Overview of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

The cell is the fundamental functioning unit of the human body. Trillions of body cells work
together to create an individual who, when healthy, is able to adapt to a constantly changing
external environment, while maintaining internal balance. Since approximately 50% to 60% of
the human body is water, internal balance involves the regulation of body fluids. The ability to
maintain internal balance in the presence of external stressors is termed homeostasis.

Homeostatic balance is necessary for cells to perform their individual physiologic tasks. A steady
delivery of nutrients (oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids), the continuous removal of
metabolic wastes (carbon dioxide and other end products of cellular metabolism), and the
maintenance of a stable physiochemical environment are essential to homeostatic balance and
thus to normal cellular function. Disruption of any of these three factors results in homeostatic
imbalance with cellular dysfunction and illness.

All organs and body structures are involved in the maintenance of homeostasis. The nervous
system with its three major components (sensory, integrative, and motor) enables the individual
to perceive and interact with the surrounding environment and coordinates and regulates the
functions of the other organ systems. Without the musculoskeletal system, the movements
necessary to obtain nutrition would be impossible. The skin forms the first line of defense against
a hostile external environment and prevents the loss of body fluids. The gastrointestinal tract,
lungs, and liver are necessary for the acquisition, conversion, and storage of nutrients. The
cardiovascular and hematologic systems deliver nutrients to the cells and carry wastes to the
kidneys and lungs for excretion. In addition to the excretion of wastes, the kidneys play an
especially vital role in regulating the volume and composition of body

fluids. The role of the kidneys in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance will be discussed
in greater detail in Chapter 2. The endocrine system, through the release of multiple hormones,
regulates the body's metabolic functions and, like the kidneys, is involved in the regulation of the
volume, concentration, and composition of body fluids.

Single-celled organisms depend on their surrounding environment for the delivery of nutrients
and the removal of metabolic wastes. An amoeba living in a salty pond obtains its nutrients
directly from the pond water and depends on the diluting effect of the pond for the dissipation of
wastes. The amoeba, however, has little protection from changes in its environment. If the pond
is flooded with rain water or dries up, the amoeba's environment is dramatically altered, and its
function is affected. Multicellular organisms, on the other hand, are protected from immediate
changes in their external environment by the fluids that surround their cells. It is as if
multicellular organisms carry their own "pond" around with them. The volume, concentration,
and composition of the "pond" can be regulated in order to maintain a stable environment for the
cells with sufficient nutrients and adequate removal of wastes. Thus homeostatic balance for the
human body requires continuous regulation of the fluid that surrounds the cells. In this way the
fluid within the cells is protected, which ensures normal cellular function.