Atomic radii and Ionic Radii

1. Explain the decrease in the atomic radius across a period

a. Increasing attraction between the nucleus and the outer electrons
b. Electrons in the same outer shell,
i. so increasing nuclear charge
ii. with similar shielding
2. Explain why the ionic radii are less than atomic for metals
a. Ions have lost electrons
b. The effective nuclear charge is greater for the ion
3. Explain why the ionic radii are greater for non-metals
a. Ions gain electrons
b. Increased repulsion between the electrons in the same shell

Ionisation Energy
4. Explain why the first ionisation decreases rapidly between periods(eg: from p1 to p2)
a. The outer electron occupies a higher energy level which is further from the nucleus.
b. More shielding by inner electrons
c. ………...despite the increased nuclear charge
d. Less attraction between the electron and the nucleus
5. Explain why Ionisation energy increases across the period
a. Increasing nuclear charge
b. ….increasing attraction between the nucleus and the electrons.
c. Same shielding
6. Explain the reason for the ionisation energy decreasing between group 2 and period 3
a. The new electron is removed from the p orbital(mention which energy level, eg: 3p)
b. The new orbital is further away
c. And higher energy
d. And increased shielding effect
7. Explain why ionisation energy decreases between group 7 and 8
a. The outer electron in group 8 occupies a half filled p orbital
b. The presence of same charge leads to spin pair repulsion
c. This reduces the energy required
8. Explain why the ionisation energy decrease down the group
a. Each new electron occupies an electron further from the nucleus
b. The size of the atom gets bigger, so is the distance from the nucleus
c. The increased shielding effect
d. All factors outweigh the increased nuclear charge
e. Less nuclear force of attraction experienced.

Organic chemistry
9. Explain why molecule xyz doesnt know display optical isomerism (check for each condition )
a. Geometrical - check for the same atoms on a single carbon molecule or
 i. If the molecule is saturated, then geometric is not there.
b. Optical- check for different atoms on a carbon molecule (chiral atoms display optical
isomerism and the number of isomers is given by the formula 2 n where n is the number of
chiral centres ). Basically check for the chiral centres
10. What is a Chiral centre
a. A carbon atom which is bonded to four different groups.
11. Types of hybridisation
a.
Type Description Bond Example

Sp3 Single bond Methane

saturated

sp2 The other p orbital forms a pi Double bond Ethene

bond

Sp Other two orbitals form pi Triple bond Cyano group/

bonds ethyne
b. Note: The hybridized orbitals are of mixed shape and structure, and are not similar.
12. Describe what is first ionisation energy
a. The energy required to
b. Remove one electron from each atom
c. In mole of atoms in gaseous state
d. To form one mole of +1 cations in gaseous state.
13. Describe :
a. Sp2 - the overlap of one s orbitals and 2 p orbitals to form sigma bonds
b. Sp3- the overlap of one s orbital and 3 p orbitals to form sigma bonds
c. Sp- the overlap of one s orbital and one p orbital
14.