Date: ————— ample. ‘a given water samp! e water sample, conical flasks, nity of halein, methyl orange. To determine the a Rrquirements:- N/30 HCl, phenolphtl burette, pipette, reagent droppers. Theory:+ Determination of alkali sample phenolphthalein and methyl orange. following equations: @ OH + =H’ > HO ] ( co; J P M (ve) CO* + =H > () HCO; + Ht — HCO; / corresponds to the reaction (a) and ‘The volume of the acid used upto phenolphthalein end point corre the d (b) te complete neutralization of OIF ions and half neutralization of COs” ions upto HCOs end point corresponds to the reaction (a), (b) sed on the titration of the water sors, The indicators used are ted by the rae due to different ions is ba Mnaking selective use of indicators, 11S eT ‘The reactions taking place may stage. The volume of the acid used upto methyl orange te and (c) ie. complete neutralisation of OH , CO;~ and HCO ions. . be Thus from the respective volume of the acid used, the respective strengths of various ions can determined. ‘A known volume of the sample is titrated against a standard acid using phenolphthalein as indicator and alkalinity is found out in terms of CaCO; equivalents by using normality equation. This alkalinity is called phenolphthalein alkalinity (P). Similarly the sample is titrated against a standard acid using methyl orange as indicator and alkalinity is calculated in terms of CaCO3 equivalents. This alkalinity is called methy} orange alkalinity (M) or total alkalinity of water sample. From the measurement of phenolphthalein alkalinity and methyl orange alkalinity, it is possible to calculate the magnitude of various forms of alkalinity present in water sample, 1. Alkalinity due to HCOs” only. 2. Alkalinity due to CO;”" only. 3. Alkalinity due to CO;?" and HCO; 7 ry due to CO;”" and OH”. 5. Alkalinity due to OH” only. Discussion:- Case I When phenolphthlein alkanity = 0 this impli i till the phenolphthlein end point if 0-This ean only happen I COrs ane ‘OF ieee Whatever alkanity is present is due t i ir : iene ty is pr is due t0 HCOy ions and can be detected using methyl orange as Case II When P = 1/2M this implies that only CO; j n P= 172M t ly COs” ions are present. Neutralization usi Pola as See upto HCO’; Same amount of acid will be ee when is used as indicator to neutrali F strength of carbonate will be given by M or 2P, NGOS fo water and COs as represented, The 14 (© scanned with oken ScannerFigu Relative amounts of acid used, using phenolphthalein and methyl orange as indicator. Case III when P < 1/2 M this implies that besides carbonate ions,HCO3” ions are also present. The acid used uptil phenolphthlein end point corresponds to half neutrlisation of carbonate ions. Further titrations using methyl orange as indicator corresponds to neutralization of HCO;~ obtained from carbonate ions and HCO; originally present in the reaction. Alkalinity due to CO;> = 2P Alkalinity due to HCO; = (M-2P) Case IV when P > 1/2M .This implies that besides COs” OH will be completely neutralized by the acid whereas CO; will be neutralized upto HCO’; stage using phenolphthlein as indicator. On further titration with the acid using methyl orange as indicator, the neutralization of carbonate takes place. Alkalinity due to CO; = 2(M—P) Alkalinity due toOH” = M-2(M-P) = (2P-M) Case (V) When P = M implies that only OH” ions are present. Alkalinity due to OH” = P = M th respect to phenolphthalein alkalinity and methyl Thus on the basis of the analysis of water wit ‘ferent ions can be calculated, The results are orange alkalinity, the alkalinity due to dil summarized in the following table; 15 (© scanned with oken Scannerali One Phenolphthalein and methyl orange. End point:- pink to colourless. Qaange to Req Procedure: a eloe, (i) Rinse and fill the burette with 1/30 N HCI. Note the initial burette reading. E Gil) Pipette out 20 ml of water sample into a conical flask, Add 1-2 drops of phenolphthaiein, Pink colour may or may not appear. on (iii) If pink colour hooting appears then titrate the water sample with 1/30 N HCL till the pink color disappears. (iv) Note down the burette reading upto phenolphthalein end point. (v) Now add 1-2 drops of methyl orange indicator into the same water sample. Yellow colour appears. (vi) Titrate it with 1/30 N HCI till a red color is obtained. (vit) Record the observation and repeat the experiment to get three concordant readings. Observations: a) Water sample I Normality of HCl used = 1/30N Volume of solution taken in titration flask (Vy) = 2 1 om No. | Burette Reading upto Burette Reading 1 ic ey Initial Final Vol used | Tnitial Final Vol used | Reading Reading (ml) (V,) Reading Reading (ml) (V2) : 0 2rd | 2nt | Imo | aay SmJ | at | aint [Qn | Gnd | tim | Sect [Ml] tend [Ds a ‘ vw mm} | 16m) Bind | Sad Concordant Volume = Lal Concordant Volume = 5 ml 16 (© scanned with oken Scanner‘Volume of the acid used upto phenolphthalein end point (Vi) = mi ‘Volume of the acid used upto methyl orange end point (V\-+ Va) = ml by Water sample I Normality of HCl used = 1/30 N Volume of solution taken in titration flask (Vy) = 2 ml aa Burette Reading upto Burette Reading upto methyl orange : phenolphthalein end point end point Initial Final Vol used Initial Final ‘Vol used Reading Reading, (1) Reading Reading (2) b 0 om) SSml| o> qmt |B Simi Z| Get | [4-Smb] SSendl Sm] pimd | som = | Amt | 22e md ss ml 22S] °’SmL| 3 Sub 4 i Concordant Volume = SE ml Concordant Volume =) ml ‘Volume of the acid used upto phenolphthalein end point (Vi). = mi ‘Volume of the acid used upto methyl orange end point (Vi' + V2’) ml henolphtalein alkalinity in terms of CaCOs equivalents NeVe 9 =) SNiva (Water sample) (Acid) si (© scanned with oken ScannerX x 1000 mg. (© scanned with oken Scannerboy ‘ fee [ra Nemes sa] EY TY Omit [emt | ss mt [Te | Smt] Strength in terms of CaCOs equivalents = Np’ x Equivalent weight of CaCO, (50) sehr sil ts g/d ‘Therefore, Phenolphthlein alkalinity =X” x 1000 mg/L = eines iL — ppm ii) Methyl orange alkalinity in terms of CaCOs equivalents Nw’ (Vw) = Na (Vi + V2’) (Water sample) (Acid) Nw = N jath in terms of CaCOs equivalents. = Ny’ x Equivalent weight of CaCO (50) ee ii Phenolptlin any = Y'x 1000 mg/L. (© scanned with oken Scanneranalyze that to which case ii nity? Ae i ¢ have to seat hors o)_ ons causing the akan nid fs, oe of individu ions / out the alkalinity in term see 10 tiie OEP and M falls and from table Resul a) Water sample I 1 as Phenolphthalein alkalinity = ppm o \p No yi ppm of CaCOs. Methyl orange alkalinity = Jons causing alkalinity = b) Water sample I Phenolphthalein a Methyl orange alkalinity = nity = ppm of CaCOs. ppm of CaCOs Ions causing alkalinity Precautions:~ 1. End point must be noted carefully. 2. Initial and final reading must be noted cautiously. 3. While observing the end point for methyl orange, always compare with colour of samp! having methyl orange indicator before titration. Viva-Voce Question 1. Define Alkalinity of water, 2. What do you mean by phenolphthalein and methyl orange alkalini 3. What is the principle of EDTA titration? s ‘ ae 4, What will be observed is methyl orange indicator is added first i the titrati What s titration? 5. Explain the various trends observed wi hthalei ee Be nds observed with phenolphthalein and methyl orange alkalini ‘5 wee are the disadvantages of hard water? What is standard hard water (SHW)? Why titrati it y titration with i i 8. How does the behavior of indicator changes with DH? ae + a a (© scanned with oken Scanner