown in
Fig. 3.18a.
 The member shown includes both prestressed
steel of area Ap and non-prestressed bar
reinforcement of area As.
 It is assumed that the member has cracked,
that both concrete and steel are stressed only
within their elastic ranges, and that the
contribution of the tensile concrete can be
disregarded.
 The strains and stresses in the concrete and steel will be

considered at several load stages, certain of which are not
actually experienced by the member, but are considered only as
a computational convenience.
 Load stage (1) (Fig. 3.18b) corresponds to application of effective

prestress Pe. At this stage, the stress in the tendon is
fp1 = fpe = Pe / Ap (3.36)
 The compressive strain in the bar reinforcement at this stage,

assuming perfect bond between the two materials, is the same as
that in the concrete at the same level. Consequently, the
reinforcement is initially subjected to a compressive stress
fs1 = - Es εs2 (3.37)
 Consider a fictitious load stage (2) corresponding to

complete decompression of the concrete, at which
there is zero concrete strain through the entire depth,
as shown in Fig. 3.18b.
 Compatibility of deformation of the concrete and steel

requires that the changes of stress in the tendon and
the bar reinforcement as the beam passes from stage
(1) to stage (2) are, respectively,
fp2 = Epεp2 (3.38)
fs2 = Es εs2 (3.39)
 At this hypothetical load stage, the stress in

the bar reinforcement, neglecting the effects of
shrinkage and creep, is
fs = Es (–εs2+εs2) = 0 (3.40)
 The change in strain in the tendon is same as
that in the concrete at that level, and can be
calculated on the basis of the uncracked
concrete section properties:
Pe  e2 
 p2  1  2 
Ac Ec  r 
after which fp2 can be found from Eq. (3.38).
 The bar reinforcement is unstressed at stage

(2), as noted, but to produce zero stress state
in the concrete, the tendon must be pulled
with a fictitious external force
F = Ap (fp1 + fp2) (3.42)
as shown in Fig. 3.18c.

 The effect of this fictitious decompressing

force is now cancelled by applying an equal
and opposite force F, as shown in Fig. 3.18d.
 This force, together with the external moment

Mt, due to self-weight and superimposed
loads, can be represented by a resultant
force R applied with eccentricity ē above the
uncracked concrete centroid, where R = F
_
and M t  Fe
e
R (3.43)
 The beam can now be analyzed as an

ordinary reinforced concrete member
subjected to an eccentric compression force.
 The resultant strain distribution (3) in the
concrete is shown in Fig. 3.18b.
 The incremental strains in the tendon and bar
reinforcement, εp3 and εs3, respectively,
together with their corresponding stresses fp3
and fs3, are superimposed on the strains and
stresses already present in the tendon and
bar.
 These incremental steel stresses, as well as the stress in the

concrete, can be found using the transformed section concept.
 The tendon is replaced by an equivalent area of tensile concrete

npAp and the bar reinforcement is replaced by the area nsAs, where
np = Ep/Ec and ns = Es/Ec, as shown in Fig. 3.19a.
 The neutral axis for the equivalent homogeneous transformed

section at distance y from the top surface, can be found from the
equilibrium condition that the moment of all internal forces about
the line of action of R must be zero.
 These internal forces are based on the concrete stresses and the
stresses acting on the transformed steel areas, as shown in Fig.
3.19b.
 The moment equation for the internal forces about the external resultant
R results in a cubic equation for y that can be solved by successive trials.
 Once y is known, the effective transformed area Act and moment of inertia
Ict of the cracked section, about its own centroid c*1 from the top surface,
can be found.
 The incremental stresses sought, as loading passes from stage (2) to
stage (3), are
R Re* c1 *
f c3    (3.44)
Act I ct
 R Re* (d p  c1*) 
f p 3  n p    (3.45)
 ctA I ct 
 R Re* (d s  c1*) 
f s 3  ns    
 ctA I ct  (3.46)
where geometric terms are as defined in Fig. 3.19.

 The final stress in the tendon is now found

by superimposing the stresses of Eqs.
(3.36), (3.38), and (3.45).
 The stress in the bar reinforcement is given
by Eq. (3.46).
 The concrete stress at the top surface of the
beam is given by Eq. (3.44). Specifically,
fp = fp1+fp2+fp3 (3.47)
fs = fs3 (3.48)
fc = fc3 (3.49)
EXAMPLE: Elastic Flexural Stresses in Partially
Prestressed Beam after Cracking
 The partially prestressed T beam shown in cross

section in Fig. 3.20a is subjected to superimposed
dead and service live load moments of 38 and 191 ft-
kips, in addition to a moment of 83 ft-kips resulting
from its own weight. An effective prestress force of 123
kips is applied using six Grade 250 ½-in. diameter
strands. Two non-prestressed Grade 60 no. 8 bars are
located close to the tension face of the beam. The
elastic moduli for the concrete, tendon steel, and bar
steel are, respectively, 3.61 x 106 psi, 27 x 106 psi, and
29 x 106 psi. The modulus of rupture of the concrete is
500 psi.
 Find the stresses in the concrete, prestressed steel,
and bar reinforcement at the full service load.
FIGURE 3.20 Cracked
section analysis of T-
beam (a) Member
cross section (b)
Transformed cracked
cross section (c)
Concrete cross
section
EXAMPLE
 First, the tensile stress in the concrete at the
bottom of the beam will be checked, assuming
the member is uncracked.
 Properties of the uncracked cross section are
Ac = 212 in2
S1 = 1,664 in3
S2 = 1,290 in3
c1 = 13.1 in
c2 = 16.9 in
r2 = 103 in2
EXAMPLE
 Then, using Eq. (3.6)
Pe  ec2  M t
f 2   1  2  
Ac  r  S2
123,000  11.9  16.9   312,000 12 
 1   
212  103   1,290 
 1,186 psi (8.2 MPa )
 This stress greatly exceeds the modulus of

rupture, indicating that the section has, in fact,
cracked.
EXAMPLE
 From Eq. (3.36), the effective stress in the tendon when Pe
acts alone is
Pe 123,000
f p1  f pe    143,000 psi (986MPa)
Ap 0.863
 Then, with reference to Fig. 3.18b and using Eq. (3.41) the
change in strain in the tendon as the section is decompressed
is
Pe  e2  123,000  11.9 2 
 p2  1  2   1 
6 
  0.0004
Ac Ec  r  212  3.6110  103 
EXAMPLE
 The corresponding increase in stress in the
tendon is found from Eq. (3.38) to be
fp2= Epεp2=27x106x0.0004=10,800 psi
 To obtain decompression of the concrete, the

fictitious external tension
F = Ap(fp1+fp2) = 0.863 x (143 + 10.8) = 133 kips

must have been applied to the tendon. This is
now cancelled by applying an equal and opposite
force F.
EXAMPLE
 This force, acting together with the total moment of 312

ft-kips, is equivalent to a compressive force R = 133 kips
applied with eccentricity
_
M t  Fe 312  12  133  11.9
e   16.25in 2
R 133
above the centroid of the uncracked concrete, or 3.15 in.
(=16.25 – C1) above the top surface of the member as
shown in Fig. 3.20.
 With np = Ep/Ec = 2.7 / 3.61 = 7.48 and ns = Es/Ec = 29/3.61
= 8.03, the transformed areas of the tendon and the bars
are, respectively, 6.46 in.2 and 12.61 in.2
 The effective cross section of the cracked beam, with
neutral axis dimension y still unknown, is shown in Fig.
3.20b.
EXAMPLE
 The stresses in the concrete and transformed steel, as
the loads pass from stage (2) to stage (3). are shown in
Fig. 3.20c.
 Taking moments of the resulting forces about the force
R gives a cubic equation in y that is solved by
successive trial to obtain y = 14.1 in. as shown.
 With y known, the location of the centroid of the cracked
transformed section to a routine matter.
 Taking moments of the partial areas about the top
surface locates the centroid c1* = 7.75 in. from the top of
the section. Section properties are
Act =135 in2
Ict = 9,347 in4
EXAMPLE
 The eccentricity of the force R with respect to the centroid of the
cracked transformed section is
e* = e – c1 + c* = 16.25 - 13.1 + 7.75 = 10.90 in.
 Now the incremental stresses in the concrete and steel can be
found from Eqs. (3.44), (3.45), and (3.46):
R Re* c1 * 133,000 133,000  10.90  7.75

fc3       2,190 psi (15.1MPa)
Act I ct 135 9,347
 R Re* (d p  c1*) 
f p3  n p   
A
 ct I ct 
 133,000 133,000  10.90  17.25 
 7.48
135

9 ,347   12,600 psi (87 MPa)
 
 R Re* (d s  c1*) 
f s 3  ns    
 ctA I ct 
 133,000 133,000 10.90  19.25 
 8.03
135

9,347   16,100 psi (111MPa)
 
EXAMPLE
 The final stress in the tendon at full service

load is found by summing the three parts:
fp = fp1 + fp2 + fp3
=143,000+10,800+12,600=166,400 psi
 while the stress in the bar reinforcement is
fs = fs3 = 16,100 psi
 and that at the top surface of the concrete is
fc = fc3 = -2,190 psi
EXAMPLE: Ultimate Flexural Strength of Beam with
Prestressed and Non-Prestressed Reinforcement
 Using the strain-compatibility method, find the

ultimate moment capacity of the T-beam of the
preceding example. Normal density concrete
having strength f’c = 4,000 psi is to be used; its
elastic modulus is 57,000/4,000 = 3.61 x 106 psi,
and its strain limit εcu = 0.003.
 It may be assumed that the stress-strain curve

for the strands is as shown by Fig. 2.4, and that
for the bars is as shown by Fig. 2.3.
EXAMPLE
 The strain in the tendon at effective prestress is
εp1= εpe = fpe / Ep = 143,000 / 27 x 106 = 0.0053
and the increment of strain as the concrete at the
level of the tendon is decompressed is εp2 =
0.0004 as before (see Fig. 3.21).
 The stress in the tendon will first be assumed at

200,000 psi at failure, and from the stress-strain
curve the corresponding strain is εps = 0.0070.
 The non-prestressed bars are assumed to act at

their yield stress of 60,000 psi.
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
 In this case, the stress-block depth at failure is
Ap f ps  As f y 0.863  200  1.57  60

a   4.90in
0.85 f c'b 0.85  4 16
and c = 4.90 / 0.85 = 5.77 in.

 The increment of strain in the tendon as the loads pass
from stage (2) to stage (3) is
εp3 = εcu x (d – c) / c = 0.003 x (25 – 5.77)/5.77 = 0.0100
 The total steel strain at failure is
εps = 0.0053 + 0.0004 + 0.0100 = 0.0157
rather than 0.0070 as assumed.
EXAMPLE
 Revised calculations for an assumed stress at failure of 220,000

psi and attendant strain of 0.0130 give
 a = 5.22 in. (essentially equal to the flange thickness)
 c = 6.14 in.
 εp3 = 0.0092
 εps = 0.0149
(shown in Fig. 3.21b)
 It is clear from the stress-strain curve for the strand that no further
refinement is necessary.
 The strain in the bar reinforcement at failure is
εs3 = 0.003 x (27 – 6.14) / 6.14 = 0.0102 > εy
confirming that the bars have yielded as assumed previously.
EXAMPLE
 The resisting moment at failure is found taking

moments of the steel forces about the compressive
resultant (which may be assumed to act at the mid
depth of the flange in the present case):
Mn = Apfps = (dp – a/2) + Asfy(ds – a/2)

= 0.863 x 220 x (25 – 5/2) + 1.57 x 60 x (27 – 5/2)
= 6,580 in-kips = 548 ft-kips
 If we apply the usual strength reduction factor, the
design strength of the beam is
φMn = 0.90 x 548 = 493 ft-kips

Chapter Ends
SOURCE: DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

BY
ARTHER H. NILSON

Chapter 3 Flexural Analysis - (Part 3) (Compatibility Mode)

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FLEXURAL ANALYSIS

 The ACI Code contains approximate equations

 For prestressed beams that do not contain

 In this equation, the prestressed reinforcement

 Differences in the stress-strain properties of

(1)By modifying the equation for fps, (which will

 According to ACI Code, for unbonded beams with span-

 For slabs, the span-to-depth ratio is usually

 For such cases, the increase in stress in the

 The ACI Code provides that for such cases,

with the restrictions that fps, in Eq. (3.24) shall not

 The flexural strength of prestressed beams is

 For beams with rectangular cross sections (or for T- or I-

 For design purposes, according to the Code, the

where φ = 0.90 for flexure.

 If non-prestressed refinforcing bars are included

 If, in addition to prestressed and non-

 The equations for flexural strength must be

 The total compression force in the beam

 This flange force provides resisting moment,

 The remaining part of the total tension force

Apwfps = Apfps + Asfy – Apffps (3.31)

 The compression force in the web, which is equal to this

 The total resisting moment at failure is found by

Mn=Apwfps(dp–a/2)+Asfy(d–dp)+Apffps(dp–hf /2) (3.33)

 The flexural resistance is assumed equal to φMn

 For prestressed concrete beams, based on an

 For rectangular sections with prestressing steel

 For flanged sections:

 In Eq. (3.34c), the reinforcement indices for

 In all of the equations above, flanged sections

 If a reinforcement index greater than that determined by

 For flanged sections in which a exceeds hf.

 Nominal flexural strengths are to be multiplied

 Although the usual value of φ = 0.90 for flexure is

 As a precaution against abrupt flexural failure

 An exception to this requirement is permitted if

 The ratio of effective prestress to ultimate strength of the steel is

 Consequently, Eq. (3.21) may be used to obtain the approximate

 The kind of design, where the limiting

 An alternative approach, in which

 Partial prestressing was pioneered in Europe

 Both reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete

 In each case, the amount of prestress force introduced

 The dotted lines represent load-deflection curves calculated using

 The load causing failure is about the same in all cases.

 Beam (a), with zero prestress, responds linearly up to its cracking

 The location of the point of departure from the line EcIut,

 The corresponding curves for over-reinforced beams

 It is clear from Fig. 3.17 that as a class, under-

 The capacity of flexural members to absorb the energy

 With structures in which the direction of loading may be

 At the full service load stage, partially

2. An accurate calculation of both elastic and creep

2. If fatigue is a factor in design, it is necessary to

2. It may be necessary to compute stresses in the

 The effective cross section of a typical partially

 The strains and stresses in the concrete and steel will be

 Load stage (1) (Fig. 3.18b) corresponds to application of effective

fp1 = fpe = Pe / Ap (3.36)

 The compressive strain in the bar reinforcement at this stage,

 Consider a fictitious load stage (2) corresponding to

 Compatibility of deformation of the concrete and steel