NACA TN'4304 94907 Pit NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS eatzs0g UA _e Hoa TECHNICAL NOTE 4304 MATRIX METHOD FOR OBTAINING SPANWISE MOMENTS AND DEFLECTIONS OF TORSIONALLY RIGID ROTOR BLADES WITH ARBITRARY LOADINGS By Alton P. Mayo Langley Aeronautical Laboratory Langley Field, Va. Washington August 1958 MOC Tay LP DnaaY éoil‘TECH LIBHAHY KArD, Nie MOLE NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUT OOR7LNL TECHNICAL NOTE 430% MATRIX METHOD FOR OBTAINING SPANWISE MOMENTS AND DEFLECTIONS OF TORSTONALLY RIGID ROTOR BLADES WITH ARBITRARY LOADINGS By Alton P. Mayo SUOARY A matrix solution for the spanwise bending monents end deflections of a torsionally rigia rotor blade subjected to an arbitrary loading is presented. The method includes the cantilever, teetering, and hinged Dlades in hovering and in steady forvard flight. The method is compera- tively short, involves only stendard matrix procedures, and does not require that the mode shapes or naturel frequencies be know. INTRODUCTION Numerous methods ere available for calculating the uncoupled spen= wise bending monents end deflections of rotor blades in steady unaccel- erated flight. Sone of these methods (refs. 1 and 2) involve tabular solutions of the differential equation of blade deformation. These tebuler procedures are very lengthy, particularly when numerous loading conditions and rotor speeds are being investigated. Other methods (refs. 3 and 4) require the calculation of the natural-mode shapes and frequencies of the blade. ‘The calculations of mode shape and frequency are laborious end either mist be repeated for each rotor speed or an approximate correction mist be applied to account for the effects of rotor speed. A matrix method which avoide some of the difficulties of the tabular and modal solutions is presented in reference 5; however, tabuler solutions of the equation for blade bending monent under quasi~ static conditions ere required before the method can be applied. In the present method the differentiel equation for blade bending monent is solved entirely by matrix procedures. The method permits the determination of the bending ments and deflections directly without preliminary quasi-static, mode-shape, or natural-frequency celculations and, as a result, the method is shorter and much vork 1s eliminated, The method is adaptable to cantilever, semirigid (teetering), and fully2 NACA TN 430k articulated (hinged) blades in hovering and in steady forward flight and is applicable to design calculations and experimental date analyses. The differential equation for the blade bending moment is composed of matrix expressions for the centrifugal inertia, vertical inertia, and damping loadings, and the contribution of each term to the blade loads and moments may be determined. The effect of blade structural damping, which has been omitted in other methods, is included in the present method. Comparisons are presented between the bending manents obtained ‘vy this method and the method of reference 3 for the first harmonic Joeding on a fully articulated blade and the second harmonic loading on ® cantilever blade. SYMBOLS Some of the symbols listed in thie section are illustrated in figure 1. A blade-element average aerodynamic damping coefficient, =} pac ar, Ib-sec® a Diade-clement lift-curve slope, per radian c blade chord (at center of blade element), in. EI blade bending stiffness, 1b-in.? F centrifugal force acting on mass of blade element divided by oP, Io-sec® 8 structurel damping coefficient h perpendicular distence from exis of rotation to flapping hinge, in. 4 imaginary component of complex number, =i t blade running load, 1b/in. L load on blade element, 1b M bending moment, 1b-in,NACA TN 4308 4 ae ¥ Subscripts: si nt, 2 mass of blade element, i228 muber of blade elements for extended matrices distance from center of hub to blade tip, in. spanvise distance fron center of inib (measured elong ‘undeflected blade), in. width of blade elenent, in. forward velocity, in./sec elements of an influence coefficient matrix (see table ITI) blade deflection, measured from e plane of rotation per- pendicular to shaft axis, in. rigid-blade flepping angle, measured froma plane of rotation perpendiculer to shaft axis, radians angle of flexible blade at hinge, measured from a plane of rotetion perpendicular to shaft axie, radiens blade slope due to blade bending, dz/dr, radian rotor angular velocity, radians/sec enguler frequency of applied loading, radiens/sec air density, se in blade azimuth angle (measured in direction of blade rota~ tion from dowmind position), radians serodynamic cosine component demping due to forces parallel to plane of rotetion inertia4 NACA TN 4504 L pertaining to a load station r pertaining to a spanvise station s structural 8 sine component station number or number of harmonic v due to forces perpendicular to the plane of rotation ¥ Dlade weight 2 deflection f centrifugal loading A dot over a symbol indicates first derivative with respect to time. Two dots indicate second derivative with respect to time. Matrix notation: CJ rectangular or square matrix Cl @tagonal matrix { } cot matrix cr toverse of a aquare satire Ld row math METHOD ‘The aifferential equation for the structural bending moments of hinged, teetering, and cantilever rotor blades is set ap in matrix form. Matrix expressions for the blade moment due to the various blade loadings are derived and added to form the blade-mament equation. The differen- tial equation is first derived in a generalized form and is later adapted to (1) the case where the rigid-blade aerodynamic loads are known from design calculations and the flexible-blede structural moments or deflec- tions, or both, are desired; (2) the case where the blade structural moments are known from strain-gage tests and the total aerodynamicNACA TN 4304 3 monent, including serodynamic damping, 1s desired; and (3) the case vhere the aerodynamic loads have been measured and the structural mouents are desired. The procedure for obtaining the rotating-blede character- istic matrix 1s also presented so that the natural nodes and frequencies may be determined. Blade Loadings In the calculation of spanwise bending moments, a torsionally rigid rotor blede or its equivalent (an elastic blade for which the section monents are zero and the aerodynamic center, elastic axis, and center of gravity coincide) may be treated as a simple beam subject to numerous superimposed loadings. If chordwise effects are excluded, the blade in the forvard flight condition is subjected to the following distributed loads: (2) The eerodynamic load Ig (excluding the eerodynenic damping effect waich is directly proportional to blade flexure plus flapping deflection velocity; see iten 5) (2) The centrifugal loed F (3) The blade veight Ly (8) A normal inertia loading due to vertical accelerations Iyy (5) An aerodynamic demping load Lg, (defined by eq. (5)), directly proportional to blade deflection velocity due to both flepping and flexure (6) The blade structural damping load Lyg The combined moments of these six loadings are balanced by the blade internal moment due to blade bending resistance. Derivation of Blade Moment Equations ‘The Dlede geometry, the forces acting on an infinitesimal ele- ment of the blade under forward-flight conditions, and the resulting force system are shown in figure 1. From figure 1 it is seen that the dending moment Mp, at any station rp, due to the loads acting on the blede is given by:6 NACA TN 450 R R Yon ff dvr = maar = J ty(s = eq)ar QQ) ‘The matrix equivalent of equation (1) may be written in the form Hh = Cel fia} - I (@) Equation (2) corresponds to a step~diagrem representation of the ly and tq loadings of equation (1). The [r] matrix ie an integrating matrix with values thet depend on the stations and integration method used, The [F] matrix incorporates the values of the horizontal loads {gg} (Aimensional with respect to rotor speed) es well ae integrating numbers. The [r] and [F] matrices are derived in the appendix. Substituting the five couponents of {ty} emmerated previously into equation (2) ytelds the following bending-monent equation of the combined loadings: {Mp} = GD{ta} + ED fiy} + FD fbag} + ODay} + Cel fhe} - Pe} () Equation (3) is the genéral fom of the equation for blade bending monent used in this study and pertains to hinged and cantilever blades im hovering and forverd flight, In order to obtain the blade bending monent for any specific loading condition, the matrix expressions for the various loads acting are substituted into equation (5). Loading matrices.- The expressions for the yarious component loads an equation (3) Decne quite simple 1f equation (5) 1a restricted to the expression of the monents due to loadings of a single frequency. The total aerodynanie loads on the blade may be troken down into components which are of a sinusoidal nature, and the standard procedure is to develop equation (5) for the moment due to a eingle frequency. Super position may then be used to obtain the total mouente due to all of the harmonic components on the blade. ‘The loading matrices which eppear in equation (3) are given ty the three folloving equations. For a particular frequency @ of the applied sinusoidal load, the vertical inertia loads {Ixy} are given byNACA TN 4304 a fexy} = 0? Em fh @) where the elenents of the [m] matrix are the masses of the blade elenents. Te serodynante damping loads {tga} are given ty {laa} = inofAa] {2} (5) where the Gtegonel matrix [A] ia equat to [Ld ser «| ‘The elements of the [A] matrix can be deduced from steady aero- dynamics for the lift on a section of chord c and length Ar rotating at unit enguler velocity and with unit normal velocity. ‘The structural demping moment Ce] {tas} is given by Clftac} = -te [2.0] {5} (6) Moments and deflections at single frequency,- The blade Joadings et a particular frequency w (edt > (5), and (6)) may de substituted into equation (3) in order to obtain the equation for the blade moment in ‘terms of the structural moment, the aerodynamic moment, and the blade deflections as f+ te] {Me} = {te} + to Cx) Fa] {2} + 8G Em] id - of] (n The deflection {2} in equation (7) 4s composed of the flexural bending and the effects of biade-root rotation. The flexurel bending is defined in the appendix as teh = [oul 9} ) The totel blade deflection including root rotation 1s, therefore, given by to} = [2a] Me} + & - b} tan By (9)8 NACA TN 4304 For emall angles tan 8, ~B,, and in the equations to follow, which are ‘based on assumptions of small angles, f, is assumed equal to tan By. Equation (9), therefore, becomes f@ = [fate - 5] {ast (9) Substituting equation (10) into equation (7) yields the following relation between the aerodynanic loads and the structural moments for ‘the flexible blade: + EF] [iad - 3] - pity [fad - 9] - watatefoat- {82} eabe on where Dev] = Gf) The partition lines of equation (11) effectively separate structural moment effects from root slope effects, both of which act to balance the aerodynamic moment. If the root slope B, 18 set equal to zero, the terms pertaining to the root slope drop out and the resulting equation is the equation for a cantilever-blade bending moment. The cantilever Dlade equations ere given in detail in a subsequent section. Equation (11) may be inverted in order to obtain the reciprocal matrix relation — {Bh fos [Bit] «afte - oP i] [Pal fe - =f] ~ sant sa ie - ff] “be} (1a)NACA TN 450% 9 where {Me} = 2) fE9} Equation (12) gives the structural moment {Ms} nd root slope By on the rotating hinged blade in terms of the applied eerodynamic moment {Wa}- The equation includes the effect of the aerodynanie damping, which is proportional to the total deflection velocity. When calculations are to be made for many rotor speeds, it is advan- tageous to put equation (12) in the form 5 fee » |e.0 + 38) fs ey + 5263)] {is} (33) Ba Lol fo where the matrix [N] is evaluated for each harmonic, and Go) = [balled - =F] - a [Bate -»] - + S10 [adie - ij ay) The matrix [WN] need be evalusted only for each harmonic number. Hovering condition.- Equation (12), which was derived for the forward-Fligh’ condition, would also apply to the hovering condition if ‘the terms which pertain to the blade vertical velocity and acceleration are omitted. Because the hovering aerodynamic loads are steady, g = 0 and w = 0; end the equation for hovering becones a { a] + oepl[fadie -al]} fe} Gs) fo Cantilever-blade equations.- If the blade-root angle p, is zero im equations (12) ana (15), the result is the equation for the cantilever blade in forward flight:20 NACA TN 4508 fe} = [Be] + tef.g] + 9G fal) - ©] a] - moO] {oh (16) {us} = [[2-0] + 162.0] + oC] fai] - 0? fey] [a] - sao) [ag] 4} an If the calculations are to be made for mmerous rotor speeds, equation (17) may be put in the seme form as equation (13). The cantilever-blade equation for the hovering condition is: (i = [Tee + ol pad] “sg os CALCULATION PROCEDURES Matrix Evaluation The calculation procedures presented are illustrated for the hinged Diade. The details given pertain to the ten-segment breakdown of the Dlede load, weight, and stiffness distribution shown in figure 2. The procedure for either a cantilever or e teetering blade is a simplifica- tion of the hinged-blade case. The particular blade-section breakdown in the matrix tables (see figs. 2 and 3) was selected to provide more stations near the root of the blade where rapid changes in blade moment and stiffness occur. The number of blade elements used may be increased by the procedures given in the appendix for increasing the order of each matrix. However, it is believed thet for most blades ten stations are sufficient. In order to apply the hinged-blade equations, it is first necessary to evaluate the various matrices in the equations. The hinged-biade equation, previously given as equation (12), 18+ o2fF] [eal . 3] 7 ota [ad -»f] - moto bed & - aI] The structural damping coefficient g is a function of the fre- quency, and the value used should correspond to the value of w for i oo identity matrix where the zero, as the last elenent on the diagonal, imposes the condition of zero structural moment at the blade hinge. This matrix is given in table I. ‘he matrix [F] expresses the moment on the Dlade caused ty the centrifugal forces acting on the deflected blade. The [F] matrix is given in teble IT. The matrix [[%i]!{r - 4] expresses the blade deflection caused by the structural moment and the root slope. This matrix is given in table III. The matrix [Mzy] expresses the vertical inertia monent in terms of the blade deflection. the [Nyy] matrix is given in table IV. The [x] matrix is an inte grating matrix vhich expresses the monent of a loading and 1s given in teble V. ‘The mtrix [A) expresses the aerodynamic damping load in ters of the blade deflection. The mtrix [A] ie given in table VI. ‘The nunber of digits needed in the evaluation of the various matrices end in the succeeding operations for the most accurate results hes not ‘been rigorously established. However, limited experience has shown that carrying the basic messes, distances, stiffnesses, and so forth to four digits and, in succeeding operations, allowing the mmber of digits to accumlate to a maximm of ten gives good results. The procedure for filling out the given matrix tables is es follows: (1) Set up the identity matrix es shown in table I, which is already completed in ite entirety and may be used as is. (2) Obtein the weight distribution for the blade and break it down into ten elements of equal length. Determine the mss of each elenent. Use the product mr for each clenent as described in the appendix, and £411 out table IT. (3) Obtain the stiffness distribution for the blade and break it down into the amaller elenents shown in figure 2. Use these stiffness values and the values of Ar* and fill out teble IIT.qe NACA TN 450% (4) Use the mass values of iten 2 and £111 out table IV. (5) Substitute the value of Ar into table V. (6) Use the values of the chord of each element, the 1ift-curve slope of each element, the radius to the center of each element, and the values of pe and dr, and fill out table VI. Application to the Hinged Blade The equations for the hinged blade aré applied to those problems which are believed to be the most general. The cases discussed include the determination of (1) the flexible-blade structural moment due to ‘the rigid-blade aerodynamic loads; (2) the structural moment due to the measured aerodynamic loads; (3) the moment of the total aerodynamic loading as determined from the measured structural moment; and (4) the aerodynamic damping load. The procedure for obtaining the natural modes and frequencies of the blade is also discussed since, in some cases, this information may be desired. Structural moment due to rigid-blede serodynamic losds.- The stand- ard design practice is to Obtain the rigid-blede total loading from Tigid-blade aerodynamic load and inertia balance equations. The rigid blade aerodynamic and inertia loads are then applied to the flexible Diade which is considered to flex about the rigid-blede position. This procedure is equivalent to the application of the rigid-blade aerodynamic load only (minus en aerodynamic demping component which is proportional to #) to the equation for the flexible blade which vas derived as equa~ tion (12) and in which the deflections are referenced to the plane of rota~ tion perpendicular to the shaft. The equivalence of the standard design procedure and the procedures of ‘the present method is proved ty the following: The rigid-blede totel load (aerodynamic plus inertia) which 4s nor- mally applied to the flexible blade (considered to flex about the rigid- lade position) is given by Tyagi ~ (2) ncgiq ~ =P ~ more Qs) total total where the terms on the right-hand side of the equation represent. the Mgid-biade eerodynemic, vertical-inertia, and centrifugal-inertia loads, respectively. Since the equations of the present method are written in terns of moment, it is useful to convert equation (19) to 1ts moment equivalent. Also, it is useful to express each term in equation (19) in ‘the matrix form. Thus, equation (19) becomesNACA TN 430! 1B ‘total total, free : fl )esgal + [ity] fersata} - PCF fergie} (20) where the terms on the right-hand elde of the equation are the rigid- Dlede eerodynamic, vertical-inertie, and centrifugel~inertia monente, respectively. If the rigid-blade monents given by equation (20) are applied to the flexible blade, which is considered to flex about the rigid-blade posi- tion, the following equation results: Moment of rigid-blade loading t] {es ned + oP ig {ersgia} - POF {eregia} = Moment of flextble-blade loading (2.0 + 48) {Mo} + PLT eeech - 2 [May] ferex} - A000] CAI Rerex} (21) ‘The terms on the right-hand side of the equation give the moments associated with the blade deflection {2¢;,,} about the rigid-blade position, These terms, from left to right, represent the blade-bending, the centrifugal-inertia, the vertical-inertia, and the aerodynanie- damping monent, respectively. Equation (21) implies that the blade nonents resulting from the flexible-biade deflections must balance the applied rigid-blade moment. The flexible- and rigid-blade deflections Ztiex 8 Zigiq ae shown in figure 1(b). If it te recognized that Zpiex PLUS Zpigiq 18 equal to the deflection 2 (measured with respect to the plane of rotation) and if the terms of equation (21) ere collected, then the following equation resulte: tl {(sgeh = (1.0 + 48) {Me} + 9?EF] C2} - 0? [tga] - otal : ino(]C 4] 2erex} (22) Aaaing the tern ~1M[rITA] fepagia} to doth sides of equation (22), collecting terms, and rearranging yieldsas NACA TN 450) (1.0 + 46){My} = EF] fog} + Am EITA}G + 0? Pay] ( - 920) fe} (25) where {ta} = {Codes} ~ ofA fersgsa} (eo total Equation (23) 1s recognizable es equation (7) where {Ig} 1s defined as the total rigid-blade aerodynamic load minus a component: which is proportional to the rigid-blede deflection velocity. The matrix [Mey] #8 equal to the matrix mitiplication [rJ{m] shown in equation (7). Substituting {erga} = {F - n}B im equation (24) yielas La (a) tal + inf] {r - a} (25) > (aged ‘The flexible-blade moments, therefore, may be determined by applying equation (25) (the rigid-blade total serodynamic load minus a rigid-blade deflection-velocity load) to the flexible-blade equation (eq. (12)) which ie referenced to the plane of rotation. In order to obtain the flextble-blade structural moment due to rigid-blede eirloads (1) Ovtein the rigid-biede totel aerodynamic load for each harmonic and renove the flapping effects by using equation (25). (2) Use the loading just obtained along with the previously deter- mined matrices, and obtain the monent by means of equation (12). ‘The reason the rigid-blade loads were handled in this manner was to keep the blade equations referenced to the plane of rotation in order to provide for more general applications. Structural moment due to measured airloads.- The procedure for the cese of measured airioads ie as follows: Since measured loads include all aerodynamic damping effects, the aerodynamic damping term is dropped from equation (12) and the aerodynamic moment {Ma} is given tyNACA TW 430% 15 {a} = (2) {lmeasurea}+ Bauation (12) te then applied by use of the pre- determined matrices to obtain the structural moment. If the hinged-blade equations are used vith measured airloads where @ = and the equations involve no serodynamic damping, the last row and last column autonatieally drop out of equations (11) and (12) when the matrix miltiplications are performed, and ,, ie no longer involved in the solution, This behavior of the equations ie consistent with the physical concept of blade rotation in the plane of no flapping or rigid mode resonance. Moment of total aerodynamic loading as determined from measured structural monent.- A requirenent for determining the totel aerodynamic moment is that the blade flapping angle at the root of the flexible Dlade ,, be measured as well es the structurel monent. The procedure, then, 4s to epply equation (11) and drop the aerodynamic damping term from’ the equation because the structural monents are a result of the total loads applied to the blade, The aerodynamic moment obtained is thus the total aerodynamic moment and includes the moment due to all of the aerodynamic damping loads. Aerodynamic damping los4s.- In sone of the foregoing applications it may be desired to determine the aerodynamic damping load or moment Walch is proportional to the blade total deflection velocity # in order to remove these effects from the measured date. The load and monent lineerly related to the deflection velocity are given by {Bac} = smote ete - 9] fh end (26) {Mag} = 1906304) fad fe - 23] fs i, sme values of te ey be either from manucenente co from cal a culations for the lover harmonics, but §, would probably have to be calculated for the higher harmonics because of its extremely small magnitude.16 NACA IN 4304 Determination of blade naturel modes ahd frequencies.- If the blade rotating natural modes and frequencies are desired, the procedure for their determination is as follows: (2) Solve equation (15) for unit loads epplied at the center of each of the ten blade elements. (2) vse equation (10) and the results of atep (1) and determine the deflections due to the unit loads. (3) Set up the mumbers from step (2) in matrix form, postmltiply by the diagonal mass matrix [m], and follow standard iteration proce- dures. (See ref. 6.) The ten-element breakdown of the blade’ allows ten degrees of free- dom and thus permits the calculation of ten natural modes and frequen- cies; however, the use of the standard iteration procedure for obtaining accurate results above the fourth natural frequency is rather difficult ecause the iterations converge slowly at these higher frequencies. Application to Cantilever and Teetering Blades The foregoing procedures were based on’ the hinged blade. When the problem is for a cantilever blade, the only change is to use the corre- sponding cantilever-blade equation and matrices. The cantilever-blade equivalents of the hinged-blade equations (10) and (25) are not given Dut are obtained by making 6, and p equal to zero in these equations. ‘The cantilever-blade matrices are given in tables I through V as the elgments above and to the left of the dashed partition lines. In en analysis of @ teetering blade, the even harmonic loadings are considered as applied to a cantilever blade; the odd harmonic loadings are considered as applied to the hinged blade. The reasons for the dif- ferent considerations for different harmonics is that even harmonic loadings are synmetricel loadings, that is, of equal sign on both sides of the hub; the odd harmonic loadings are unsymetric. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES In order to illustrate the method, it is applied to a cantilever and to @ zero-offeet hinged blade. Hoth blades were of the same weight and stiffness, with the exception that the stiffness of the hinged blade was zero at the hinge. The weight and stiffness distributions are given in figure 4. ¥NACA TN 4304 1 The aerodynamic loading applied to the hinged blede in forward flight is shown in figure 5(a). The loadings shown are plots egainst spanvise station of assumed 21,9 and 1; coefficients for the first harmonic of measured blade airloads as defined by lr = tc C08 ¥ + ly 5 sin y By using the loading of figure 5(a) and the weight and stifmess of the dlade shown in figure 1, the structural monent coefficient shown in figure 5(b) was calculated ty means of equation (12). The serodynantc damping term of equation (12) was dropped because measured loads already included aerodynamic damping effects. The effects of structural damping were not included, although the inclusion of structural damping in the equations should improve the accuracy of the calculations for the case where the blade is near resonance. Hovever, near blade resonance, the effects of small errors in the calculated blade veight and stiffnéss on the calculated results are likely to be large, and the problen requires extrene accuracy in ell components. TThe structural monents calculated ty the modal method of reference 3 for the loading of figure 5(a) are also shown in figure 5(b). For these calculations the first four natural rotating modes and frequencies vere used in equations of reference 3. The aerodynamic damping terms were Groped from the equations. The mode shapes and natural frequencies were obtained by the method previously outlined in the calculation pro- cedures. As can be seen in figure 5(b), the agreement of the results obtained by the two methods is very good. The aerodynamic loading applied to the cantilever blade was the forwerd-flight second-harmonic loeding shown in figure 6(a). The loedings shown are plots against spanwise stetion of assumed 1, q and Ig,g coefficients for the second harmonic of measured atrloads as defined by ly.e 7 1a,¢ 008 2V + lag Bin Oy This loading and the weight end stiffness distribution of figure 4 were used in equation (17) to calculate the structural moments shown in figure 6(b). Also shown in figure 6(b) are the results obtained by the method of reference 3 by using the sane aerodynamic load (from fig. 6(a)) and four rotating symetrical modes and naturel frequencies. The results calculated by the present method and by the method of reference 3 are seen in the figure to be in good egreenent. The structurel moments on the rotating hinged and cantilever blades caused by 100-pound loads applied at various spenwise stations are given18 NACA TN 430% in figures 7 and 8. ‘The moments were obtained by the use of equations (15) and (18). By using the curves for the moment on the cantilever blade caused by 100-pound loads at various stations and the aerodynamic loads measured et various stations in the hovering test of reference 7, the structural moments in hovering were calculated. The celculatea moment and the blade deflections for the hovering condition are shown in figure 9. The various matrices used in the exemple calculations are shown in tables VII to X. The elements above and to the left of the partition lines pertain to the cantilever blade. The matrix of all of the given elements pertains to the hinged-blede case. CONCLUDING REMARKS A matrix method has been derived for determining the structural moment and deflections of hinged, teetering, and cantilever blades. The method avoids any preliminary mode shape, natural frequency, or quasi- static calculations and, as a result, is comparatively short and involves only standard matrix procedures. : The equations are well suited to the determination of the blede ‘bending moment at various rotor speeds and for numerous loadings. The : method puts no restriction on the blade deflection shape and thus permits ‘the blade to assume more complex shapes that could be simlated by the superposition of four natural modes, as is usually employed in a modal method of solution of the differential equation for blade bending moment. ‘Thus, the present method should give more accurate results than the modal solution for the higher harmonics, where the blede deflection and load aistribution are of a more complex shape. The method Includes the effects of the primary inertia end damping Joads on the blade and also incorporates mainly the following assumptions: (1) smal angle consideration, (2) step diagram of the blade mess and stiffness, (3) step integration procedures, and (l) steady average aero- dynamic considerations in the damping terms. In addition, the method does not include the effects of: (1) radial change of mass position with blade deflection, (2) variation of rotor speed with azimuth engle, and (3) any torsional considerations. Sone of the effects of the step distributions may be renoved by increasing the mmber of blede elenents; however, for most blades ten elements should be sufficient. ‘The inclusion of structural damping in the equations should improve the accuracy of the calculations for the case where the blade is near resonance, However, near blade resonance, the effects of snall errors in the calculated blade weight and stiffness on the calculated resulte are likely to be large, and the problem requires extreme accuracy in all aNACA TN 430 19 components, ‘These unfavorable factors, in some cases, could be somewhat offset by experinentel determination of the elements of the influence coeffictent matrix [Z] end the mase of the blade elements and by some experimental estimate of the structural damping. In cases where the blade is not near resonance with one of the applied load frequencies, ‘the structural damping term is relatively unimportant and may be dropped from the equations for blade bending moment. Langley Aeronauticel Leboratory, National Advisory Comittee for Aeroneutics, Langley Field, Va., May 7, 1958.20 NACA TN 450% APPENDIX BASIC IVTEGRATING MATRICES Moment of an Arbitrary Loading The general bending-moment equation (eq. (1)) is given as R wmf In thie section the matrix eqiivalent of the expression R ly(e - maar - f dg(e - =n)ar n Th (ay) is derived. The integration of equation (AL) may be accomplished by using procedure based on step, trapezoidal, or parabolic representation of the Toeding. In the present method the step dlagren 1s used, and the load ts considered to act at the center of each step. The procedure for obteining the moment of e loading is es follows: (2) me 1osding 1s replaced by © system of equivalent concentrated losds as shown in the following sketch: Ly, Ig ly al Arbitrary load station errengementNACA TN 4304 aL (2) The moment due to the loading is desired at the stations shown in the following sketch: Arbitrery moment stetion arrengenent The loads ere centered for 10 equal stations at 0.05(R ~ kh), 0.15(R - h), 0.25(R - h), and so forth, whereas the moments are taken at stations 0.85(R - hb), 0.75(R ~ h), end so forth except near the root where stations at 0.0125(R’= h) ana 0.0625(R - h) ere used to include possible Imub effects. With the arrangement just shown the moment equation is given as My Na M2 3 "al [Mm To Aa Al] | Ma “Ia "a TE3 TD Tye ‘we "we %Ma|| | te = - (42) MS Ma fea TE5 TAT TMs TMS MSM] | OS My, Ta The Ths Tun] [Fa Th Te Ta] | Pe In equation (A2) any elenents of negative sign resulting from the subtrection are to be replaced by zeroes since the monent contribution of the loads inboara of a moment station de zero.22 NACA TN 430k Te the rectengular matrix of equation (A2) is symbolized by [r], ‘then equation (A2) may be written as {4} - 1G} (09) which is the matrix equivalent of R Mrn = J wr > ty)ar where the integral is to be evaluated at a selected mmber of stations. The [x] matrix is given in teble V for the ten load and moment stations of Pigures 2 and 3. The matrix of table V may be extended to include more stations by expanding the equation {M)=[r] {L} es shom in equation (Al), where the rectenguler matrix Sead by the diegonal matrix is equal to the [r] matrix. te] fs 2 2 © © © 6 8 oe od fiw elfostirir hts ll iee eae coon) | mjfpr ess cscsrty ks efflrrircrsritd ps mffrrrrisrriitd sl Je rss sett Bey efjrertrrisiii th | cbosecel lle vas] ft en oe oats dpeNACA TN 4304 BB To extend the matrix to more stations, continue the given mmber sequence of the rectangular matrix and obtain more rows at the top end more colums on the left. Keep unity numbers on the diagonal and zeroes on the right. The moment stations are then the given stetions (shown in table V) miltiplied by 10/ne, (where ng is the new mmber of blade elements), end the obtained sequence is continued columwvise in order to provide alditional stations. For exemple, the elenents of the firet colum of @ 20-stetion arrangement vould be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)... 16, 17, 18.87, 19.37, and 19.5(r - h)/(R - h); the load stations would be 0.025, 0.075, 0.125, 0.175, . . . 0.925, and 0.975(r - h)/(R - h); and the moment stations would be 0, 0.00625, 0.03125, 0.0725, 0.125, 0.175, +. 0.875, and 0.925(r ~ h)/(R - h)- Moment Due to Horizontal Forces Acting on a Deflected Blade The general bending-moment equation of the text (eq. (1)) is ven = fo" ta(e = zalar = ff an(e = ene in ‘2 In this section the matrix equivalent of the expression Mn = of? Yg(2 - 2n)ar (a5) Th is derived. ‘The system of equivalent horizontal concentrated loads, as shown in the following sketch, is again used, although some other representation might produce slightly more eccurete results at the expense of simplicity. ——t ry aak WACA TH 4504 At station ry the moment due to horizontal centrifugal forces may be written as visa w-flam (es ~ m2) + tmp(%5- 82) + imate - J) G8) Collecting terms and writing equation (A6) in matrix form yields * n {rs} = -[tm tas Une - ba ta} 325 on oa ao a If this procedure is now applied and extended to obtain the moments due to the centrifugal inertia forces at ten selected monent stations on the blade, the following matrix equation results: sn wee) frome © 0 6 8 oe 8 ee elem we | freon mo © 00 Ol ml ee ie ts) item oe | ne [7h me oe 8 6 ew oly fT oF wm | foe % om % om N BEn 8 6 ow |heas ao | foe me on mw me nm Bee 6 Ihe se | fem in yn we mm mn on Bene lho mn | oe me mm mm on 8 Salemre} NACA TN 450% 25 where Tino Fro > Bote = “EP aye Tf the rectangular matrix of equation (A8) is symbolized by [F] (given as table IZ), then equation (A8) may be written in shorter form as {Mas} = 1°] fe} : (as) R Which te the equation Mya = f ty(z > eq)ar in matrix fom end ie Th to be evaluated at selected stations. he monents Mig are the monents on the blade caused by the centrifugal forces acting on the deflected blade. In order to extend the matrix equation (A8) to n stations, make all of the negetive sumations on the shown iagonal go from Fy’ to Fyy where k is the subscript of the F values in the preceding colum as illustrated. The elezents off the diagonal of sumations are obtained by extending the indicated sequence to Fy. The new mouent and deflec- tion stations ere 10/nq times the given stations, and the obtained sequence is extended columwvise for additional stations. ‘The new blede- elenent arrengenent has to have equel-length increments 7.26 WACA TN 430) Blade Deflection Due to Structural Moments For the blade the general bending-oment equation of the text (ea. (7)) 4s given as [2 + 44] (Mg} = [x] {0} + tae [x] [A] {2} + o2G] Em] {2} - PLE) {2} In subsequent derivations, a matrix expression for the deflection {2} is vequired. The deflection {2} 1s composed of a component aue to ‘the flexible-blade root slope and a component due to blade bending. In this section e matrix expression for the deflection component due to blade bending is derived. The derivation involves establishing the matrix equivalent of the analytical expression Lf, Bee (a0) The derivation of the required matrix expression is illustrated herewith. ‘The integration is first illustrated with four stations and then extended ‘to more stations. ty The blade stiffness and structural moment distributions are repre- sented by the following step diagrans: & a a a barn +a + Rw +a-n a EI, 2 = _ =m br E15 +025 1 2 3 1.0 (r - 2) /(R - b) Blade stiffness distributionACA IN 4304 2T a & & a Eon Pan pao Taw + Me : a My “ M5 sf cose 12 3 ah 1.0 (e = n)/(R - BD Blade moment distribution The segnental arrangenent just noted could be mete differently, but ‘the particular errengement shovn ves chosen for the reasons that; (1) it peraits @ large change of plete stiffness at the blade hub, and (2) it Gives e noneat station where there are large changes in mozents when the netuods are applied to the hinged blede. The blade angles f, resulting from the bending deflections are = z given by the equation re f Kar (or the ea pp= SoMa o BT 0 Sr end can be deduced, for example, from the foregoing distributions as follows: (e - b) ae aR. 0.005, Ma for o-- 2) At fe-») @- 2)28 NACA TN 450% (x -») (R - 4) At = 0.20, i pest) st) ag) * These distributions may be written in matrix form ag follows: 8.025 fom Oe CeO] mn B.20 a as ° of [me oan : 2a) om | ke REE S| bsNACA IN L308 In order to extend the procedure to obtain the deflections in ‘terms of the moments, the following sketch proves helpful: +025 «10 20 +30 +0 (r - h)/(R - 8)30 NACA TN 450% Extending and collecting terms ond writing in matrix form yields the following: 2 a 2.05 ca ° ° 0 | jay = sm 2.35 3m 3 4 © || mp| 8, METp = (ala) : sm ow Rolly +25 @1, Wty Ey kd oo — 2 1m oF 2k Bll, oe wr, let “et, ||" Symbolizing the square matrix by [=] gives equation (A12) as fe} = [a] fis} (aa) Rearrenging equation (A12) to have the blade tip values in the upper rove end extending to obtain deflection values at the twelve selected atations results in the folloving matrix. (See figs.1, 2, and 5 for station location end the definition of the elenents.)31 NACA TN 4304 a a Ta TM ay Tg Ae W aaae t ee | ‘oe Tele le Tele Ye We Ye ar = ‘et Tole Tele Tole Ye fe tae» ‘le We Tale Tele Yee 2 2 eee ele Tele Tele Tele tr © hy We Wr ly 2 2 6 © 6 © 2 ta We wl? °° Wp lt 2 © © 2 © © © © © oe te a le i % ° ° ° wi 2 2 2 © © « 2 5 © © «©32 NACA TH 4504 Equation (Als) may be written as follows: roofer aK 7 2.95 22s ks 5 6 7 8 a 2 2.85 o 123 5 6 7 - a HKs20 2.95 oo 125 4 5 6 3 2 Meg 2.65 000225 k 5 - e Mog 2.55 OO 0 0a 2 5 fF 2 3 Mey 245 eo) ee Oo ees |_| [ss - = (15) jeI 235 ooo oo ore 2 as 2.25 000000012 8 8 Mey, y 8 235 0 0 000000 : . Mgs 2.06051 [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zz Z Meo 2.05 ©. 010 0 cl 0.0 0 0 a May toa) [0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 & JO aLACA TN 430% 33 to extend to more stations, staply extend the established maher sequence in tuo sectangilar mattis, "fuey wait veluss on the extonted Stngonel and ‘senea Solow,” tne pescatue for obtainize, the ney nomen and deflection stations 1s as previously discussed in the [x] and [F] matrix derivations. ‘The valuco of EI must pertein to dhe nev Eesent stations: The results obtained by using either equation (AUK) or (AIS) have been compared with results obtained by graphical mmerical double integration of a know M end EI distribution, and the resulte egree very well. If desired, the elenents of equation (ALK) or (A15) could be determined experimentally from the actual blade.34 NACA 1H 1308 REFERENCES 1. Flex, A. H., and Goland, L.: Dynamic Effect in Rotor Blede Bending. Jour. Aero. Sci., vol. 18, no. 12, Dec. 1951, pp. 813-829. 2. Johnson, W. C., and Mayne, R.: Effect of Second-Hermonic Flapping on the Stresses of a Hinged Rotor Blade. Rep. No. R-107-l, Part III (Contract W33-058 ac-11439), Goodyear Aircraft Corp., May 2, 1946. 3. Berman, Alex: Response Matrix Method of Rotor Blade Analysis. Jour. Aero. Sci., vol. 25, no. 2, Feb. 1956, pp. 155-161, 172. 4, Guttlenchmiat, P. de: Calculation of the Bending Stresses in Heli- copter Rotor Blades. NACA 1M 1312, 1951. 5. Berman, Alex: A Parametric Anclysie Method for Rotor Blade Struc- ‘tural Design. Proc. Thirteenth Annual Netione] Forum, An. Heli- copter Soc., Inc., May 8-11, 1957, pp. 111-126. 6. Sconian, Robert H., and Rosenbaum, Robert: Introduction to the Study of Aircraft Vibration and Flutter. The Macmillan Co., 1951. 7+ Rabbott, John P., Jr.: Static-Thrust Measurements of the Aerodynamic Loading on a Helicopter Rotor Blade. ACA TN 3688, 1956.WACA TW 430% 35 Mooeat atation, (r= H)/CR - ®) 1 Moment 2, | | eeetton, 0.85 0.75 0.65 0.55 0.85 0.35 0.25 0.15 0.0625 0.0125 | = ie Fo 1 1 0 10 0 © © 0 0 0 © 0 tof] wm 1 t 0 0 10 © © © 0 0 © 0 104] .6 ! { © 0 © 10 0 © © 0 o 0 10}) «5 i ‘ ° ° ° ° 21.0 ° ° ° ° o 10 WD i . ' OG ee 0 ee oe 0 ice et i \ Oho C8 i oo ol ae \ i 0 © © © 9° 0 © 310 © 0 to] as ' © © © © 6 6 © 0 10 0 $0]| .06e5 ' 1 ' t36 NACA TN 430! commarunss-rosce mare [F] Ba = sre) Deflection station, (r - H/G- 9) 0.85 0.83 0.7 0.65 0.55 ORF 0.35 0.85 0.35 0.06 0.05 01a To fp © 0 © 0 © 0 © 0 0 0 || 0.85 ¥% o © © © 0 06° 6 6 0 % ty % Smo 0 © 0 @ ro) Ban Mm > Fe FF © 0 © 0 oo s mee eR Ny Bae oo lle No %. %e 7 % % Mh Fy Be Se ° ° 10283T NACA TH 4304 ar mr smo [il =a) POO Ub eg 0 OD oe “Ge¢322 237253 Ne SW {wow Wy Wy www we. a] Me Me Ye Me Me Mp By wr oe 2 ee Bs] MeMe MMM yw ee Is[wow www ee Velwe we we ow se ee ee s)Mr Yr Yow 2 2 6 2 6 6 eo gl We row - 5 6 6 6 ee ww glWrowr os 5 2 © 2 2 2 2 © -» a a a a‘MOOR 1Y.~ VRAD TTA WHEE ik] Diag 15iey 69K 55 Kg M9 5.5 Deflection eation, (© = 2/0 = 9) Ce ee er ee) [mu 0 ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 8 o | foe ee ° ° ° ‘ ° a ome ° ” Bing 2Bay tg ° ° ° ° ° ° ° Mig 3B) 2g BH ° ° ° ° ° 8 ° ” Dip Sig 3g 2 Bag ° ° ° oe ° a” 6Biqg Diag Sag 3 ye Ry ° ° oe 0 » Ting Bing ag Mey 3G olny | BO ° oe ° * Cig Tiay $y 3H, Site 3 2 oe ° » 8.87 Bemiy 181 Bing 6.01 Bag 3:07 Bry 87 Bing 3.07 ing 2.07 Kim, 1.01 Bing ere, 0 ° te 9.91 Ring 031 Bag 131 Bing 6.37 Bie, 3351 Bing $57 By 51h 2.97 Ry LIT 0 TO 5 ee ‘OSH Nib VON.TABLE V.- TRSREARING WERK [x] Toad station, (r - )/(R - ») 0.95 0.8 TS G50. 08S 0.15 0.0825 0.05 | 0,015 oe ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° eo oe ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° So kw ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° Ao 3a ome oe ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° Soho 3m me ° o ° ° ° ° o 6a 5m kar bar ke me ° ° ° ° ° ° Te 6 5a ka Se kee ° ° ° ° ° Be te 6a bar ha Fh hee ° ° ° ° 8.87 Ar T.8T ox 6.87 Ar 9.87 be ABT Ae 3.87 oe 2.87 oe 1.87 oe Te D3T Ar BOT OF TST or 637 or 537 he NST Ar 5.97 or 237A LST 0 STO 95 oe 85 or TS de 65 55 o hoe 35a 25a Lom 0 | Sh 0 OSH Na VOVIE‘TABLE VE.~ ARROOMMNETC DweTeC MEE [14] [e--po ee] _ Deflection station, (r - b)/(R - 2) 0 0 0D 0m 0m 0m 09 00 0m 00 0m 0mm ium 0 0 0 © © © © 0°06 © of Joss 0 my 0 8 2 0 8 tye 0 0-0 0 me © 0 © 0 6 © «© © © 0 0 0 mm 0 8 » 0 0 0 0 0 Kgs 0 0 0 0 © o os 0 8 8 8 8k my > a a oe 5 0 8 6 8 8 0 8 tye 0 2 0 8 © 0 © © © 0 0 © © © tas © 6 6 6 © © 0 6 6 6 my a HOCH NE YONcs VE. CoRMEPOOAL TREE EX eae fp], 3b, FR LENORE RA [e = es7.027 (raasznn/oee)®] Derumgton etation, (2 ~ 2)/(8 - ) 21m, 988 19e7.752 T0937 15.106 [ew.soo aser.me xo.s37 3.165 2.06 TO. eT 125.096 Te. oe. 3p 7.62 1999.05 ° 0m 0m 06 0.5 OAD ORDO. ah.s0d -en.90 ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° | abi.s88 sere tore.tho ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° aM.se8 SeT.Te 1NO.T TBE ° ° ° ° ° ° ° BIMS80 7-732 mo.so7 103.766 -S8ET.ANS ° ° ° ° ° ° 208.589 197.1 O.IST 335.765 agG.0N6 -BO.lOg 0 ° ° ° ° ° 2.503 seT.T9e 170.957 3055.766 ams. yk esto ° ° ° ° BA.SE 19ET-THR 1TO.95T 103.15 LepAOnh TOPE easy -aTEa.AS oO ° ° ° [esos sser.toe rmoo.ss7 13.765 .ap.6 15.288 pany Gry. ohio. =o ° ° 08.988 3927.79 170.957 135.766 1255.06 160.33 BB.TDG 6A. 1995.8% takes ° ops. -a3579.Mo HOS NE YON TH‘ABLE VICI. VIRPICALAINERITA MATRIC iy], Tb-seo®, FOR KUMPLE SLADE eriection station, (r - )/CR - ») ae 0.95 085 OTS 065 O55 OS OSLO 0.0625 0.05 0.0125 rt [0.033038 0 ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° o | | oe 106077 one ° ° ° ° ° ° ° °o ° ° “D ISSLIG 106549 -0532TH ° ° ° o ° ° o ° ° a) 212155 159824 106949 .ok0e51. ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° DB 265194 .213099 .15982k 080503 .053519 o ° ° ° ° ° o AS 4.318233 266375 213099 «120755 .107038 .041205 o ° ° °o 0 ° 7) oTeTe 5969 26657) .AGOUT “260597 .OBEKIO ose 0 = 2% ABNZLL 372924 .3196K9 201258 .2IKOTT .123615 .111765 .060854 ° ° ° ° 15 “ATOMS 19558 366065 2x68 260869 159569 260661 ua. emMoT 0 0 0605 497238 6176 «392901 .236605 .287664 180271 «188602 - .1k528 .ko9787 oO 270199 o mes | 703869 Asc857 399%6e 261636 .29k395 .Ahes 1909 aseIsT A6EAGT 0 ahoase | | ° 40S% ML VOWsoa meron woe =] roe wore aoe [fan fo-tn.) « 20520] a Youent station, (x - h)/(R - b) ' & oration, 0.85 0.75 0.65 0.5 Ok 0.35 0.25, 0.15 0.0605 0.0125 | [o6.165 92.506 78.489 10h.6se 136.05 95.030 95.009 38.712 12.825 7.619 ' 06.505] | 0.99 1 0.183 52.305 TBE 92.596 TTF TH. Tee 33.073 hoo 6.87 | THT] | 8 ' ° 0 26.265 52.326 69.77 62.020 66.195 29.034 9.97 6.015 | 68.605 i o ° 0 26.2685 H6.N9B 6.515 35.INB 4.195 8.050 5.015. | 5947S 6 ‘ ° ° ° 05.089 SLI 59.06 39.356 Ta@p HALL | 90.325] | 55 1 ° ° ° ° 035.505 26.57h UNDLT 5-700 3.609 | ALT 5 1 ooo ° © 035.287 9.678 ers 2.807 | 32.005] | 35 \ ° oo ° © 0 O89 2.850 2.005 | 2.8] | 25 i ° oo ° oe 0 0k 203 1 5-725] | aS 1 o 0 o ° bee fot 0) 0 are sor | sma] | 0605 1 ee i ° ° ° ° oo ° ° o.oo fram] | ors ‘Oh Nib VOVIE onTAR X.~ THESGRATING WAERIX [x], tn., FOR ROOT BLADE Lona station, (r ~ n)/(R - b) _ 9.95 0.8 0. 0.60. OND —O.S_—OLAH_—OLIG 0.0605 0.0 0.0125 eas 0 ° ° ° ° ° ° ° oo 0 | | oss 18.300 9.1500 ° ° ° oo ° oo ° 6 BT.A50 18.300 9.150 0 ° ° ° ° ° Cr) ° & 36.600 27.650 18.300 9.1500 ° ° ° ° a) ° 2 ¥5.150 36.600 27.450 18.500 9.150 0 ° ° ° eto ° 5 34.900 ¥5.750 36.600 27-450 18.300 9.150 0 ° ° 0-9 ° 38 6.050 54.500 45.750 36.600 27.050 18.300 9.150 ° oo ° 25 3.200 64.050 94.900 ¥5.750 36.600 27.50 18.300 9.150 0 Cn) ° 35 81.206 2.036 62.905 55. M600 I.A56 26.305 176 8.008 ° 0625 5.7 16.65 GTNL 98.531. NPIL 0.05. 30.08 ALL 129M 0 5b 0125 aia Si i ee | 40S ME YowWACA TN 450% 45 Rotor shaft & Rotor share (6) Gecastey. Blam of Fotation (b) Detections. Pigure 1.- Definitions of foree and geometric synbols.46 NACA TN 430) Hinge offset ae tae) Spanwise station, r/® Figure 3.- Cantilever-blade segmental arrangement for the matrix tables.Blade wetght, Ih/tn. 35. 30 as 20 4s 10 4oxi08 » 25| 4 a i d i jx po * * 2 io Cn 2 2 30 Syarze statin, #/R. ‘Spuamise satan, £/f Figure 4,- Blade veight and stiffness used in the caloulations. HOST Mi VON an4B NACA TN 430% 1.2, Ur = Uc cosy + us siny First harmonie coefficients of blade airload, 1b/in H1,2 . 4 8 Spanwise station, Ei Spanwiee station, EB ze Spenvise variation of first harmonic coefficients of blade airload. rere Tore eee Ieee el Mir =Mi,c coey + ih,s sin Present method —Method of reference 3 300} T 204 200} wy 12 os Spanwise station, structural bending moment ,Ib-in. T.0 First harmonic coefficients of blade RA (b) Calculated epenvise veriation of first harmonic structural moment coefficient due to first harmonic eirload coefficients. Figure.5.- Airloads and structurel moments for hinged blade used in numerical examples.NACA TW 4504 i Bs 2S 12] — tay = 12,0 008 2V+ t2,g sin 2Y BZ 8 a ag 4 Eo Spanwise station, r/& sg ooo eto) a) 10) 4g. (a) spanwise variation of second harmonic coefficients of biade eirload. 71200 a ==-Present inethod ga ——Method of reference 3 2 £72000] Be ‘ 3 & -00 Se M2,r = M2,c cos 2¥+ lg,g ein 2Y e 3-600} ee ES ~4o as 23 5 5 -200} ae = Mes 3 T a 07 : s : e910 “Spanwise station, r/& (b) Calculated spanwise variation of second harmonic structural moment, coefficients due to second harmonic airload coefficients. Figure 6. Airloads end structural moments for cantilever blade used in numerical examples.NACA TN 4504, 3 of 1 Load station Blade bending moment, lb-in, ch a a T.0 Spanwise station, F=B Figure 7.- Structural moment on zero-offset rotating hinged blade due to 100-pound concentrated loads at various stations. 5 x 103; T Blade bending moment, 1b-in, 2 8 4 6 6 7 #8 9 1.0 Spanwise station, r/R Figure §.- Structural moment on rotating cantilever blade due to 100- pound concentrated loads at various stations.1A ‘ra ito = von Blade bending moment, bots. 19; 18% 10 — 14 4a 40 ‘Blade defletons, ta. & \ Ccaluted trae. | — ° 2 * 2 2 ‘Spunaize sation, 2/8 : A 2 UA ia 5 oF foncnian tn, 7 Fy Figure 9.- Bending moment and deflections on cantilever blade in hovering. ‘Thrust = 490 Ib; OR = kg? ft/sec. +0%h ML VOVN 1S