The diagram below represents the inputs and outputs of water from a lake over a period of time.

P = p re c ip ita tio n (ra in , s n o w ) E = e v a p o ra tio n fro m th e

fa llin g o n th e s u rfa c e o f s u rfa c e o f th e la k e
th e la k e

I = in flo w fro m L ake R = ru n -o ff in a s tre a m

s tre a m s
flo w in g o u t o f th e la k e

S = lo s s b y d o w n w a rd m o v e m e n t in to th e ro c k s

Assuming there is neither a rise nor a fall in the level of the lake, and there are no other inputs
or outputs, what is the value of R?

A. P+I–E–S

B. I+P+E+S

C. (S + E) × (I + P)

D. I+P+E–S
(Total 1 mark)

n a mature forest, the trees are eaten by small primary consumers which are then eaten by much
larger secondary consumers. Which of the following pyramids best represent this ecosystem?
 P y r a m id o f n u m b e r s P y r a m id o f b io m a s s

A .

B.

C.

D .

(Total 1 mark)

Which processes occur in the following regions of the atmosphere?

Troposphere Lower Stratosphere Upper Stratosphere

A. Natural formation of Destruction of ozone Formation of ozone through
ozone through human activity human activity
B. Formation of ozone Destruction of ozone Natural formation of ozone
through human activity through human activity
C. Destruction of ozone Natural formation of ozone Formation of ozone through
through human activity human activity
D. Formation of ozone Natural formation of ozone Destruction of ozone
through human activity through human activity
(Total 1 mark)

Which is the correct set of statements?

Troposphere
Absorbs large proportions of long-wave
A. radiation from above; temperature
increases with altitude
Absorbs large proportions of long-wave
B. radiation from below; temperature
decreases with altitude
C. Absorbs large proportions of short-wave
radiation from above; temperature
Stratosphere
Absorbs large proportions of short-wave
radiation from below; temperature
decreases with altitude
Absorbs large proportions of short-wave
radiation from above; temperature increases
with altitude
Absorbs large proportions of long-wave
radiation from below; temperature
 increases with altitude
Absorbs large proportions of short-wave
D. radiation from below; temperature
decreases with altitude
decreases with altitude
Absorbs large proportions of long-wave
radiation from above; temperature increases
with altitude
(Total 1 mark)

Which statement about photochemical smog is correct?

A. Photochemical smog is independent of local topography and climate.

B. Photochemical smog is a mixture of snow and rain formed when the upper air
temperature is below freezing.

C. Photochemical smog results from the meeting of two air streams in areas of low
pressure.

D. Photochemical smog is a mixture of pollutants formed under the influence of sunlight.

(Total 1 mark)

Which of the following are normally associated with the formation of photochemical smog?

I. Nitrogen oxides

II. Sunlight

III. Volatile organic compounds

IV. Clouds

A. I and III only

B. III and IV only

C. I, II and III only

D. I, II, III and IV

(Total 1 mark)

Which of the following pairs of statements about ozone is correct?

Tropospheric ozone Stratospheric ozone

A. It is significantly affected by increasing It accumulates in high concentration to
levels of CFCs form the ozone layer
B. It causes health problems in humans and It is significantly affected by
animals increasing levels of CFCs
 C. It accumulates in high concentration to It damages photosynthetic organisms
form the ozone layer
D. It damages photosynthetic organisms It causes health problems in humans
and animals
(Total 1 mark)

Photochemical smog is part of a cyclic process which requires ___I___ and produces ___II___.

Select the words that should be inserted from the table below.

I II
A. ultraviolet radiation CFCs
B. sun light and nitrogen oxides oxygen atoms
C. sun light and water vapour ultraviolet radiation
D. ultraviolet radiation and carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
(Total 1 mark)

Which list below contains only components of renewable natural capital?

A. Fish, timber, cattle

B. Methane, the ozone layer, water vapour

C. Groundwater, hydroelectric power, solar energy

D. Rice, whales, diamonds

(Total 1 mark)

Two ecosystems have the following abundance of species:

 Number of individuals
Species P Species Q Species R
Ecosystem X 95 3 2
Ecosystem Y 33 33 34

Which of the statements below is correct?

A. Ecosystem X has the highest species diversity as one species is more numerous than
the other

B. Ecosystem Y has the highest species diversity because this is a measure of both the
number of species and their abundance

C. The species diversity of both ecosystems is equal as they both have three species

D. Ecosystem Y has the highest species diversity because there is no competition between
species
(Total 1 mark)

Lime was put into Scandinavian lakes in the 1980s as

A. a response to acid rain from the combustion of fossil fuels in other European countries.

B. an attempt to replace nitrogen lost by excessive harvesting of fish.

C. an attempt to combat eutrophication caused by excessive local use of fertilisers.

D. a waste product from local industrial processes.

(Total 1 mark)Which impact(s) on ecosystems may be associated with the release of sulfur oxides into the
atmosphere?

I. Increased uptake of aluminium ions by living organisms

II. A decrease in certain mineral storages in the soil

III. Reduced leaf surface area in coniferous forests

A. I, II and III

B. I and III only

C. I only

D. III only
(Total 1 mark)