UNIT V –RECENT TRENDS

1. Describe about part load efficiency & Compression Ratio for SI& CI engines.

S.I engines have poor part load efficiency and uses low C.R. to prevent detonation while CI engines
have better part load efficiency but poor air utilisation.

2. How to overcome the drawback of S.I. engine.?

Drawbacks pf SI engine can be overcome if overall lean mixture can be burnt efficiently.

3. State the operating condition of Lean burn engines.?

Lean burn engines operate with A:F ratio up to 23:1 as compared to conventional SI engine using
A:F ratio up to 17:1 to reduce exhaust emission with high fuel economy.

4. What are the major parameters needed in Engine design.?

Modifications in engine are needed to burn lean mixtures .These are :

1. Controlled heating of homogeneous mixtures before entry into cylinder by hot exhaust gases or by
heated coolant or by heated coolant of engine in a heat exchanger.

2. Controlled increase in charge turbulence.

3. Plasma ignition

5. What are the advantages of lean burn engines.?

Advantages of lean burn engine are to reduce pumping losses, increase in output and efficiently, low
fuel consumption and reduced emissions even up to almost zero emission.

6. List few examples of Lean burn engines in application.

Examples of lean burn engines are chryster , Honda , Cummins gas engines

7. How Plasma ignition system is useful in CI engine.Describe.

Initiation of combustion in ultra lean burn engines cannot be achieved efficiently but conventional
spark plug ignition system. It is achieved by plasma ignition system which is obtained by applying
high voltage with an ultra-short pulse co-axial electrode.

8. What is HCCI .Explain in few lines.?

A homogeneous charge compression ignition engine is a mix of both conventional SI and CI

technology using homogeneous mixture of fuel and air throughout the engine to make use the
advantages of both types of engines. Such engines have optimum power output, low exhaust
emissions with high fuel efficiency.

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9. What are the Challenges to be met in development of HCCI engine.?

Challenges to be met in development of HCCI engine are the control of combustion at all operating
conditions.

10.What is mean by Stratification.?

Stratification means to provide different AF ratio at various start across the combustion chamber.

11. In stratification charge engines what is the scenario about rich and lean mixture.

In stratified charge engines, a rich mixture is provided in the vicinity of spark plug and a lean
mixture in rest of combustion chamber with overall mixtures being lean.

12. List Charge stratification methods.

Charge stratification methods are:

1. Fuel injection and positive ignition including air swirl .example of such systems are:

a. Recordo’s system

b. Volkswagon pre-combustion injection PCI stratified charge system.

c. Texaco combustion process TCP.

d. Ford combustion process FCP.

2. Stratification of charge by carburettor alone. Examples are:

a. Honda CVCC system.

b. Russian stratified charge concept for nilov jet engine.

13. Suggest few important methods with explanation, to increase power o/p of engine.

i. The power output of the engine speed but it causes the increased dynamic loads, wear of engine
parts and increased pumping losses

By turbo charging but this method increases peak pressures of the cycle, thermal loads, causes
detonation in SI engines and output becomes low at low speeds.

iii. By using variable compression ignition engine which uses high CR at low loads and low CR at
high loads with turbo charging to boost the suction pressures. Such engines give high specific output,
high efficiency, low sfc and low emission.

14. How do you achieve Variable Compression ratio.?

Variable compression ratio can be achieved by tilting the cylinder head hinged about its crank case,
by changing the stroke length (needs complicated mechanism or by movement of crankshaft).

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The process of increasing the density of inlet charge to increase the power output of the engine is
called supercharging. The device used for increasing the pressure of air above atmospheric pressure
is called supercharger.

15. List Advantages of supercharging.

Advantages of supercharging are:

i. Increased power output.

ii. Reduce weight to power ratio.

iii. Reduce the bulk of engine for locomotive and marine applications.

iv. To overcome loss of power at altitudes.

16. Say few words about Turbocharger.

a turbo charger utilises the heat energy of the exhaust of the engine to run a gas turbine and the
power output of turbine is used to run the compressor mounted on the same shaft as the turbine .

This method is found suitable only for multi cylinder high speed engines.

17. List few limitations of super charger.

Limitations of super charging due to increased peak pressures are:

i. Increased weight.

ii Detonation in SI engine .

iii Increased frictional losses.

iv. Melting piston top and pre ignition

v. Increased bearing friction losses and the load on the bearing .

vi. Overheating of exhaust valves.

18. What is Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) .?

A vehicle that emits no pollutants in their exhaust from tail pipe are called zero emission vehicles
ZEV eg a battery operated electrical vehicle . if batteries are charged by electricity , the point of
location shifts to point of power generation .however , a true ZEV is one whose batteries are charged
by electricity produced by alternate sources of energy . Other examples of ZEV are hydrogen
powered human and animal powdered, solar powered vehicles.

19. What does Hybrid vehicle means?

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Hybrid vehicles have two or more than two power sources, directly or indirectly providing
propulsion power to it. Examples are engine – electric. Motor cars, locomotive diesel – electric,
moped.

20. Say few reasons to produce Hybrid vehicle.

There are two reasons for producing hybrid vehicles. These are to reduce emission levels as per
regulations and to obtain better fuel economy.

21. What types of system being adapted in Hybrid cars.?

Hybrids cars are adopting two systems using gasoline engines and electric motors namely series and
parallel systems.

22. What is Series system.?

In series systems, gasoline engine drives the generator, which is employed to charge the lead-acid
batteries. These batteries, in turn, provide electric power to drive electric motor, which ultimately
provides propulsion power to cars.

23. What is Parallel system?

In parallel system, electric motor is powered by both gasoline engine and batteries simultaneously.
With this arrangement, either engine or batteries or both car power the electric motor at any
depending upon the requirement.

24. What are major components of hybrid cars?

Major components of hybrid cars are electric motor, gasoline engine, generator, batteries and
transmission.

Hybrid cars available in USA are Honda civic , Honda insight and Toyota prius.

1. What are lean burn engines? What modifications are needed in engine design?-Explain with
sketch.

2. Discuss the advantages of lean burn engines with examples.

3. What is an HCCI engine and what are their advantages? Explain the working of such an engine?

4. What do you understand by stratified charge engine? How are they classified?

5. Give two examples of stratified charge engines using carburetor alone. Explain any one system
with the help of a neat sketch.

6. How the power output of an engine can be increased? State their merits, hence discuss variable
compression ignition engine with its advantages.

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7. State in brief the methods used to achieve variable compression ration in engine

8. Discuss the objectives of supercharging of engine.

9. What is turbo charging? Explain with the help of simple diagram. State its merits

10. Explain working of turbocharged engines with sketch.

11. What are the main components of hybrid electric vehicle? Explain in brief the future of hybrid
vehicles.

12. Define ZEV with examples; write a note on batteries used in ZEV’s.

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