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UNIT-I SPARK IGNITION ENGINES Outside the range is difficult to sustain the flame propagation inside the engine.
1. Define Heat Engine Maximum power 12.5:1
Any type of engine or machine which derives heat energy from the combustion of fuel or RICH SIDE: maximum heat energy is released all O2 in the cylinder is utilized
any other source and converts this energy into mechanical work is termed as heat engine. LEAN SIDE: Excess air provides complete combustion of fuel when mixing is not perfect.
Heat energy (combustion) ---------_ mechanical work Maximum Efficiency: 17:1
Two main classifications: bsfc minimum 18:1 full throttle condition
1. External Combustion Engines [ECE]-combustion takes place outside the cylinder 17:1 half throttle condition
2. Internal Combustion Engines [ICE]-combustion takes place inside the cylinder Part throttle - combustion reaction decreases,
2. Give some Applications of IC engines Idling and no load condition - Dilution is high extra rich mixture must be supplied so
i. Road vehicles (e.g. scooter, motorcycle, buses etc) that these will be more fuel particles to react with oxygen particles.
ii. Air craft 5).What do you mean by chemically correct stoichiometric A: F ratio?
iii. Locomotives For gasoline 15.25:1 approx 15;1 for all practical purpose chemically correct
iv. Construction in civil engineering equipments such as bull-dozer, Stoichiometric A/F ratio.
scraper, and power shovels etc. The range suggested is 7:1(rich side)to 20:1(lean side)
v. Pumping sets Outside the range of 7:1 and 20:1,it is difficult to sustain the flame propagation inside the
vi. Cinemas engine,
vii. Hospitals Therefore A:F ratio Supplied to engine must be between the limits of inflammability.
viii. Several industrial applications 6. From the ratio describe about maximum power and maximum efficiency?
3. What are the Energy requirements for Ignition of Automotive Engines? Effect of A:F ratio on efficiency and power o/p at full throttle and constant speed from
For the normal range of fuel-air ratios used from FR=0.7 to FR=1.4, spark energy of below 10 the below sketch it is clear that the max power occurs towards rich side (12.5:1) where as
milli joules is adequate, and duration of few micro-seconds is sufficient to initiate combustion. max efficiency occurs towards lean side (17:1) because
In practice the pressure temperature and density have a profound influence on the voltage Max heat energy is released when slightly rich mixture (12.5:1) is used so that allO2
required to strike the spark. Also the fouling factor of the electrodes due to deposits and abrasion More richer mixture them this does not add any more heat in the cylinder
increases the striking voltage.In normal practice, the spark energy of 40 milli joules and duration Maximum efficiency is reached at a slightly leaner mixture (17:1) because excess air
of about 0.5 milli second is sufficient over the entire range of operation for automotive engines. Provides complete combustion of fuel when mixing is not perfect
4. What is Air fuel ratio and mixtures requirement –explain. 7. What are the effects of A:F ratio on bsfc of the engine (SI)?
Air fuel ratio must change depending on whether maximum economy or maximum power is Effect of A/F ratio on bsfc of the engine which occurs minimum at 18:1 at full throttle where as it
derived occurs at 17:1 at half throttle condition.
Air fuel at maximum power is different from maximum economy gasoline used in SI engine are Probability of combustion reaction decreases at part throttle condition.
Octane (c8H18) IDEAL and NO LOAD Distribution is high extra rich mixture must be supplied so that there will
The chemically correct combustion equation for octane can be written as be more fuel particles to react with oxygen particles.
2C8H18+25O2+18H2O = 16CO2+18H2O 8. What is F/A ratio for different conditions steady and transient operations?
STAICHIOMETRIC RATIO: 1. Starting 0.2:1
15.25:1 (approx) = 15:1 2. Warming 0.15:1
Limit possible is 3. Idling 0.085:1
7:1 20:1 4. Running with max thermal efficiency (80%throttle) 0.06 to 0.07:1
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5. Running with developing max power (80% throttles) 0.0775to0.08:1 The quest for improved engine performance linked with fuel economy together with
6. Full throttle 0.085:1 legislation regarding the control of exhaust emission has enormously increased the use of fuel
7. Acceleration 0.1:1 injection system.
9) What are the main classifications of carburetor? The incorporation of electronic control system has also considerably helped in the
a) Updraft carburetor. development of very efficient and commercially viable system.
b) Down draft carburetor. 16) List the petrol injection system.
10) Principle of updraft carburetor. a) Combustible chamber injection.
Air enters at the bottom and a leaf at the top .The flow directions of the mixture is b) Continuous port injection.
upward.The major advantage of this, it permits to locate the carburetor low at the side of the
engine. 17) What is a multi-point injection system write its classifications.
11) Write the principle of down draft carburetor. The purpose of this system is to supply proper A: F mixture to each cylinder of the
The fuel flows with air under gravity and fuel need not be lifted by the air and it enters engine.
into the cylinder even at low air velocity or low engine speed. Classification
This arrangement is very commonly used in all presently used carburetors. a) Port injection system.
12) List the different modern carburetor. b) Throttle injection system.
a) Solex carburetor.
b) Zerinth carburetor. 18) List the injection system known to your knowledge.

c) Carter carburetor. a) Continuous port injection system (Mechanical port injection system)

d) S.V carburetor. b) Fuel injectors

13) What are all the operating difficulties for a carburetor? c) Rotary gate meters fuel injection system.

a) Ice formation. d) Electronic petrol injection system; D – MPFI – System; L – MPFI – System.

b) Vapor lock. e) Group injection system.

c) Back firing f) Cold-start injection system.

In inlet manifold.
19) List the type of nozzles and fuel spray patterns.
In exhaust system.
a) Single hole nozzle
14) Why should we go from conventional carburetor system to fuel ignition system?
b) Multi hole nozzle.
Although, the modern carburetor is cheap and reliable, It has a number of inherent
c) Circumferential orifice.
disadvantages that make the supply of correct A:F mixture at all times difficult.
d) Pintal nozzle.
The problem is further accentuated when a single carburetor has to supply th mixture to
e) Pintaux nozzle.
multi cylinder engine.
In addition to this, the throat resists the flow of air to the engine and the maximum power.
The maximum power can be increased by using large throat but these effects the economy 20) Define normal combustion.
at low speed because of low air speed and worst control on the petrol spray and atomization. When the flame travels or spreads continuously to the end of the chamber without any
Multiple carburetors assist the distribution problem but it also increases fuel consumption abrupt change in speed or shape, the combustion is called normal.
due to low air velocity at low engine speed. 21) State auto ignition how it is related to detonation.
15) Advantages of fuel injection system over conventional carburetor.
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When the mixture appears to ignite and burn ahead of the flame, the phenomenon is Triethylbismuth 20
N-methylamine-ethyiodide 11
called auto ignition. This may lead to sudden increase in reaction rate and measureable pressure
Tetraethyl in 3 Poor anti knock property.
wave leading to what is called detonation. 27) Define abnormal condition.
22) Factors affecting the knocking. Due to excessively weak mixtures combustion may be slow or may be mis-timed .this
Fuel characteristics. Compression ratio.Ignition Combustion chamber .Engine cylinder is called abnormal combustion. Reason is , a) Pre or post ignition. b) Knock.
Load on the engine Atmospheric condition. Condition of charge. 28) List different types of combustion chamber.
T- head type ,I- head type.,Richard turbulent head arrangement.,Overhead valve
23) Effect of knocking. combustion chamber.,F-head combustion chamber.,Modern combustion chamber.
Mechanical damage. Noise. Increase in heat transfer rate. Power output. Pre ignition. Jaguvar combustion chamber. Rover piston chamber..

24) Measurement of knock. 28) What is known as lip of carburetor?

The pressure of the knock is detected by a sharp increase in pressure to the point of When the level of the fuel is far below the tip of the nozzle in the float chamber, then
maximum pressure and further noticed with higher rate of increase in the next cycle. part of the pressure head (⌂p) causing the flow of petrol would be lost for lifting the petrol up to
Fig: intensity of knock with respect to compression ratio taking octane number as a parameter the lip of the nozzle.
using transducer.The instrument which is used is known as knock meter which takes the Therefore it is generally kept 5mm above the level of the petrol in the float
derivative with respect to time of the pressure in the combination chamber and measure the chamber .This is known as lip of the carburetor.
increment caused by knocking. Another method for measuring the knock intensity is developed 29. State indicated thermal efficiency
by sam progethi. A transducer is used to detect the knock which is sensitive to the variation of This is ratio of energy in input to the energy supplied by the fuel.
pressure in the combustion chamber. ήit = energy in input sec / energy supplied by fuel sec.
25) Anti knock agent. 30. State brake thermal efficiency
The knock resistance tendency of a fuel can be increased by adding anti-knock agents. This is ratio of energy in BP to the energy supplied by the fuel.
Anti-knock agents are a substance which decreases the rate of pre flame reaction by ήbt =BP/Mf.Cv.
delaying the auto-ignition of the end of mixture in the engine until the flame generated spark 31. Write mechanical efficiency
plug passes through end mixture. This is the ratio of brake power to indicated power.
Among all, TEC [Pb(C2H5)] is most powerful antiknock agent among all known. ήit = IP/ENERGY IN FUEL.
It has helped to improve the η of the engine and to increase the specific output of SI ήbt = BP/ ENERGY IN FUEL.
engine. ήm = BP/IP.
26) What is octane number? 32. State volumetric & relative efficiency
Octane number of the gasoline is a measure of the effectiveness of the anti-knock ήv =mass of charge or air actually taken in stroke/ mass of swept volume.

agent it contains. Relative efficiency it is the ratio of actual thermal efficiency to the air standard efficiency.
High octane number lesser is octane. 33. Specific fuel consumption
The economic performance of an engine is measured in terms of specific fuel consumption.
Compound Relative effectiveness It is the fuel consumption per kw per hour .Brake specific fuel consumption and
Tetraethyl lead (TEL) 100 Good anti knock property.
Methylcyclopentadienyl 65 indicated specific fuel consumption are the specific fuel consumption on bp and ip basis.
Manganese tricarbonyl iron carbonyl 43 This is an important parameter for comparing the performance of two different engines or
Copper methylaminomethylenretate 40
Nickel carbonyl 30 comparing the same engine in different loads.
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Bsfc=fuel used (kg/hr)/bp in (kw) 37. Determine ήbt & ήit of a 4-stroke C.I.engine whose power developing capacity is 50
Isfc= fuel used (kg/hr)/ip in (kw). kw .The fuel consumption is 15 litre/hr. Mechanical efficiency of engine is 85% .Take
34. The bore and stroke of a 4-cyclinder petrol fiat car engine are 6.85cm and 7.5cm specific gravity of oil=0.85 & its Cv=42MJ/KG.
respectively. The compression ratio is 8.2.Find the suction capacity of the engine and mf = 15/0.85 = 17.65 kg/hr
clearance volume. mb =17.65/50 = 0.353 kg/kwhr
Swept volume of each cylinder ήm =BP/IP
=π/4 d2 L Ip=50/0.85 = 58.82 kw
mi = 17.65/58.82 = 0.3 kg/kwhr
= π/4 (6.85/100)2 7.5/100
ήit= 3600/ mi Cv

Vs=276.4 10-6 cm 3 .
=3600/0.3 42000 = 0.286 = 28.6%
Suction capacity of the engine

=v s no of cylinders
ήbt = ήit ήm= 0.286 0.85= 24.3%

=276.4 4 38) List the parts of simple carburetor.

a) Float and float chamber.
=1105.6 cm3. b) Venturi
The compression ratio is given by c) Choke valve
Rc =Vs+Vc/Vc 39).In Fuel requirements of S.I engines what is mean by steady running and transient
Vc=38.4 cm3. operation?
35. The o/p of an engine is 10 kw and its mechanical efficiency is 80%.Find its ip &fp Steady condition as running of the automobile on the road is concerned,
ήm =BP/IP steady Running is defined as continuous operation at a given mean speed and power o/p The
Ip=10/0.8 = 12.5 kw transient operations includes starting, warming idling and process of changing from One load or
FP= Ip- BP =12.5-10 = 2.5 KW . speed to another.
36. An engine of 100kw capacity requires 15 kw to start the engine .Find its mechanical 40) Define Lean side and rich side of Gasoline.
efficiency at 50% & 80% of full load assuming that the mechanical losses remain the same RICH SIDE: maximum heat energy is released all O2 in the cylinder is utilized.
at all loads. LEAN SIDE: Excess air provides complete combustion of fuel when mixing is not perfect.

ήm =BP/IP = BP/BP+FC = 100/115 =0.87

= 87%
At 50% load
ήm = 50/50+15 = 50/65 = 0.77 =77%
At 25% load
ήm =25/25+15 = 25/40 =0.62 =62%