CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUTON
This chapter contains the background of the study, statement of problem,
objectives of the study, significance of the study and finally the scope of the
study.
1.1 Background of the Study
With the advancement of technology, number of equipment and model house
hold appliance increase to make life easier and comfortable. Operating manually
is a tedious job and again hectic sometimes. If one can control device like TV,
fan, light or a music system with phone from a distance place just by pressing
the bottom, life will become simpler. Home automation is becoming very
common these days as technology advance the nature of work. To switch ON or
OFF the device, one has to move to the switch board which is in the convent for
an able person. All this manual work if replaced by a single remote control can
aid even the aged and disable person can do the task like a normal person. Much
related work has been reported for the same function by different group with
different approaches. Multiple house device can be control with the designed
system by using microcontroller as a heart of the circuit with remote controlling
device by sending command wirelessly through Bluetooth phone control which
has a very wide application in the field of electronics. The base remote control
for controlling multiple home appliance using microcontrollers is also reported
for the same function. The main objective of this work is to create another
system to control multiple appliances by using Radio Frequency technology.
Main advantage of the base remote control is that it can operate without the
requirement of line of sight within its specified range efficient.
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1.2 Statement of the Problem
Most homes make use of many electrical and electronics appliances such as
television set, fan, lighting bulb, radio, etc. All these are operated manually,
which is an inconvenient method for physically disabled or elderly or even
young and busy individuals when frequent switching operation is required.
1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Study
This work is aimed at constructing effective software and hardware for
microcontroller base main switch control system.
The objective of this project is to produce a device that:
I. Design and construct a Bluetooth home appliances remote control
system.
II. Develop Algorithm for the Bluetooth controlled home appliances.
III. To interface the Bluetooth module with a microcontroller Automation
system.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The research work can be useful in industry sector, large or small organization
such as school, hostels and business centers and Government organization. This
system if produced will enable electrical devices to be controlled using a single
remote and a control unit.
1.5 Scope of the Project
This project is limited to the control of electrical fan and television; prototype is
achieved through the serial port and especially to contact up to two devices,
which will be demonstrated with two Light Emitting Diode (LED) via two
relays. The distance between control unit and android device is limited.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
This chapter contains the literature review, the history of automation which
leads to the design and construction of Bluetooth home system and the
summary of the work to be done.
2.1 Literature Review
Years ago, some remote control made use of wires, but modern remote control
now works based on wireless communication. This allows information to be
exchanged between two devices without the use of wire or cable [Ahmed et al,
2013]. There are various technologies that can be used for developing wireless
remote control for household application. Each technology has its own merits
and limitations. Various works have been done by different people on different
remote control.
2.1.1. Infrared Control
The dominant remote-control technology in home applications is the infrared
(IR), also known as "heat". The basic premise at work in an IR remote control is
the use of light to signals between a remote control and the device it is
directing. Infrared light is in the invisible portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum [Neil, 2016]. Infrared remote control for home appliances works
based on technology similar to the Television remote operation. Infrared
radiation is the region of the electromagnetic spectrum between microwaves
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and visible light. In infrared communication, a light emitting diode (LED)
transmits the infrared signal as bursts of non-visible light. At the receiving end a
photodiode or photoreceptor detects and captures the light pulses, which are
then processed to retrieve the information contained. An Infrared remote
control transmitter sends out pulses of infrared light that represent specific
binary codes [Abdulaleem, 2012]. These binary codes correspond to
commands, such as Power ON or Power OFF. The receiver receives the signal
and the microprocessor carries out the corresponding command [Delgado,
2013]. The infrared receiver sits on the front of the device where can easily get
the incoming signal from the remote control. In an infrared remote, when a
push button is pressed, the integrated circuit detects it and sends the binary
command to the LED at the front of the remote [Abdulaleem,2012]. The
remote control binary of the LED sends out a series of light pulses that
corresponds to the binary command to the receiver. The‘start’ indicates when
the button is pressed while the‘stop’indicates when the button is released.
When the infrared receiver on the appliance picks up the signal from the
remote and verifies from the address code that it is supposed to carry out this
command, it converts the light pulses back into the electrical signal. This signal
now passes to the microprocessor, which carries out the intended command of
the receiver circuits. The transmitter circuit consists of the power supply which
is usually a battery supplying the required voltage for the encoder and the IR
transmitter. There is the encoder which encodes the information received from
the switches and then generates a modulated signal which is sent to the
transmitter. This encoder can be an Integrated Circuit (IC) 555 timer which acts
as an astable multi-vibrator whose output makes the IR transmitter to be in
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high state and produce the infrared beam through the concave lens of the IR
LED [Jianjum,2010]. This infrared beam produced from the infrared LED travels
in a straight path, and is then transmitted to the receiver circuit. The receiver
circuit consists of the power supply, the infrared receiver, the decoder, the
relay driver and the relay, and this connects the appliance controlled to the
mains power supply. The power supply of the receiver circuit is usually
connected from the mains through rectification as the circuitry uses DC voltage.
The infrared receiver is a photo diode which is usually the ICs (TSOP1738 or
TSO1740), whose output is high when idle and goes low when it receives a
signal [Jianjum, 2010]. The received signal is transmitted to the decoder or
demodulator which demodulates the frequency of the signal and activates the
relay driver which triggers the relay to be activated or deactivated. The
activation and deactivation of the relay brings about a switching operation
which turns on or turn off the connected appliance. The infrared remote
control has the performance of the high signal to noise ratio, strong anti-
interference, reliable transmission of information, and untouchable, low power
and affordable [Delgado, 2013]. This remote is also use for industrial control,
the aerospace, the security and so on. The disadvantages of using infrared
includes: being limited to line of sight; the transmitters and receivers must be
almost directly aligned (that is, able to see each other) to communicate
[Abdulaleem, 2012]. It is easily blocked by materials such as people, walls, and
plants and has short range; as a result, it performance drops off with longer
distances. It is light and weather sensitive; direct sunlight, rain, fog, dust,
pollution can affect transmission. The data rate transmission is lower than
typical wired transmission [Delgado, 2013].
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2.1.2 Radio Frequency (RF)
In radio frequency control, Instead of sending out light signals, an RF remote
transmits radio waves that correspond to the binary command when the
button is been pressed. RF is any of the electromagnetic wave frequencies that
lie in the range extending from 3kHz to 300GHz, which include those
frequencies used for communications or radar signals [Chen et al, 2010]. When
a RF current is supplied to an antenna, it gives rise to an electromagnetic field
that propagates through space. Any RF field has a wavelength that is inversely
proportional to the frequency. A radio receiver on the controlled device
receives the signal from the radio transmitter and decodes it. RF remote control
system is designed for controlling the power switch of household appliances
[Chen et al, 2010]. It consists of two parts: the remote controller which consists
of a transmitting unit and a power amplifier which generates modulated RF
signals and sends it out when a function button is pressed. The other part is
placed in the household appliances section that is made up of a receiving unit
and a power management block. It receives and demodulates the signal and
sends to the power management block and relay using battery supply to boost
the energy coming from the received RF signal to open or close the power
switch of the electrical equipment. Radio remote control is used to control
distant objects using a variety of radio signals transmitted by the remote
control device [Chen et al, 2010]. This type of control makes use of the radio
waves for signal transmission. RF remotes tend to cost a bit more, have longer
range, and is not affected by line of sight as is the case for Infrared. However, it
cannot be used for very long range and any transmitter operating in the range
can carry out the control. [Chen et al, 2010]
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2.1.3 Global System for Mobile Communication Module
The Global System for Mobile (GSM) communication module (SIM900) is a
complete Quad-band GSM/GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) device which
can be embedded in circuits. The SIM900 delivers GSM/GPRS
850/900/1800/1900MHz performance for voice, SMS, Data, and Fax in a small
form factor and with low power consumption [Gang et al, 2011]. It is equipped
with analog audio interface, Analog to Digital (A/D) converter, Antenna pad,
Serial interface hitch enables the interfacing of the SIM900 to micro controller.
The GSM control with the SIM900 makes use of the GSM mobile network
which uses a sim card and is interfaced directly to the micro controller. This
control method is used to control the household appliances remotely [Gang et
al, 2011]. The medium of transmission in this control is the mobile network.
With this, it will be convenient to control any device wirelessly, especially
helpfully for outdoor remote control. SMS sent to the sim card in the network
module is read by the micro controller. The micro controller is then
programmed to carry out a switching task when it receives a preset SMS. If the
message is preset in the micro controller program, the micro controller then
triggers a relay corresponding to the specified load to activate and make the
circuit of that load and the mains. If a different message is sent to the GSM
module as specified in the micro controller to turn off a particular load, the
micro controller sends a low output to the relay to deactivate to break the
circuit of the specified load and the mains. Merits of this control includes its
ability to control home appliances over any range as long as there is GSM
network at the receiver station and the transmitter station [Gang et al, 2011].
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The micro controller can also be programmed to give a feedback on successful
turning on or turning off an appliance. It can control as many appliances as
there are output pins of the micro controller. Its high cost with the cost of
buying the micro controller and programming of the micro controller adds to
the demerits of this control method. This control method cannot be used in a
remote area where there is no GSM network. Also this control consumes user
airtime when sending a control signal.
2.1.4 Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency Application
Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling is an in-band telecommunication
signaling system using the voice-frequency band over telephone lines between
telephone equipment and other communications devices and switching
centers. The DTMF system uses a set of eight audio frequencies transmitted in
pairs to represent 16 signals, represented by the ten digits, the letters A to D,
and the symbols # and * [Shariful et al, 2014]. These ten digits, letter A to D and
symbols # and * forms the telephone keypad. Modern telephone got rid of the
letters [Wei et al, 2010]. The DTMF telephone keypad is laid out in a 4×4 matrix
of push buttons in which each row represents the low frequency component
and each column represents the high frequency component of the DTMF signal.
Pressing a key sends a combination of the row and column frequencies [Shariful
et al, 2014]. For example, the key 1 produces a super imposition of tones of 697
and 1209 hertz (Hz).
This system also adopts existing common telephone network to realize
remote control. As long as main control terminal is in the range of GSM, it can
make use of the working method of DTMF to realize the communication
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between transmission and reception. DTMF signals are widely use and because
of its low power consumption, strong anti-interference, less peripheral parts,
large code capacity and easily interfaced with all kinds of sensors. DTMF
receiver includes DTMF grouping filter and DTMF decoder. It is compose of a
low audio signal. In the GSM control using DTMF technology, a mobile phone
serves as the transmitter, in the receiver section, another mobile phone serves
to receive the transmitted signal which is the mobile/GSM modem. Remote
control using DTMF The mobile phone in the transmitter section is set to
automatically answer calls, and it is interfaced to the DTMF decoder through
the headset port. When the phone transmitter calls the phone receiver, it
automatically answers, any key pressed on the phone transmitter sends a code
according to the DTMF decoder, the DTMF decoder decodes this code and
sends a 4-bit output to the micro controller, the micro controller is
programmed to react to this input from the DTMF decoder [Shariful et al,
2014]. For specific key pressed, the micro controller may be programmed to
output a high to trigger the relay to activate and make the circuit of the home
appliance and the mains, and for another key pressed, the micro controller is
programmed to output a low to deactivate the relay and break the circuit of the
home appliance and the mains. DTMF control takes full advantages of the
public switched telephone network (PSTN), which makes it realize the remote
control and receive the full-duplex communication [Mghawish,2013]. The
transmission distance of the control signal is not restricted as long as there is
GSM network where the phone transmitter is, and there is a GSM network at
the location of the receiver. The limitation of this control is that the number of
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home appliance it can control is limited to the keypad of a phone which is
twelve in number; six keys to turn on and six keys to turn off appliances.
2.2 Summary
Automation control of home appliances is highly demanded nowadays, in this
work, a circuit is design and construct that can control the home appliances
through a remote control device that is portable within the periphery of the
room. The device will be able to control a load of high power rating from a
remote area.
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CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM DESING AND ANALYSIS
3.0 Introduction
This chapter gives detail of this project which includes the functional block
diagram, logical parts and the complete circuit diagram of the project.
Power supply
Android or IOS HC06 Bluetooth Arduino nano Switching
phone with module microcontroller circuit
Bluetooth
capability
Figure 1: Block Diagram of a Bluetooth Remote Control System
3.2 Android Phone with Bluetooth Capability
The remote control in these designs is any android or IOS phone with Bluetooth
capability and naming the software called Bluetooth terminal. This software can
be downloaded from Google play store or IOS store by typing Bluetooth
terminal in the search bar of the reporter store. After downloading the
application the android or IOS device can then be used to interface with the
circuit.
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3.2.0 The Power Supply
The system is prototype which required only 9V battery for its operation. The
lightest effective battery normally used for this type of applications is the 9.0V
pp3 type dc battery
Voltage= 9.0V
Type =PP3 Case style
Figure 2: 9V battery
3.2.1 HC06 Bluetooth Module
The HC06 Bluetooth module used in this project is a slave device. That means,
on its own, it cannot initiate a connecting meaning a master Bluetooth device
state the connection. This device is 3.3v logic device. This means the HC06
module cannot communicate with the controller using logic levels above 3.3v.
Any attempt to communicate above 3.3v could damage the Bluetooth module. In
the other to safety communicate with the device; a logic level connector circuit
was designed. This is illustrated in the diagram below.
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Figure 3: Bluetooth Module
The communication protocol between HC06 and android is universal
synchronous asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART), at some point in the
communication, the HC06 become master and the android become slave while at
some other point, the HC06 become slave and android become master. When the
HC06 communicate as master, it send signal through its transmitter pin. This
signal is at 3.3v logic.
The Arduino is a 5v logic device but can sense logic 3.3v as a logic signal.
Therefore no special circuit is needed when Arduino communicate in slave
mode with the HC06 master When the Arduino communicate as master with the
HC06, it sends signal from its transmitter pin at 5v logic level and since the
HC06 is a 3.3v logic device, a converter circuit need to be provided between the
transmitter of
Arduino and receiver of HC06 consider the diagram below.
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Figure 4: Switching Circuits for Bluetooth Remote Control
Let the total current flowing through the circuit be I, then using ohms low; I=
5V 5
= =1.67 A .... (1)
3 K 3 ×1000
The voltage between Rx and ground is:
V=IR .... (2)
Where I is the current flowing through the circuit and Rx is the resistance
between Rx and ground which is 2k
5
V= 3× 1000 × 2×1000 =3.33V … (3)
10
V= 3 =3.3 v … (4)
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And so the circuit of figure 3.3 converts 5v logic level going coming from
arduino to 3.33v logic level going to HC06.
3.2.2 Arduino Nano Microcontroller
Figure 5: Arduino Nano Microcontrollers
The arduino nano is the controller is used in this designed. The arduino nano is
selected because it is relatively easy to program, it also reduce the amount of
soldering work to be done and does not need a programmer to program it.
Embedded in the nano is an atmega318p chip. The arduino nano is a 5v device
and can be powered using 5v. It is responsible for interpreting signal from the
Bluetooth module. In this design it is intended to control a fan and television sets
using Bluetooth remote control. And the four commands are programmed into
the controller. The commands are shown in the diagram below.
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Table 1: Command for Remote Control
TV ON
TV OFF
FAN ON
FAN OFF
The commands are string of characters sent from Bluetooth terminal software
running in an android or IOS operating system. The string most is seven
characters long and most be sent in the format shown in the figure 3.5, each
empty box represents the space character.
3.2.3 Switching Circuits
The switching circuit used in this design is illustrated in the figure below.
Figure 6: Switching Circuit
The switching circuit consisted of a transistor and a 5v 10A relay. Signal from
the controller is used to switch the transistor ON by providing voltage between
base of the transistor and ground. When this happen, the circuit is complete and
coil of the relay becomes energized. This attracts the common of the relay to
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normally open and switch ON whenever the AC load is connected to the relay.
When the transistor the transistor is switched off the energy in the coil of the
relay collapses. A fly back diode is used to protect the transistor from back EMF
from the relay. When this energy collapses, the common of the relay goes back
to normally close. This breaks the AC circuit and turn off the load.
3.3 Circuit Diagram
The circuit diagram of this design is shown in the figure 6 below
Figure 7: Circuit Diagram of Bluetooth Remote Control
3.4 Principle of Operation
When the circuit is powered, the user connects to the HC06 Bluetooth module
with his cell phone, by searching for the HC06 under Bluetooth setting. After
discovering and connecting to the HC06, the user then run the Bluetooth
terminal software.
17
To turn ON the bulb, the user sends the appropriate command described in
figure 3.5. This signal is sent to the controller using USATR communication
protocol. If the command is valid the controller turns the ON or turns OFF the
bulb or fan by sending the appropriate signal to the relays
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CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.0 Introduction
This chapter gives a detailed explanation of all the tests and results carried out
after the designing and construction stage.
4.1 Parts/Component List
Table 2: Part List
Part List
1 Bluetooth module 1
2 Microcontroller 1
3 LED 3
4 Diode 2
5 Relay 2
6 Transistor 1
7 Resistor 2
8 9v DC battery 1
9 Switch 1
4.2 Component/Circuit layout
Each component together with its legs or pin out was identified. Following the
layout diagram, the component legs were one by one inserted into the Vero
board. The component were positioned on the board on the so as make their
interconnection and soldering easy.
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Plate 1: component layout.
4.2.1 Soldering
Soldering is the process of joining two metals or wires to a metal using a
soldering iron consistent from one Vero board to another with soldering lead and
care was taken not to use un-necessary long wires.
Care was also taken in soldering of all active components so as to avoid damage
due to excessive heat.
A soldering iron having a low power rating of 40 watts at 250c was used to avoid
dry joint and short circuit.
The following tools were used to accomplish the soldering and de-soldering task
I. Soldering iron
II. Metal brush and file
III. Lead
IV. Long nose pliers and wire cutter
V. Lead sucker
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The Vero-board was cleansed with metal brush and lead of each component was
measured and excess was cut off to avoid short circuiting care was taken to
ensure that the components were fixed properly as shown in the schematic
diagram.
Finally, the whole soldering processes was accomplished.
Plate 2: soldering
4.3 Casing/ Packaging
A portable and handle box was constructed for casing of the entire system. The
case is made of plastic; this reduces the risk of short circuit between current
carrying conductors. It was carefully perforated at the back for adequate
ventilation.
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15cm
8cm
Figure 7: Casing/ Packaging of microcontroller based domestic home appliance
remote control system.
4.4 Testing
The various tests carried out on the project are explained. The developed
microcontroller based domestic home appliance remote control system was
subjected to some basic electronic test such as continuity test, earthling test, and
efficiency test. The continuity test indicated free flow of current within the
circuit. The earthling test showed absence of leakage current on the body of the
appliances thereby eliminating likely hood of electric shock. The efficiency test
was used to determine the work of the circuit during operation. From the
efficiency test conducted, the circuit performed well.
4.5 Results
The following results were obtained from the various tests carried out on all the
stages of this project.
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Table 3: Results
S/ ACTIVITY RESULTS INFERENCES
N
1 System was powered ‘’ON’’ Power indicator Bluetooth was
came ‘’ON’’ properly
interfaced
2 Bluetooth connection was Bluetooth System is working
attempted connection was properly
established
3 TV ‘’ON’’ SEND Power indicator System is working
for TV comes properly
‘’ON’’
4 FAN ‘’ON’’ SEND Power indicator System is working
for FAN comes properly
‘’ON’’
4.6 Prototype Operation
The Bluetooth home appliance remote control system operate using an android
phone application. After a connection is establish between the phone and the
prototype construction. The command is typed in and send like “FAN ON” the
fan LED light will be powered ON and when the command word for power OFF
is typed in and send like “FAN OFF” the LED will go OFF. The LED are used
in the project for prototype testing in place of the actual home appliance.
Table 4.
Components Quantity Price
Arduino Microcontroller 1 #3000
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H06 Bluetooth module 1 #5000
Resistors 2 #600
Relay 2 #1200
Switch 1 #150
9V battery 1 #200
Diode 2 #400
Transistor 2 #500
LED 3 #300
TOTAL #11350
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CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMANDATIONS
5.0 Introduction
This chapter discussed the summary conclusion and recommendation.
5.1 Summary
This project report is on design and construction of microcontroller base
domestic home appliances remote control. The device was design and
constructed, it start with the introduction in chapter one followed by literature
review in chapter two, result designed analysis in chapter three, testing and
result in chapter four and finally summary, conclusion and recommendation in
chapter five.
5.2 Conclusion
This research report in on design and construction of microcontroller base
domestic home appliance remote control system, this system was design and
constructed. from the results, the device performance was satisfactory. Is able to
switch ON and switch OFF domestic home appliance with the use application on
android or IOS device called Bluetooth terminal.
5.3 Recommendation
The following recommendation is hereby suggested;
I. The knowledge of using microcontroller (Ardiuno) should be taught to the
students before the project.
II. The department should provide the microcontroller chip for the purpose
of practical for students in the department.
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III. The department should organized training workshop on how to use
microcontroller and some electronic components.
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Dias C.K, Bahaullah M, Sarowerand H.M.G. and M.M. Hassan
(2009).”Development of a cell” international journal of electrical and
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http://www.123eng.com/projects/microcontroller_based_home_security_project.
html,Web.
http://www.sbprojects.com/knowledge/ir/rc5.php
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Khiyal, M.S.H, Khan and Shehzadi A.K (2009) “SMS Based Wireless Home
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Nhivekar G.S and Mudholkar R.M (2011)
Sajiduiiah S. Khans H.N, Anuja M.C Khodustar B.H and Koli N.C (2011)
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27
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1 Characteristics of HC06 Bluetooth Module
The HC06 Bluetooth module used in this project is a slave device. That means,
on its own, it cannot initiate a connecting meaning a master Bluetooth device
state the connection. This device is 3.3v logic device. This means the HC06
module cannot communicate with the controller using logic levels above 3.3v.
Any attempt to communicate above 3.3v could damage the Bluetooth module. In
the other to safety communicate with the device; a logic level connector circuit
was designed.
28
Plate 3: Internal view of the prototype
29
Plate 4: casing
30
ABBREVATION, DEFINITION AND SYMBOLS
DTMF Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
LED Light Emitting Diode
IC Integrated Circuit
IR Infrared
31
