The AxiomaticDefinition f Exc babi lety Reference Bovks: Some neemattel — (2 BABIN Tomy = Probabilty, Conce pis Reguaed » mad, cory bill & Bacs Ariomalis Def? + Laleo duchon To mathemdld Stahistics, 2» Gan, Gupin & Dasguph z oubline F stekishics VOLT. (A Class of Sets , rn ee ar ee —_—o__oiowr AI? well defined colleckon F SM. Leas bem uncversel sek. Let Ay Arvo thn he Some Subscls of S2- Ten A aft Aey oA} 18 a SA of SubSels f2 and $a Class of Seh5. If, by Penfurmé vg an operation on one on mont elements from A » if the nesulhing gucci by ig a Set from AA, then awe buy thel A is clesedundes bos opesten. For axample, 4, AEA ASéA, then A (s Closed Undun Complemen ion.) Ay As cA => Awhs ek, then 4 is clesed und we tenions, FA i$ closed rerokr tv uses, then AAR, a An eA => aoe A, eAs AwAv Aged vy EA > vo DAs EA, REN zy BB itis =A closed und Fincle encons. —"n—" ay ~o Di) Aus Bay - Any --- eA => UAn eA » then A 1s clased wndkr Cownrbble uncons . EA, Ben fAn} (6G If Au Asoo, An ce. Also; lane Wn se qunce of #0h8 fo J ZA vA -OAnu FS called a CRORES dy. fAn} 1a Seqecene ce of sehs from As 1? Ay Ce phen we Say that 15 Closed ide Coan te ble Intenasection r— [B Fie] lh#¢ 2 be a Universe SA and fA bea Inve nm nm-emp ty class of Subsels oF r- PL, non-empty clans A led ae aw Suebsels FR ot S bets of ot , 75 Cal Raa Riad os, {fF A A wo AEA ASE else) 08 ako O) py As--An EA 2, Dues. ned pleted under Finck Uncons7, Theorem: A field ts a Closed und Fiinile nkengeckions frat: LUA bea fild ms- Leh Air Arye Ane Thin, a AL,» AvEc# by property Ui) > ba cA, by pro perfiis a ( dae) “LA, by propane) a hicd . HNz123- Pence , VA is cined under Finite Brtensetios , Femetk, of 2 nm-emply class Ak f Subse $ 2 is (iy Closed undn complemenhebin Gin either closed senden Fintke Lontens 2H Closed under Finke inreasecions Theoverm iN" Ev “etd must inclide the Mull Sef Hand th veny field ae °prot: Lea Abeafild mnr- Horr is non emp dy class of Suhsers ce, Lea A cA Then Acc A, propaly vy = AacA 2» pzAuAcecA, $¢ =ANAN EL Example of frilds: 6) Axagd, DX} is the Sualest Irnonorial fied MN. ca caamane A=fd A Any i6a i) IF ACIL, then minima field Containing @ on WW The Lown cep of iL 15 the Larges? fitd M2- 5 zusthy 347, [maxinol ES). considera two frets mri Afb Ann Anz ae BBSAY. What can be faced abst A, vA. ard Ann 7 Sol. SOB: Aner =(§ 4/24, iF AEB, Is afield na fi 21f AaB. Bt AAs = 1b AB, 4585 VY 8 not a fied ningenn, as AB, AVE E AL vAz.IASB on BEA, ten A, vAs= $4; AB AB 23s Afkd as AvB= BHA, AnBzAnB. Exo) of A, and As ane fields anS2,showthet Andr ise fied ond buk Ar uAr is mob oft ML. L Tey goursdly, on Constyuckion of Rie ———————era_—r’ LeA SAUL tet, 7 be Basti tion Ff 2. ™h n n fen, Age WAL, Cow Aa)e UR and SO. 2 if The class A=Th, ALA Ans AAs, -, Anan, AWAwAs, --» Ani AnwAn, ~---5 Dae 2} = corkuininy &, SL and the tencons of Ai’S buen on Ser a him, te sels, ete, which is closed unda Finche unio and complemenbaions, qence, tS & minimal fretd npr, Gntuinry fA At, -- Anh, 2b Gntuins GC) #(M)4--4(2)2a" Shs. a 43), Tf A,BoR ,then congtruck a fietel on AL Com kuning Af oe dale, with tne Ses AsB ca. , we Construct4 Eanhlion ( ang’, nae, Bor’, GuB)} F2. Tru fitd genenaled by Yea ove fantitio is A+, An BS ADR, BatSAeB)s (Anes) vcAne), GoBd v (BAAD, Cana yy (ave)~ ns) 9 Bad’), Cand) n (HUBS (BAAD ucavel® » (AnBS) B(A0B) CBA), (Anasyy (Ans (AUB), > GaByucBaA’ y(AvBI, (ane) u (BoA SU AUBY 723, by daxerrg ‘no’ Set, fond Sef and Matos | Feankitn of 2+ Munthen oF Shs inch 1s (MAC DHYH) =94 fg) Sigma field on Ehidd Detr nevipby class A of Subse f A '8 aid Whe a SgmaRield Co-feld) on, if 6) REA 2 Acted T tlesed under Complemen hiaL Closed Under Coundab ly Wniom. I ee Theorem? or fie) is a fred. prt: te AbeasStdd mn. Tren y neha Ate oh Gi) Aur -- Any 4 & UA Lek fy As, --, An CA , be the Hien Sets, Cons de a Sequence of Seb from & 2 fA, An, Bu Ayre}. n Cine AO Acre = ae Cae Kes ves Jeence, Ais AD cA 2 wack, ¥nr- Remuak: Every o-fietd 1s o fied. tol ci is mad Prey a field may os muy te be « herd Comoe 6p finite fad 18 0 O- Field gushficen yy Aw gy Aah, n isfiteh, bea field md. Tha Sequence of Sets fim r$ teken , Dhanit Conduins Some $b from Aine+An and the Femuininys one the wepeti trons of tu SAS and Camkbk unions UA become n= @ fintke Uentons vA: Bomar’ 2z-~ny “ as A rsafield, var = Day ch S fom fe Wir ony ™ as A ts closed under Countable “tencons = fis a O-fikd , Exaampies of 6 field. oO Y= LF2hi isa findle field, hence ag-fild md L minana o-fid m2J. Gi) Az {$A A AY ACM, 19 ofinilefe hence 4 Efile on fv. [minimal o- field Condesinirsy @ J Conollary (b) — An Lnkinike fd! maz nt bea B-Fidd . o) Counter example ; La G28, Cale Set of all nahunl MUM bers » Consider a class of Sez A af acarhisfinkon © is Find} Let AEA > A isfink on isfinik = AL is nile ot (ACI £8 Finik a ACE A. Let A BEA = A, Bane finile oh AS BS ane Finke Ss pus ts fron AABEIS foil 5 cAvB) is finthe cn CAUBIE is Snile > nuB CA. pence, Ah isa field ns bub A is tnbincke, Consider a Sequence of Seks {An} When An=f2n} nz hts Samch, But Vay =f44,6- 4 n= 18 infintke and (UAy)“= £1,3,5,- 4 18 Sabiale. y n=l => UA» AA => A i's nek chsed widlt Gunde ? Wa. Honce, an infirnk Lreld may net be o-fteld (C) Kena seh, Me pon Sch off, the set Fall Subsels ofr, t30 or fredms , vy ce. Emanima S-fildo 21. tf yr is infinele, Phen Puen $4 of JL f§ an infintle field as welan infinéle eSidd int ie eee bd), Sequence of Sets 7 Consider an ondacd Colleckin oF Coven tably jnfinile momborof Sets 2 AisAs, wen fe Ten fAv Pane jis Calleol a Sequence of Saks and iS dendled by fA}. el ie Spence { An} of Sek, i$ Called an Expanding DaCreasing i AIS ALS SAnE Ihnen, U Ay =lm AK nat “Kel 2 tion An Awhz= Ar a AiwAwHs 2A3 and NAn= Ay : nel D A SequancefAnd of Shs fs Called & Goalruchn Ee ee ee ee eee RR, ee od n Tun UAne Ar and NAn = lin Ahk =lmA, aes n= ngerKel naw ‘s Ain tre ee? Ay infra aeBx: If fade, wah is © ookitinn SL, emuds an) Ce Fidd qeasmobed by (Arde. ds}, i SU. Srunrvero Clas A of Subtun of 2 vem eld & f aecd » Auset Gg Bek » ased Gi wed. me cig A is a & fed if, inadditin | @ a. dee - ek > ihn et. EL) pop Ane fet cf neh nev e3 ~ wo find YAn ond nfn, nt nel son, “4 —" Chay AyPA.DAs? ———<$_——_ A ae A ey “ Yence, UAn = Ave ro,4J naj oo and DAn a in n= him fx rozxek} = 04, Est) Lek Ana $x Lee Ko me wo wow Find UAn end NAn net nee Sele er nel al tm MchrcA, limAneD ne! naw Ss Con) 6B, YUMER, (f). Bink Funchin And SeA functin £ casas fecahion 0X9 BOON let fz AB be a funchon Lf the domain A is 4 sek of pans, then Wwe Say Mk frA-B 154 zank Rinckio Tf the domain A is 0 Schuh seks, then vetey that He HB isa Sch Fundion. Example 4 4 be tre Ponnr set of S-Cfinile) , nw, Ofine n(A= dhe nuembercf ele ments ih AEA. Cleutly 2; A far2d- foots ages Fnckion. Also Bray = BH js atsaa set funchinmA end EFiA— £4] with ranw (P) mix: x= yaktio o2xe If (SI cinggi fishin Coston” 5 Uf the Co-domain B fs a Subset R, ten we Sey That Fe A>B 754 Real-valued Buncio- A foncinf HB, alled< Grr plen-vadued function if For teckes oly Compur quemben values. —* — Axiomake Defivikien of Pacbobilily ¢ Let A. be the Sample Spruce of 4 Flandom Expeimovk and A bea bfidld en Sty ma-fiet d o Subsehs of 2. Tun, Evibabilily Bed ig veal-valued Set funchin defined one ( Huh is, P:AR) AxionT: PrA7x0, fall AeA : _ DNon- gahivity] pxiom I: ETAI=| £ Nonmeol JAxiom I: Fon a sequence § An} of disjoint eves form A, El, DAr] = 2 PiAad C Coren table Aadibiily 22 gz addi ly J Kemah? Mue Pi: AOR satshig Axtoms 1, D& DD ys Called a Erxobe bik My ee (2A), que 4 '5 a O-fretd MSL, Note thah Bho am Sevel 6 fics mM LM. Herewe choose a aes ees porkiiuin 6- fidd , say Chany, ErAz i$ defined Hf AEA, Sime examples of 5- ficlh m2: Azieaj Ags t AA a}, #82 A 2 Punsed( 2. lA Bi Ar oR. Men ELAI, POAT are defined. { ae) Bear but BeAr Aun ECR 65 unde Fine d+ O The Subs f IL whith ate inch, fin whic ~=~ eowow™™” cai PII ane defined , one Called sven, A Subth fF wher isnt in, fon whith TL is endefined iS Mot an Evatt,Theonems on Probability ¢ Theonem4: Brej=o profs Noted peh, 7 ELH Naw, Cnsider a Sequence £ Ans of from A 3 An= cic ; ay Atom, pr ian) = F poms nat ne 3 prel= ecest RE eae js oefined. dant > ElC4¢I = 0,as ELjrsa lect x= PLE zeel-valtced funchim Yuen pee te ey wi) Theorem (2) [Finite polo tivity] eee ee Ect, ae dh joint events, then BE LAI = F PrAKd Kel Pess Consider a Sequence £ Av} of disyank ee eee oe Tren by Axiom, oe ELUALy= 27ths AE PL UAil= Brat: + EIAs I+PLEI » a grtyreoor 4 ELvase = ELA, 4 Eras, by a Tervem 4, Cone Many 4 Corley s Gy fron neck, BIAI+ EINE | Gy fon AeA, ELAS #I. wt pool @ peck once, He er4s, Pia‘) wu defined: Cmsidiaa Fequenee $A» A Ae oe “ oy Thins bY Axiom, FL And =F PLA Daa nes j of asian eves = pr Avr = PrAIePLAte preiee >P(2= ZrAy+PLad pH Err? 4 [= PIAF RIAD ype b () sn tne onolleny®, patie I-FLAI By Axion, #° ck 2 ELA a j-PLAJ 76Teeee068). Menotonce Looper IE ACB, end AB eck, then ELA] £478) L Foe beahi Uly a a set funtion 1 nM clecreasing yf pot wore that Banu (BA) Mp =AU (BoD ind Baan = F Also, Ar® chs AGB eh > tence, PIEI= PrARu CBaATJ = PIAIt Breanss, vy Rint pelditivily F PEI By Axiom I, pantek => LLbaA‘I 20 3 PFLBI-Plaire = Pray 4 ETB Jr caged. Conollay; sf pe A, BLAIé!. ped! nEeAtAsn,By pune kme'c pr epely Sf Frobabi lity, PLAI ALI 2I=1 » by Axiom T Theorem (4): 16 A BEA, Bun @) Piaje Eipasjt+ ETAOBT (b) pravay= ELAI+EL8] -EL AmB]