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    Infinite Series Solutions

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    Rhythm Das

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    CHAPTER 8 INFINITE SERIES 8.1 LIMITS OF SEQUENCES OF NUMBERS 5. ay =(-1, n= 1,2,... 6. a,=(-I)*n?, n= 1,2... Taam -Laahaye 8 a,=n-4,n=1, 2... 9 a =4n-3, 021,20 10, a, = 4-2, 2 =1,2).0. _yet ey etGD BL. 18. Jim, 2+ (0.1)"=2= converges (‘Table 8.1, #4) 14, > converges 45. = -1 = converges 18, fim, —p2t8— Jim, Bt 3 noe neon 6 OT (n+ 3)(a +3) 654 Chapter 8 Infinite Series 19, (Lim, (1+ (=1)") does not exist => diverges 20. img, (—19"(1 4) does not exist diverges 21. =} > converges 22, 23, Jim = Jig foe (5 = Vi = converges sin(girg, (-+8)) =sin $= 1 > comers 25. Jim, S122 = 0 because — 888 <1 = converges by the Sandwich Theorem for sequences an? 26. ting, Gn” = 0 because 0 converges (using !Hopital’s rule) my () MOS ty GD ty V5 2 uy WE 28 i TR lt (se) tn re ST 0 = converges lag, [na Ta = 29. dg, HY Jing, 30. tim, {ln n—In(n + 1)] aL. 7 <> converges (Table 8.1, #5) 32. vim | = converges {Table 8.1, #5) 3B. (Table 8.1, #3 and #2) (Table 8.1, #2) (Table 8.1, #3 and #2) Section 8.1 Limits of Sequences of Numbers 655 36. lim, (n +4) /940 = Jim x'/* = 1 = converges; (let x=n-+4, then use Table 8.1, #22) -1=4 converges (Table 8.1, #2) 30. ing, Va = ig, Ya bi fim, PAT ig OMS ig, ance. alin, =9 => converges (‘Table 8.1, #3) 1-2+34n— 1m) i 30. Jig ASS lim, (h) = Cand Bh > 0 Jing, B= 0 = converges (Table 8.1, #6) ay #00 = diverges (Table 8.1, #6) (Table 8.1, #8) 13 /{le nm) 42, gi, (BY =m, 0 tn(A)) = fim, nD) = 1 comer 44. Jim, In(1 +4) =10( ig, (44) etn e=1sconverges (Table 8.1, #5) eo(* (Qn +1) ~In(3n— >) 2/3 =, converges = sin, 20 (geet) ol on w+T (4) 46. mse im, ex lin, va tt) 4 > converges tin (1) "= di, x(or7) "=> ti, e9( =x jim, exp(sa27)= 2° 1 x > 0 => converges 656 Chapter 6 infinite Series Bi. ling tan tn = ¥ 8 g o +B =0 = converges lim, (@=( is) ) O = converges (‘Table 8.1, #4) 2 34 lim, Va? en = Jim, exp[ not) =0 = converges =n > 692.8 in J aay = a) << AREY = > 28 = 6024, =(2)"" and Jim. ay =E > ran <( 1 sm | YR = 1] 109 = ag ca ag 9 (MB cn ef HOOLY” 5 n> 0020 a 8 = 0198 1 and lim, a, =! 39, (8) © 1079 =n In (0.9) <3 In 10 > Th) ar, jr 65.54 = N= 655 2, Section 8.1 Limits of Sequences of Numbers 657 60, we 1977 = nt > 2"107 and by calculator experimentation, n> 14 > N= Md; a, a and Jim, a, =0 61. (a) ire 1, 37 —2(2)4 = 1; tet f(a,b) = (a +2b)? — 2(a +b)? = a? + dab-+ 4b? — 2a? — dad — 2b? = 2b? - a sah DBP = 2 = flab) = 2b? — a? = 1; a? - 2b? = 1 = fla,b) = 2b? a? = -1 ad2bY _ _ a? +4ab+4b? ~ 2a? ~dab— 2b? _-(a?~ 2b?) 4) 2 oinea(see) (ao Sean ae VAG Tu the first and second fractions, yq 21. Let ft represent the (n —1)th fraction where 2> 1 and b> n—¥ for na positive integer > 3. Now the nth fraction is aoe and a}b>%b>2n-2>a>y,>0. Thus, stim, t= v2 1). (Ax) _ 4 HO-+ Ax) £0) _ 62. (a) lim, e(h)= tm i oe Hos AAO) = (0), where x = b (b) Jim, nm tan“*(B) = (0) = phat tio = (©) im, tele ver) 20. . fic) (@) gli, nin(1+3) = 10) = fx) = In(1 + 2x) 2 $20) 2 a ]= fan? +2n+ 3} = 2n? 420+ 1 and a? +b? = (2n-+1)?+ (22+ 2n) = dn? + dm +14 dnt 4 Bn? 4 tn? 63. (a) Ifa=2n4+ 1, then b = SAO ED (20? hon = 2a? 42m, = = 4n' + 8n?+8n?+4n +1 =(2n? +241) <8 2n? +20 2 on F201 sin 6 = lim, sin @ oar]? a1 or jim, 1 ic (2). ig, #0 (2h) nt a:(B) 9/Inz, Stirlings approximation = Val = (B)(2nm)!/ 2") w 2 for large values of n 64. (a) Jim, (2an)?/ 9) (b) 2 z 40 15.76852702 14,71517765 50 19,48325423 18.39307206 60 23.19189561 22.07276647 658 Chapter 8 Infinite Series ~One)fe Qnefe (b) For all > 0, there exists an N =e" such that n > e7 inn > lf mnt >m(2) oatota dces[d-olccs jim £ o 66. Let {a,} and {b,} be sequences both converging to L. Define {¢,} by cya 42,3, such that when n> Ny then [b,—L|<¢. fm > max{Ny,No}, then both inequalities hold and hence by, and cay = aq, Where + For all €>0 there exists Ny such that when n > Ny then [a,~L| Ny then |a,—L]<¢ -¢ No then [ey -L] <= -¢ max{N,,Np}, then Lae < ay Sb, Seq [by Le = Jim by = Le 70. Jay —L| <6 = flag) ~f(L)|N +ja,_—L{N-=>|a,-L| N and n > N. = [Aq 7 LAL ay] < [tq —L[4]L ay < $45 12. Given an € > 0, by definition of convergence there corresponds an N such that for all a > N, Ih |p Ly |< 2c says that the difference between two fixed vaines is smaller than any positive number 2c a [SE and [Ly —ay|< Now |Ly— Ly] =| Lp~ ay + ay — Ly |Sfly—ag|+jay—Ly] 0 there corresponds an N such that n >N > [a,—O]<¢ = [41 < 6 = [lal] <€ = |]ay|-0] @ there corresponds an N such that for n >N, }Jay|—0]<+ = Jan] <¢ = |_| 1.001: piot {Cx Bix) ik): with(plois): display({A,B}); Mathematica: Clearfa,iyn] aln_] = W/m) atab = Teble[ afi], {4,25} ] // Nj ListPlot{ atab j L = Limit{ jn}, n-> Infinity ] Note: for thie a[n], the first » for which Ja[nJ-L|<0.001 is n= 1! Let’s find the next. afl] - L First check several orders of magnitude, then zoom in by trial & error: Table{_{i, Nla{lOy—1}, {10} ] N[a{9000] 1] Nlaj9200] - L] N(ai9123] ~ L} Nialgi24} - This is the first n for which lafnJ-L|<0.001; for 0.0001, we get the rough estimate: ‘Nja{120000] — 8.2 SUBSEQUENCES, BOUNDED SEQUENCES, AND PICARD’S METHOD =at =a 9 = 35R, 560 “0 = TEIs;600 660 Chapter 8 Infinite Series x nd (b) x; = 2, Xp = 1.75, xy = 1.732142857, x4 = 1.73205081, x5 = 1.732050808; we are finding the positive J, > 0, or where x= 3 number where x? — 3 = 0; that is, where x? 8. xy = 1.5, xp = 1416666667, x, = 1.414215686, x, = 1.414213562, x, = 1.414213562; we are finding the ;, that is, where x? = 2, x > 0, or where x = 2. positive number x’ 9. (@} f(x) =x? —2; the sequence converges to 1414213562 x V/2 (b) Sfx} = tan (x) — 1; the sequence converges to 0.7853981635 = 7 (©) Mx) = e% the sequence 1, 0, —1, -2, -3, ~4, -5, ... diverges 10. (a) x, = 1, xy = 1 + cos(1) = 1.540302806, xq = 1.540302306 + cos (1 + cos(1)) = 1.570791601, x, = 1.570791601 + cos (1.570791601} = 1.570796827 = to 9 decimal places. (b) After a few steps, the arc(x,_1) and line segmen! cos(x,_1) are nearly the same as the quarter circle. 3(n4 1+] gn4i tsi Fl Sn+t = 4 > 2 the steps are reversible so the sequence is nondecreasing; SAT <3 =} 3n41<3n43 Sn+4. 3nt) ,g,2 02 PES > ROH! + on? +304 dn 44> Bn? + 6nt nt? He agg, 2a, > => 1 <5; the sleps are reversible so the sequence is bounded above by 3 QloF +9! | Cas 3)! _, Qn+5}t (2n43}!_ Onto) (neat 12 na 280 > Topsy! re b> Geil > Qn ae? wae = (In +5)(2n +4) > n4+2; the steps are reversible so the sequence is nondecreasing; the sequence is not = (On +3)(2n-+2)--(a. +2) can become as large as we please ; getiget gnge getigett (nt Dt ne Stn GS gh age ST sible so the sequence is decreasing after as, but i is not nondecreasing for all its terms; a, = 6, ay = 18, = 2:3. x, with x, s0 the scquence is nondecreasing and bounded above by 1 => the sequence converges. upper bound and therefore diverges. Hence, {a,} also diverges. nel, (at4! a, Dang, @ pe SE nonincreasing and bounded below by 1 => it converges eon? $2n 41> n?42n 130 and 22> 1; thus the sequence is 22. ay Da, olive AAV2OF) eri s Vin ena fit VIP Tn oo YETI Va me OT eed and 1+V28 5 75, thus the sequence is nonincseasing and bounded below by /2 = it converges va 2 ina" antl 28. ay > ayy oo Lt a IE ep DHT gmt gm ye 9m ght) gy ght _ 9h y gmblgn _gngntt eo 2-12-4441 > 1 > 4°(2—4) ee 1 > (-2)-4% thus the sequence is nonincreasing. However, — 45 = d._ 2” which is not bounded below so the sequence diverges 4 SEP ca Pen enol ze” 9G) al 14(3)" 24: thos she sagencesnonincreaing an bronded low by 4 = it converges 662 Chapter 8 Infinite Series 25, Let. kin) and ifn) be two order-preserving functions whose domains are the set of positive integers and whose ranges are a subset of the positive integers. Consider the two subsequences ayiqy and 24), Where Ay(q) — Lys ign) 7 ha and Ly # Lys Given an € > 0 there corresponds an N; such that for k(n) > Ny. [ay(q) — La] <6 and aan Ng such that for i(n) > Nay Jaigqy~ La] <& Let N= max{N,,Ng). Then for n > N, we have that Jan Ly[<€and a, —Lg|0 there corresponds an N, such that [2k >N, > [ay -L]< de Similarly, agg > b [PRE Ny = Jaga —b | N = a,—L] wy = = nl my = ay) ong = Tas a 0 5 BA. xg = initial gues = 3y 238 5 xy =(08) = ads os my = Hspagl< Lm =O 28 — os [x9[> 1 > 4 = 00 as 1 00 35-36. Example CAS Commands Mathematica (with comments in text ceils) alt] = SetPrecisionf1,20] aln_] := ala] = SetPrecision{afa—1] + (1/5)"-",20); The SetPrecisionf ] command allows you to see the specified number of digits rather than the default value of six. The recursive definition, afn_Jtsa[n]=.., causes Mathematica to remember values of the sequence that were previously calculated. The alternative form, an forces Mathematica to recalculate all the values of the sequence up to a[n), for each value of a, as a resalt, the first form is computationally more efficient. Clearfseq); seq = Table[a[o}, {n,1,25}] ListPlot{seq,PlotRange—> {Min|seqj,Max{seq]}, PlotStyle—+ {PointSize[0.020], RGBColor[i,0,0]}, AxesLabel— {“n",“afn}”}]; The sequence in Exercise 35 appears to converge to the limiting value of 1.25. Section 8.2 Subsequences, Bounded Sequences, and Picard’s Method 663 aah WhilefAbs[afa] —b] > eps, n+; Print{a}; Maple: > restart; > Digits:=20; Specifying a value for Digits allows you to see the specified number of digits of precision in the displayed results of numerical calculations. > a(1)=evaif{ai); > for i from 2 to n do > afi):evalf(((a(i-1),i-1)) > ods > (Gai) S$=1n]k > enc > f= (ai)>ar (1/5); > avals:=reeur( 1,25); > plot(avals.style=POINT symbol=CIRCLE}; ‘The sequence in Exercise 35 appears to be converging to a limit value of 1.25. .0001; > for i from 1 to 25 while abs(avals[i,2}-L)>=eps do nat od: > print(n); > 37. Example CAS Commands: roe(f,a0,n) local ij; evalf(a); from 1 ton do wvalf(f(a(i—1)}) a-> (1+ s/m)sa +b; 020135 m= 12; bra 50; recur(,1000,100}: plot(%.styles:POINT.symbol=CIRCLI (60); Mathematica: ‘Clearfa,t.tn,b) alo] i= (142/m) ala] + b (a) af] = 1000; + = 0.02015; m = 12; b = As atab = Table{ afi, (10.50) ] // Ny ListPlot[ atab | a[éo} 664 Chapter 8 Infinite Series ald] = 1000;r = 0.02015; m = 12; b = 50; = (t4e/m)n (ell) + m b/c) — mbjr Tablef {afij.ak[i}}, {i,0,50) ] // 14r/m) akin) + > // Simplify prec( fan) local is a(0):= evalf(a); for i from i ton do evalf(f(a(i—1))} iterate(f, 0.301, plot(%, style= Mathematica: Note: We could define a[n] recursively, but here we need only the first several values so it’s eagier to use an iterated function: "OINT, symbol=CIRCLE, tile='LOGISTIC PLOT, c = 75, a= 301); Clearlarn.) iter{ an} =r an (1~an) 1 = 3/ atab = NestList{ iter, 0.8, 100 J; ListPlot{ atab | To plot several lists together: << Graphics'MultipleListPiot’ 1 = 365; MultipieListPlot] NestLisi{ iter, 0.3, 300 ], NestList{ iter, 0.301, 300} } 5 = 3.75; MuleipleListPlot{ NestList] iter, 0.3, 300 J, NestList{ iter. 0.301, 300] ] 8.3 INFINITE SERIES Le _atieey_2C-()) eT aE) Section 8.3 Infinite Series 665 nh uanath-$)4(+35 +(h- ahs) . is the sum of two geometric series; the sum is 4, 8,16 = 2,4, 4 the ic seri i \_10 12. aed he theater gt -): the surn of this geometric series a/ 5)? 8. Gacaiea = wT" HT? BQ) Eb)+ (bay) + aah) + (glean aha) =! ae = li = atin. (Ogle) = 666 Chapter & Infinite Series A B_ AGN 4 BOND) | gion 41) 4 Bn -1) 36 Moa RT ET ee = As 2B)n 6 AB) moa [7A goats Gr 2A=05 A=Sand B= -3. Hence, Xacti 3B ht n)={ be bea = 3(1 pty) = the sum is J 1 400 B "n= 1PQn+ 1 1* Gap AQQn = 1)(2n +1)? + Bn + 1)? + C(2n + 51a — 1)? + DL Gn IP 2n +1) = A(2n— 1)(2n + 1)? + B(Qn + 1)? + C(2a + 1)(2n~ 1}? + D(2n = 1)? = 400 = A(8n? 4 4n? — 2n— 1) + BCan? + 4n +1) 4 C(8n9 — dn? ~ 2n 4 1) = D(4n?— dn +1) = 40n = (BA + 8C)n? + (4A + 4B —4C + 4D)n? + (-2A +4B - 2C—4D)n + (-A+B+C +D) =40n BA 4BC= 0 BA +8C 4A4+4B-4C+4D= 0 J A+ B-C+ D B+ D= 0 yy 24 +4B-2C~4D = 407) -A 4 2B~C—2D 2B-2D =20 “A+ B+ C+ D= 0 [-A+ B+C+ D= Arcs 0 . 40n, =- A= x D=-b=> BHC 5a 07 C=O andA =D. Hence, ¥ larity Hina) L a4 +1)? (2k)? uy) * Letra mer =} “$b =5(1-geh aa) = tesa io, (1 -ta)+(watsa-men) tl ing ray > i Section 8.9 Infinite Series 667 £9, convergent yemetrie ein with sm — be KG =24y2 VA 20. divergent geometric series with ir{= y/2 >1 21. convergent geomnetric series with sum, 22. cos(na) = (—1)" = convergent geometric series with sum 28, convergent geometric series with sum 4 (8) 24, (lim, In f = oo #0 = diverges 25. convergent geometric series with sum 26. difference of two geometric series with sum —L— -@Q -@) a7. lim, (1- iy —' £0 > diverges 28. convergent geometric series with surn 2». inna) z [in (n) = Im (m+ 1)] => 5, = fn (1} — In (2)] + [In (2) — In (3) ] +f (8) — In 64] +. + [In (nm ~ 1) —In (n)]}+[In (x) —In (n+ 1] = fa (1} In (2 $1) = In(n+1) 4 Jim, s, = -co, = diverges of 238.241 © 22459? | 80. divergent geometric series with Int 4 D> tim, n= 00 = diverges ce £0 = diverges 32. im, 2 = im, 2 668 Chapter 8 Infinite Series oF Oates! a S¥sinx _ B45inx gop ait y Daten x) = BFP sin x OA 37, a= 1, r= 2x; converges to yp for /2x|-< 1 orixi< 38. 39. a= 1, r= S54; converges to 40. a= 1, r= In x; converges to Jpg torlla xictoret ay. a ay Ly at 05h (a) diverses by the ath-Term Test. 62, Since the sum of a finite number of terms is finite, adding or subtracting a finite number of terms from a that diverges does not change the divergence of the series. 63. Let A, =a; +a) +...48, and lim A, =A. Assume 5 (a, +b,) converges to $, Let Sq (a, + By) + (2p + bg) Fo. + Gy +g) By = (Ay Hay +... Haq) + (by + by Ho +B) = by thy t..+b, = 8,-A, = lim. (by +by +... +b,)=S—A > DD by converges. This contradicts the assumption that J> b, diverges; therefore, 32 (a, +b,) diverges. 8.4 SERIES OF NONNEGATIVE TERMS 1. diverges by the Integral Test; | 3 dx =In(n+i)-In 2 = | ow i t 2. diverges by the Integral Test: Section 8.4 Seties of Nonnegative Terms 671 = }(u?n hn 2) MW dx 00 . diverges by the Integral Test: | Ine g, , diverges by the Integral Test: J Sd ax; 2 & lim, [2e®/%(b—2)—2el™™/n 2 —2)] = 50 . | teas! 2 5. converges by the Integral Test: [ pores | au ok 1h tante) = Fata! & lim, (tan“!b—tan“he) = J mtan“he 0.35 . diverges by the Integral Test: ] ax | =ln(\fa+i)-In2 Viti =x tus = (t) usin he Integral Tests a ax; * { “ converges by the Integral Test las fiawPol *|du=fex|~ J ava = pm, (sect ai = im, [owe ~ eee" Qn 3)}= im, [c08-*(2)— eee a 9] = cos”! (0) —see“? (In 3) = F—sec™? (In 3) 1.1439 converges by the Integral Test: jos [tee (itsl- Jee ae = 4 x(.+ints) TeQn xP" lau= fax)” | I+0 . = fim, [tanu]p = Jim, (tan"*b ~ tan“40) = -0 =F diverges by the Direct Comparison Test sincen >1> Ji>Yna dfar2yarya 114 he p-series $8 1 dive 2 yphgee bg ante panies Ee sms nel diverges by the Direct Comparison Test since ntntn >n+ /a+0 = 2, which is the nth term of the divergent series $* 672 Chapter 8 Infinite Series 2 11, converges by the Direct Comparison Test; 8B,2 < Jy, which is the nth term of « convergent geometric series 12, converges by the Direct Compatison Test; 1+£05.2 = < Jana the prseries dr eonverges 13, converges by the Direct Comparison Test; (sexy < (a) < Qy, the nth term of a convergent. geometric 44. diverges by the Direet Comparison Test; n> Inn >In n>Ininn= 2 <-—1 and the series S° Tan * intin ny a diverges 15, diverges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 3) when compared with 3> 4, a divergent p-series: lim, 285 = tim, —L— =H i mee (ina? atts wl (E) pet 16. converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 2) when compared with S* -b, a convergent p-series: ® acl (Table 8.1) 17. converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 2) when compared with 3: 44, a convergent p-series: 8 & (in n)° 1) L im, din ny? 30m 9)CH) gg Gan? 20m a)(h a dita, G ly oe = 5 (Oh tg, =3 im, ( des am, ae 2) =6-0=0 {Table 8.1) verges by the Limit Comparison Test. (part 3) with B, the nth term of the divergent harmonic series: Section 8.4 Series of Nounegative Terms 673 20. diverges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 3) with |, the nth term of the divergent harmonic series: an, (le) = dim pig
  • =140 weT at. Jp, which is a divergent o-series 38, converges; 5 ah 2y a which is a convergent p-series 39, diverges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 3) with 1, the nth term of the divergent harmonic series: Bs B 1 (a +o =) = roca ay (bY L’Hépital’s Rule) = wo lB 0) inn, ing Hert Rule) = lim, sta a) m, n for 8 Section 8.4 Series of Nonnegative Terms 675 n22=6n2(n?—1)> 03 > nVaP=1 >a? 42, diverges im, 4, = Ji, ( = Jim — Ott at Ee Tae DP (at 43. converges by the Ratio Test: io, Antti, (HDA +2) hat its “Sea eG ADM TE =a, CHIO(EH)-40 44. converges by the Ratio Tes! (ns)! i 1 45. converges by the Ratio Test: lim, att A Ga Pay ar ote o<1 46. converges by the Ratio Test: lim, 2 tan"? « 47. converges by the Integra! Test: J 8 sa 2 dx; (: | = i au du [0 f2 = “T+tl xf : Peete} 5 1 Tae 48. diverges by the Integral Test: [zn* nce led | ae = lim, $(ln b—In 2) = Pa b 49. converges by the Integral Test: J sech x dx =2 im J —fagdx= i i 32 fim, (tan ob tanta) = 7-2 tan “te 50. converges by the Integral Test: | ech? sech?x 6x = Jim (tanh xl? = lim (tanh b — tank 1) * & 1 F tanh 1 BA. converges by the Direct Comparison Tests “7Pyerr- (s [2+(-0"] <(J@ 676 Chapter 8 In Series 54, diverges by the Direct Comparison Test: 38>} for n> 3 55. converges by the Lit ‘Comparison Test (part 1) with * the nth term of a convergent p-seriest ( 10n 41 net 0 2), ln? in * “Re Ine? ac) 57. converges by the Direct Comparison Test: '812 EB Me tors u sit i a F z & a . convergent p-series and a nonzero constant (@) 58. converges by the Direct Comparison Test: seo“tn < § = S258 < 475 an ae Sah product of a convergent p-series and a nonzero constant 59. diverges by the nth-Term Test for divergence; jig, a sin(1) at, a) oh | ea vale [agim a=] Gah) . Section 8.4 Series of Nonnegative Terms 677 By, (ee), 7 62. converges by the Ratio Test: Jim, “344 = lim. a. = Jim, 148 = 0 since the numerator approaches 1+ while the denominator tends lo oo \(a4)(=3)-G)a 3 yy = hy tage = ge: which isa constant times the general term of the diverging harmonic series 65. diverges by the nth-Term Test: a =4, ay Poa PA-Pany Viens 2, = YE = im, a, = 1 because A/T) is a subsequence off {YE} whose li (wy ) which is the nth-term of a convergent geometric series it is 1 by Table 8.1 66. converges by the Direct Comparison Test: a }. &% anal 67. (a) I im, G20, them there exits an integer N euch that for alln > Ny [PRO] <4 =e 1 N,fe>1 say > by Thes, if L b, diverges, then Fa, diverges by the Direct Comparison Test. 68. Yes, 5 5B converges by the Direct Comparison Test because 2 N, 72 >1=>a,>b, If Do, converses, then J> by converges by the Direct Comparison Test 70. Xa, converges = lim, a, = 0 = there exists an integer N such that for all n > N,O L af converges by the Direct Comparison Test aa. ] 2 b= tim In OE? (Peachy) axe lie, [0 tn fe 2 In be il? = im in’ ae 678 Chapter & Infinite Series " (b+2)* " a co a>h yy ‘ " a dim, SSP =a lim b+2)1 = L 1? the series converges to In(3) if a = 1 and diverges to co if a> 1, Ifa <1, the terms of the series eventually become negative and the Integral Test does not apply. From that point on, however, the series behaves like a negative multiple of the harmonic series, and so it diverges. e b 72. Loa dx = tin {inj obo = ab=}-inf-2.); tim bal. [ch eH ee TT, re eee as) EE nash = the series converges to In()=In 2 if a= 4 and diverges to oo if 2, 2 cosc} ac}. Ia>4, the terms of the series eventually become negative and the Integral Test: does not apply. From that point on, however, the series behaves like a negative multiple of the harmonic series, and so it diverges. 73. Let A, = So apand B, = 3° aka, ,, where {a} is a nonincreasing sequence of positive terms converging to i mG) 0. Note that {A,} and {B,} are nondecreasing sequences of poeitive terms. Now, Bay = 2a + dag + Bag +--+ 2" an = Bay + (20g + 204) + (Dag + 2ag + Lag + 2ag)t... + (2a¢g15 + 2agmy +--+ 2tgons) S 2g + ay +(2a + ay) + (Bag + Pag + Pay + ag )-b oes 2°77 terms + (egncty Agony oF 2AM) = am S 2 Faye Therefore if SS my converges, then {B,} is bounded above => ty.) converses. Conversely, Ay Sat (ay +89) + (gt ag tag tay) tee thay Say + 2G toy tt Pam ay $B, 1, but diverges if p> 1. = nal> i WP dus lim | = Jim ( x [o-+? (tm 2y-PH] Jb mim (=P FT, beste , | a, 75. (a) | wip 8 2 in 9)-P+ in PH, p> {> pil FPP Pm ne improper integral converges if p > 1 and diverges cpt 6 80. Section 84 Series of Nonnegative Terms 679 ifp <1. Forp= = ll, flan y= lige, [ln (In b) —In (In 2}] = co, 50 the improper integral diverges if p= (b) Since the series and the integral converge or diverge together, y war converges if and only if p> 1 (a) p= 1 the series diverges {b) p= LOL = the series converges 1 ie © & awa a 1s BU yi P= 1 the cores diverges (@) p= 3 the series converges ; ana 1 fin ny? Inn Rese: Hig, ey il Tage SIR =| Tate a) = (1)P = 1 = no conclusion a Tet f(n) = (In n)!/9, then In fin) = 2") ta Year (Gig da ay ve any (ama) T 4; therefore lim, 87a, = sig, te = fig, BGP i, SIE = ug, E00" n(n) 1 = 4, = 1 = no conclusion ( fim, (in ey a = Jim, ¢ ‘Bi for every n and the series = Fh converges hy the Ratio Test sinee ing Cpe fea = = a, converges by the Direct Comparison Test Ratio: im, “32 = ging, wip T= ain ( 1 =1= no conclusion Root: lim, a= Jim, YE = te Gap Ape | ne condlasion Example CAS commands: Maple: k -> sum{1/(n'Be(sin"2)(n)), n=1..k): Timit(s(h), k=infinity): plot(s(k), k=1..100, style=POINT, syn plot(s(k}, k=1..200, style=POINT, symbol plot(stk}, k=1..400, style=POINT, symbol cevalf(355/13); 680 Chapter 8 Infinite Series Mathematica: Clearja,k.n,§) afn_] = 1/ (x3 Sinfn}2) sik} = Sum ala}, {n.l,k} } Note: To make Mathematica smart about Limits, load the package: << Calculus ‘Limit’ Limit{ sik], k-> Infinity ] But Mathematica still cannot find the limit... Note: For plotting many partial sums, it is far more efficient to do the calculations numerically rather than exactly. $0 we redefine s[k] (where the “s[k_] r= sk] >...” causes Mathematica to remember previous results) Clear(s} sfk_] = sfk] = s{k-2] + Niafid | sll} = Nla[t) ListPlot{ Table{ s[kj, (K,100} | } ListPlot[ Table{ s{kj, {k,200} | ] ListPlot{ Table[ fk]. {k,400} ] ] Note: Change PlotRange so Mathematica does not cut off the jump. Show{ %, PlotRange -> All ] N{ 355/113 ] N[ Pi — 359/113 } Sin[ 355 | // N af 355] f/f N &5 ALTERNATING SERIES, ABSOLUTE AND CONDITIONAL CONVERGENCE converges absolutely => converges by the Absolute Convergence Test since 5° | 4 convergent p-series converges absolutely => converges by the Absolute Convergence Test since 5° |a,|= 3 cha which isa cor convergent p-series diverges by the nth-Term Test since for n> 10-= > 1 Jim, (ay #05 & ( 1 is decreasing 3,2 Ugg form > 1; also uw, 20 for n> Land Jim, plo = 10. u 12, 1B. 14 Section 8.5 Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence 681 converges by the Alternating Series Test since f(x) = 13% = f(x) In € = f(x) is 1 decreasing = U,, 2 Uq413 also uy 2 0 form >] and lim u, = Lim, InP S lim ®_, diverges by the nth-Term Test sines Jigg, DS) = Jig, IRE = im 3 = 340 converges by the Alternating Series Test since f(x) = In(1 + x7?) => f(x) <0 for x > 0 = f(x) is =-sl. = iGe4 1) apis also u, 20 form > 1 and Jim uy = im, In(1+2)=to( Jim, (1-+2))= I 1=0 decreasing + U, > ¥, VED gy Lox VE “raT 2" =a eye yard n+l converges by the Alternating Series Test since f(x) <0 = f(x) is decreasing ty > Ogg a5 also Gforn>1 and Jin, u,, = lim, aforl ayith diverges by the nth-Tetm Test since ing, YI = we Vat _ converges abt ance © jas) = $8 (pa comergent gees converges absolutely by the Direct Comparison Test since < (4) which is the nth 1 Toy term of a convergent geomettic series The series = (ay ya converges by the Alternating Series Test since (ye) > (ye) and (zen) 0. The series diverges absolutely by the Integral Test: | we dx im ayer i" = ta VOTT-2viom 0 = convergence; but converges conditionally since —1 ges conditionally since ==} > Oand Jim, i+vorl ote Te 1 is a divergent series since —t 1 and is a divergent p-series Tales divergent aya Se apis a divergent ps by Eis converges absolutely since $° Ja, vata 34 1 _ 5 0. 4 aw ges conditionally since by > Gh zg> Oand Jim, seg = 0 => convergence; but © ja, | Pot = 3 —L, diverges because 1, > A and & dis a div i = Zaria diverges because stg > gh and Fe fis a divergent series 18. converges absolutely because the series 3© {88,2 converges by the Direct Comparison Test since | i Fs 19. diverges by the nth-Term Test since im, SER = 140 20. converges conditionally since f(x) = In x is an inereasing fane 1 = 1 is dee 20. ges conditionally since f(x) = h fonction of x => ary Ty is decreasing 1 1 hin —— 7 = & 1 yee? Tate Or mz Pand dim, gag = 0 > convergence; but FE yay)= Ess & 4 Vd ana 8 Lai Dy Tina Siverees because Sha > gq and Yo diverges 21 converges conditionally since fx) = y+ = Mx) -(3+4) <0 => f(x) is decreasing and hence vig > Nyy > O for n> Land inn, (bef)-02 convergence; but S© jayj= 5 142 eB = E A+ E his the sum of a convergent and divergent series, and hence diverges me 22. converges absolutely by the Direct Comparison Tes! of a convergent geometric series 25. converges absolutely by the Ratio Test: im, (3 24. diverges by the nth-Term Test since Jim, a, = fig, 10'/"= 140 (Table 8.1) 25. converges absolutely by the Integral Test since J feant} i dim, [lon o)? Coan 1] $108) -(3) |S Section 8.5 Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence 683 26. converges conditionally since i{x) = -L— = (x) (etetlco > f(x) is decreasing tg > ugg, > O for n 22 and lim, Lh — = 0 = convergence; but by the Integral Test, xix Inx, 2 J de = im, ((@ Dae tim, [In(in x)]P = lien. [ln(Hn b) —In Gn 2] = 2 = B mis S pigdvers 27, diverges by the nth-Term Test since im, By = 140 _Ge-in x)—(in a(t (ein x? 28. converges conditionally since f(x) - tof) (4) pin = Boing ay <0 > u,2Ug4; >O when n>e and lim ao () = convergence; ~ Vd _tnn 1 that si, « &) 0 = convergence; but min cn => bas Ins so that (a x teal = alti diverges by the Direct Comparison Test (100) nt fim 200 29. converges absolutely by the Ratio Test: ai (% Sgt) = in, “er it GOs = lim, Sh =0<1 30. converges absolutely since S* Ja,[~ = (BY ise convergent geometric series 31. converges absolutely by the Direct Comparison Test since 3° Ja,|= 35 wain and wi 1 nlp 2e ays Za which is the nth-term of a convergent p-series 32, converges absolutely since = jas & wt E (4) ca comeaent geometric series 33. converges abseutly since $ fa) | - F Jglen cman’ pai 34. converges conditionally since $© e080 = $& ("is the convergent alternating harmonic series, but 684 Chapter 8 Infinite Series E bal= diverges 35. converges absolutely by the Root Test: lim, &%] (n41P iy 36. converges absolutely by the Ratio Test: lim, ae ea Ge ES wea TAS! 2, deeb he th-Tem Tete J agi, a ig, " n+ 1)(n 4 2)---(n + (n- 1} ‘n wi, SME ID a (58 og vine ya" (an ea 38. converges absolutely by the Ratio Test: lim, |"5*#[= im eee ae (n+ 2)? 3 3 = (litt, Gren EH F = a Ja converses bat n >} anoi EV sp in>ntl= 2fn> Yat] 3fi> Vari+ ya oe < a diverges by the Direct Comparison Test 40. diverges by the nth-Term Test since lim, (Yn? +n~n) aim, (Va? +n a) (G22) ees 41, diverges by the ntheTerm Test since tim, ( fas Ya ~ Ye) = iey, { fox yn- al’ _ : = | vi Section 8.5 Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence 685, , ; 1 : j ti 42. converges conditionally since {aaa} is a decreasing sequence of positive terms converging to 0 Vit vert (aren) cp ek mv -£56 rar ommen ts I a 7, # 1 5 , so that diverges by the Limit Comparison Test with Ba Sav gett es ne 5 43. converges absolutely by the Direct Comparison Test since sech (n) = 2 which is the nth term of a convergent geometric series 44. converges absolutely by the Integral Test since / sch x dx = | i i =2 lim {eoth™*(eb) ~ cot = in( im, (s4)) =In(¢t})—1n 20.77 » = -2 tim dx = -2 Jim [eoth™ wn, | eye t )-am(e4)] 2B Jago SE coh n converge 13 ast 45. tensor <|(-i9°(3)|= 0.2 46. terror < -0*( qs) = 0.00001 6 (0.01) = aed AV. jerron} <|(—1)° | = 2x 10 48, Jerror| <|(—1)*t 49, hy < By Gay'> ME = 200.000 2251 a Wcmtaenzde1-14h-d44- i & 50. a-ytag ate ata * Be it + BL. (a) 8,2 aags foils since $<} b} since F l= [ yO Es seties, we ean rearrange the terms of the original series to find its sum: () __(@) “@-@ ? EE (+E (GY the su of tno abso convergent 686 Chapter 8 Infinite Series bedded % 0.6687714032 = S19 +}-f as 0.692580927 52 34 53. ‘The unused terms are So APas = (Eas — Ayan) + C1" (anya — ange) toe 1 (ania Ante) +(Sn4a 7 Ong) 2-4]: Each grouped term is posi ive, 80 the remainder has the same sign as (—1)"*1, which is the sign of the first unused term. Bas, & wert 3-H) +(4-4 4-2)+.. +(h-Ay) which are the first 2n terms of the first series, hence the two series are the same. Yes, for oo E bc) 0D +-8) 4-24 g) rf) hh) = ads = ddim, oq = ling, (1-g-Ly)=1 = both series converge to 2. ‘The sum of the first 2a +1 terms of the first a tig, (1-5-3) 58. Using the Direct Comparison Test, since ja, {> ay and = a, diverges we must have that 3° ja, diverges. 1. Their sum is ling, 5, nat) tae series is (2-4) + by 56, fay tag t---+an/ Spar] + |aa|+--.+[aq| for all az then S© ja, jeonverges => SS a, converges and these cI ms imply thet Ze 57. (a) ¥ Ja, +b, converges by the Direct Comparison Test sinee [a, +b, | <|a,|-+)by} and hence ot & (a, +b,) converges absolutely Pt (by © |p, {converges => $2 —b, converges absolutely; since $2 a, converges absolutely and A = ‘ E —b,, converges absolutely, we have = Jay (-b,)] = (aq — bp) converges absolutely by part (a) ast ca = (0) & agi converges = tel Sta, E | ka, | converges > $F ka,, converges absolutely at 1 oa 38. Ha, =), h diverges 39. 5) 80. (a} Since Ja, | converges, say to M, for € > 0 there is an integer Ny such that] Section 8.5 Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence 687 =-1 T_iit_dyi1itibiyiiia 8st] 4-810 197 1d 16 18 BoB ™ ~9-800%, 54 = 53 +4 = 0.1766, 843 Jototo dod bod od od dit 85 = 4~ 977 9G BR GO" 32” 34-36 4H ad as dg O52, swegete on, Lid 886-758 Ny 2 PaeMi< ° Ryo & mE x lal > ese converges to L € for ¢>0 there is an integer N, (which we can choose greater than or equal to N,) such go & §- Also, Ny. Now all of the terms in the sequence {Jb} appear in {a,j}. Sum together all of the il you include all of the terms fj}, and let Ny be the largest index in the terms in fb, |}. in order, w N; , 3 al x sum $2 |b,| so obtained. ‘Then <6 as well => 5 |b, [converges to M. = a 2 At /aa £ Ia} tr 61. (a) 1f SS jayj converges, then Fa, converges and} $8 a, + Hd = nei Fast an tlen|_ Jam if a, 20 converges where b,, = 2g"! = es * 0, if a<0 @n “fan! (b) It = [aq[ converges, then = a, converges and} S as fnl= & 0, if a, 20 ay fa <0” converges where ¢, 688 Chapter 8 Infinite Series 62, The terms in this conditionally convergent series were not added in the order given. Notice that 63, Here is an example figure when N = 5. Ug > Uy > Ul and Uy > ag > uy, but u, > uy 4 for ns. “4 8.6 POWER SERIES ing: nt 2 <1 > img, PSE fcreiicis <1 Jim, [eer <1 im, laxl<1 + lael —3 when x = 3 we have 5 ae a convergent p-series (a) the radius is 3; the interval of convergence is -3 -1ex-1 <1 0 1x1 ig, <1 for all x ast sce tg [tthe {a) the radius is oc; the series converges for all x (b) the series converges absolutely for all x {e) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally ean] <1 5 5x lien <1 forall x (a) the radius is oo; the series converges for all x (bh) the series converges absolutely for all x 13. lin Section 8.6 Power Series 691 (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally want tae (a) the radius is 00; the series converges for all x (b) the series converges absolutely for ali x the series converges conditionally Yn nt g]< 19 tim, (Ay) <1 for all x Jers i, Jing (©) there are no values for whi — 2 M Gav pity) <1 e+ 37 Jim, why) <1 for all x (a) the radius is 00; the series converges for all x (b) the series converges absolutely for all x (c} there are no values for which the series converges conditionally co [Une etl ALES] " a3 15. tim, [tt] <1 > im, - in (GE) <1 2 cs mo |x$B) <5 5x43 <5 > 8 i, elxi Jig, (n-+1) <1 => only x= 0 satisfies this inequality St] <1 = lim, (2) the radius is 0; the series converges only for x = (b) the series converges absolutely only for x = 0 (©) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally oe xa in, BH <3 = i, pee |< 1 px—4i gig, (m+1) <1 only x =4 satifies this inequality (a) the radius is 0; the series converges only for x = 4 (b] the series converges absolutely only for x = 4 {c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally ayeet x42 2 eee Sim) 2 $2 1x42] go Slaeix+2te? eae =| <1> fim, = 2 -1 —2ex< th when x=—J wehave 8 (yt FT 3 apps a divergent series when x= 0 we have $2 (a) the radius is $; the interval of convergence is -2¢ x <0 (b} the interval of absolute convergence is ~ 3 Lena clap etex cewhen xe ore we afi, [US] < 2 ols | ag obtain the series $M and $ (1)" which both diverge; the interval of convergence ise")

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