. “ < "The Matn of Ajeroomiah By the Most Learned Scholar” Abi Abdullah Mohammad bin Mohammad bin Ajeroom Translated by Hamza Yusuf )Table of Contents Chapter 1: Speech, Chapter 2: Inflection and its Parts Chapter 3; Knowledge of the signs of inflectior Chapter 4: Inflected Words... Chapter 5: Verbs .. ‘Chapter 6: Nouns in Rat’ Chapter 7: Subject-Doer... Chapter 8: Object whose Subject is not Named....11 Chapter 9: The Subject and its Predicate. Chapter 10: Governing Agents that Exercise Influence on the Subject and the Predicate. Chapter 11: Adjectives. Chapter 12: Conjunctions ... Chapter 13: The Corroborative Chapter 14: The Permutative.. Chapter 15: Parts of Speech in Nasb. Chapter 16: The Direct Object... Chapter 17: The Infinitive or Absolute Object...ne Chapter 18: The Time and Space Qualifiers... Chapter 19: The Circumstantial Qualifier. Chapter 20: The Specifying Element... (Chapter 21: Exception Chapter 22: Absolute Negation with la Chapter 23: The Vocative Chapter 24: The Object of Reason. Chapter 25: The object of Accompaniment. Chapter 26: The Nouns in hata. olin 's ole sie fl sbi Zaye y Ls yaad Ly oo last VG seul Sle gio WL Jett ae elomlll SLigeig Wy eoveeeets Jaatoll Sly glGoll 48g glo yb aly sel sul ale ee galiall aly lai go Jsatellay ©oS Sy ea 5s BK Ail 92 toll Chapter 1: Speech Speech must have utterance; it must be compounded and it must be ‘meaningful in its syntactical sequence’. It consists of only three parts: the noun (g—! ), the verb, (ae ) and the panicle (3 >) which has signification. The noun is known by khafd, by tanwin and by the addition of the article of definition. The particles of khafid are as follows: jN oe Je we ge (ule ON. ‘Ada to those the particles of adjuration (p@—iil 2+ > ) ce G The verb is known by (48 5 p+ 5 call) and the quiescent () of the feminine gender, ‘The particle ( C+ 3 is that which neither the sings for the noun nor the verb applies " Bilwada’ also means thet speech must be made up of words that are used by the arabs for their respective meanings . The first meaning is the one chosen by Murabit al-Hajj in Dalil At-Tulaab; the second is preferred by Kafrawi in his commentary on the ajrumiyya,dolial 9 nal jel “aL - ret SY jot Ly Chapter 2: Inflection and its Parts Inflection ( 1£! ) is the change of the last syllable’ of words based on the tly or implicitly various agents of inflection that govern them either expli The parts of inflection are only four raf”, nasb, khafd, and jazm. Of these, the first three belong to nouns without any jazm. Raf’. nash and Jazm are peculiar to verbs (which have no khafd.)silyl lee dyes WG eT) oe hee 3 SG Lhe 5, 55 Sn OB 5,355, 53,415 oy UI dubs ei si + Raf has four signs: 9 << 9 G 1.| dammah 2) waw 3. | alif 4.| nun Damman is the sign of raf’ in four instances: Chapter 3: Knowledge of the signs of inflection 1. | The singular noun 2. | The broken plural and having nothing at is termination [such as the feminine nun or the nun of confirmation} 3. | The sound feminine plural EN ep 4. | The verb in the imperfect free of agents f oball lest «As for the wa, it isa sign of the raf” in two instances only |. | Inthe sound masculine plural saley v In the five names Kel ele Os As for the alif, it isa sign of raf’ only in the dual, gh et ot 51s Li yh ei tn 46 of) Gis + Thebzznfis a sign of raf in the imperfec] pronoun of the dual, or the pronoun of the plural or the pronoun of the second person feminine:© The aso has five signs: 1.| fatha 2.| alif | tail 3. | kasrah poe aya é 5. | The omission of the zim at the end of the word} yal) 3. + Fathah is a sign of nasb in three instances: 1, | Te singular noun alt SI 2. | The broken plural pS ae 3. | The verb in the impertect that is eo ye tel Sa govemed by an agent of mas and having nothing termination + Alifis.a sign of nasb in the five nouns for example JEhis tbe 5, + As for kasrah, itis asign of the nasb in the sound ferninine plural hth oF oe As for ya itis the sign of asb in the dual and the plural (ead 5 5) pelt 3S Le © As for the omission of the un, it is a sign of nasb in verbs whose raf is determined by the nun. © As for khafd, it has three signs: 1.| kasrah ya© Kasrah is the sign of khafd in three instances: 1. | The singular noun that is fully declinable The broken plural that is fully declinable 3. | Sound feminine plural noun © Ya is the sign of khafd in three instances also: 1. | sn the five nouns 2. | Inthe duat xh 3, | In the plural woks + As for the fathah, itis a sign of khafa in a noun that is not fully declinable, + Jazm has two signs it is known by: 1. | sukun ys 2. | Omission ie ‘+ As for suekzen, itis a sign of jaz in the imperfect verbs whose ending is regular. Omission is a sign of the jazz in verbs whose endings are irregular and in the five names whose sign of raf” is determined by the nun.Chapter 4: Inflected Words Inflected words are of twa types: those that are inflected with vowel markings and those inflected with letters. ‘* As for those words that are inflected with vowel markings. they are of tour types: 1. | The singular noun 2. | The broken piural 3.| The sound feminine plural Le Ld gy OLAS y OLD Ly Sound and nothing is attached to its ending 4, | The verb in the impertact whose ending is. sail eyes fault ae oat jet exceptions: All of these signified in the raf” by dammath,, the nasb by fathah the khafa by kasrah and the jazm by steketun. To these there are three 4. } the sound feminine plural, which in nasb has kasrah 2. | the noun that is not dectined, which in khafd has fathah 2. | the verb in the imperfect, regular in the last syllable, which is jazmated by the omission of the final syllable * As for the words that are inflected with leters, they are four: 4. | The dual 2. | The sound masculine plural ies Say es 3. | The five nouns 2b ly 4, | The five verb forms¢ As for the dual it takes raf’ with aif. It takes the rash and the keicifel with ya. + As for the five nouns, they are in raf" with waz, nash with «lif and khafd with ya. As for the five verbs, they are in raf’ with 1117 and in nasb and khafa with the omission of nen, Inzan,Jai” ya LBL Chapter 5: Verbs There are only three verb tenses: 1. | Pertect 2. | Impertect ye Peds Lit, Sade Vj, 98, ge CEs yi 3. | Imperative ‘The perfect always has a fathah on the last syllable (untess it has the wate’ ‘f plurality or a pronoun of raf” that has a vowel mark). The imperative is always with jazm. The imperfect verb is one that always commences with one of four letters that are contained in the technical word ( ‘=il). Moreover. itis always in raf” unless an agent of rash or jazm precedes it. The agents of nasb are ten. They are contained in these lines: Steet Ys St ot Se Lab TE gi) ate pt sir ‘The particles that govern j@z77 are eighteen in number and they are contained in the following lines: eo, Seb cle y gallo Cts ot .u eth 3 Aggy es Also called the FA AS-sababiyya .For full treatment of this agent see APPENDIX I 8closalll le 94156 “21g wt Chapter 6: Nouns in Raf’a ‘The marfiv‘at are only seven in number and they are as follows: ‘The subject-doer 2. | The object whose subject-doer is not named 3. | The subject of @ sentence whic begins with @ noun 4, | The predicate of 2 subject of 2 noun sentence 5. | The subject of the verb karia and its analogous verbs 6. | The predicate of ina and its analogous particles 7. | The word in apposition to a rafated noun, which are four: 1. Adjectives, (8) 2. Conjuctives ( tke) 3. Corroboratives (453) 4. Permutatives (dayBG a Gh ee Bb 5 8H ae Chapter 7: Subject-Doer ‘The subject-doer is a noun in the 7a/"@ whose action is previously mentioned, It is of two types: 1. | When the subject-doer is explicit. ab the verb itselt. 2. | When the subject-doer is implicit and contained in ‘The explicit subject is expressed for example in the following statements: ‘There are only twelve implicit subjects, expressed in the following statements. Wo eveChapter 8: Object whose Subject is not Named This is a noun that is in raf"a but whose subjeét is not mentioned with it ‘When the verb is in the perfect, then the first letter takes a damm and the penultimate takes akasrah. On the other hand, if the verb is imperfect. then the first letter takes a dammaht but the penultimate takes a fathalt. This passive subject is of two types: 1. | Explicit pb 2. | implicit which is contained in the verb ‘The explicit is in such statements as, IPE Se Ab Se ‘Where the implicit contained in the verb is twelve as in the following examples: uy. t: : i ' ; (ual) 2s ws. 1"sais a isk Oo ‘The subject is the noun in raf7a, free of any expressed agents acting upon it ‘The predicate is the noun in raf"a which is semantically connected to the subject. For example the following expressions: Opt Osi. ‘The subject is of two types 1. | Exphet 2. | Implicit It is explicit as in the above-mentioned examples. Whereas the implicit is twelve only: wise sie For example your statements ( 0 sl and similar such expressions. * As for the predicate, it is of two types: 1.| Simple [ se 2. | Compound 7 oy pe G36 2 95:58 9) and itis compound in four cases: 2 Aus 41. | A preposition and its object SLAs AS 2. | Adverbial expression 3. | A verb with its subject 4. | A subject with its predicate 2, Chapter 10: Governing Agents that | Exercise Influence on the Subject and | the Predicate ‘There are three things that influence simple sentences: Sie ei OF | | 2 | sana andits comesponcing Gist yo yh La Ly! | [3 | anna anaits analogous veros | Gael yt eet 4 — IOS oe * As for kana and its analogous verbs, they always place the noun in raf'e SOLS fb y stat, | and the predicate in masa. They are the following words: Ly WLS Wye 1.| Kana | os Col yt ely Ul 2.| Amsa oe GEG at abu, 3,| Asbaha zeal Bate yr tan tp 4, | dha ual 8.| Dhalla soi goss e | [elo 2 pera, 7.| sara we a 2. | aysa A : ee 9.| ma zala ape ae 7 10| ma infakka Sagiu we ag 43| ma fati’a A—S ge -B5 4 of 544 12| ma bariha Wud bhs,e5 13| ma dama fet lise ui “This includes of the various conjugations of these words such as, se OSS. ow. we Masti y Leste ee Se 13«© As for fina and its corresponding particles, they place the subject in the nasab case and the predicate in the ra/“@ case.. They are the following | particles: 1.| inna —empler a \ 2.| anna Fact bee Adah 3 | 3.| lakinna | ; 4,| ka‘anna \ J i fy ae y le s.| tayna ee hme a 6.| Palla “i gots y oi ‘The first two ina and anna are used to give force to the statement by ‘means of corroboration; lakzinina is used to correct a previous statement: ka’anna is used for comparison; layta is used 1o express an impossible . 7 wish; and ‘alla is used either for hope or expectation. They are contained ELS IG y Lets in the following lines: OLS yf oe SES ofits ous Le + Dhanantu ani its analogous verbs, place the subject and its predicate in the masab case, because they are both objects of the verb. The verbs of this kind are as follows: 1.| dhanantu \ Thus you say, 2.| hasibtu 3.| Rhiltu 4.| zamtu 5.| ra‘aytu 6.| ‘alimtu 7.| wajadu 8.| ittakhadhtu 9.| faltu 10) sam'itu a 14pny Say Chapter 11: Adjectives ‘The n‘at (Lal) follows the case of what it is describing whether that word be in Raf @3) in nasb (ai ) or in khafd ( 2 ). whether it be definise (24 ,** ) or indefinive ( 3 $3 ), Thus you say: Beyer e Gauls iy Definite ( 4 x ) nouns are five things only: pes LS hs ome + 47) 5 17 persona pronouns “ral (| such as, yA tat yn oe os 2.| Proper names pst (ON! | such as, neti tyn yeu pet a > 3. | Demonstrative pronouns: (ral pL such as, — Ns ES 55 2 aa bee , Ba} nk ea penens pee? oe! yeh hy BS ah Yi eVpS aS SL is 3 si pul 3 ous O35 ake nih ens Nouns withthe artcte of | 4.3 cs.ilh ¢_ ay! | such as, oo \ S| pully Gah tas 5. Anything which is placed in conjunction with any one of the above four 2 AGle J eek eS Soa slew vied pl asad of Sa peih ud “bsChapter 12: Conjunctions “The particles of conjunction are ten and they are summed up in this verse: ag uA Y bt Joy ‘Thus if you connect a word with another by means of one of these ten the latter follows the former in its case. So if by means of one of the ten you unite i a word to a word in raf'a then itis also marf'tt and if itis in rasb then it is also mansub and if itis khafa then itis also makhfud; likewise if itis Jazm then it is also majztem. Thus you would say,saGgill Le “see yp at yy Sah 5, Sy ki Chapter 13: The Corroborative ‘The corroborative ( LS 33!) is a word that follows a corroborated word (ASB also. It occurs with only certain known words and they are the following: i cases either raf'a or nasb or kltafa and its definiteness And the appositives’ of the fourth corroborative and they are Thus you say: > Apposition in grammar is when a word is placed with another as an explanatory equivalent. 7The Permutative Jada Chapter 1 . . ht ’ ot AI SAS) ae permutative ( JS) occurs when one isv7 or one fil is exchanged with And fd fad let | another. Moreover it follows what itis exchanged for in al of its inflections RA} > 5 ahem & | There are four types of permutative: 1. | The complete change of one thing eel ce ett Say tor another pdt SG y JS | | 2. | The change of a part fora wncke SO ep Leet ay B18 + BN SO | | 8. | athe change of the content for the JOEY Sy Asi, 2955 gee containing : 4,| The change for a mistake bil Sa] ‘Thus you say 1. | Zaid came (I mean) your brother. Setijee { ate the loat of bread (I mean) a i gi esi third of i. 3. | Zaid (1 mean) his erudition We 5 ks benefited me. a 4. | | saw Zaid, (I mean) the horse. Cy In the last case you intended to say the horse but mistakenly said Zaid instead.Fosulll Lp gertg “Le je LL OL pall Chapter 15: Parts of Speech in Nasb The parts of speech that are governed by the reasb are fifteen in number peat ye yea a | (7. Pte tre obec we Jet] Gb yt 531 Gb | | 2. | the verbal noun oF the absolute object Taal piel JL, oS | | 8. | me te quattir | oy G & wt by ge | | 4 | The space-qualier | ; a cae 3 isa ty 5. | The circumstantial qualifier 4 24 te ttesf 6. | The specifying element ally el si 7B y Led), ta at | | 7 | Te xcs comer Pre ear are 8. | The noun negated by La. SA soy pti taeh y Si Laat | 2 | Te voontis 1 re 10.| The object of reason pul! » Sy ASI = fe : 11.| The object of accompaniment wae J pelt 12 The precisate of kana and tsretecves | Liat p05 | 48.) Subject-noun of inna and it related verbs Wiel y of Jeu 44.) The two subjects ot zanancu and its related verbs 15.| Something in apposition to a naun which is. 5 _{in the nash case This 1. last mansub falls into four categories: Adjective Conjunction Gorraborative Permutative “ Many of the manuscripts of the Ajrumiyya do not contain this 14" past of speech that is mansub, and thus many printed editions do not contain ic either and it seems 10 be an oversight on certain scriveners’ part that out of trust was not transmitted in the actual text but added in the commentaries; and Allah knows best. 1944 Jssoll “ahs Chapter 16: The Direct Object 2 3) 5+ 4 | mrisis a word thas a direct objet of a verbs action soch as tt Ok I struck Zayd PSs sig Eps a ete By dl Li Sot Sas cdg at | There are two types of direct objects: ’ wall 4%, sis I rode the horse ‘The explicit was already mentioned in the above examples. As for the implicit. ° there are two types: connected unconnected The connected has twelve forms: 5 as Uh Lady BLY Wy sas bd ot yh aU, pretre | at Spe) 8 2 glist La ists wel nl Gels ALA, SLA, Oa ce i 2 ‘The unconnected also has twelve forms: = -10 E 2 -11Chapter 17: The Infinitive or Absolute Object The masdar (_,3-2\\ jis the noun in nasb that occupies the third place in the conjugation of the verb; for example, (4-2 pai 7-2 ). Inis of two kinds: | 1. | Homonymous ‘Synonomous | ‘When its derivation is-the same as its verb then it is homonymous ( such as (365 225 ), should it only agree in meaning by not derivation then it is symonomous ( ¢5 y:0) such as (1>.y0 Cole ¢ bby S03) and the like. at9 oleill asks Ly glGell jb le jG, & oe oat oss ii dy Bohs 985 ins ES, gels y Latte yf Lo glee phot if Chapter 18: The Time and Space Qualifiers A qualifier of time is a pat of speech denoting time, placed’in the rash case with the same meaning as if it were preceded by the particle ( 3 ) . such as ie. (poe Me pole te. tf. if. te. And the like (203 {21 U 4). ‘A qualifier of space is a part of speech that denotes locality. also in the mesb case, with the same meaning as if it were preceded by the ( 3). suctras: ee GMS. ayy + ae ‘And the like (U3 C21 Le 4)Jotay Chapter 19: The Circumstantial Qualifier 2 35 JE. | The circumstantial qualifier is a pant of speech in the nasb case which" SL LES | explains some ce as: 15 OS ot that is uncertain as regards external circumstances: such + tit 55150, 45 | [zaseame aang I rode the horse, saddied I met Abudullah [who was] riding And the like (U3 1 Ly) ‘The word used for circumstance is always indefinite (20 ), always comes at the end of a complete sentence, and always describes the circumstances of one who has the definite article. 23Chapter 20: The Specifying Element ‘The specifying element is a word that is in the nasb case which explains something that is uncertain as regards the essence of that thing: as for instance: Zayd poured forth sweat Be vj Bakrun was bursting with fat jeat Life pst 5 bought twenty servants Muhammad was content in spirit | | possessed ninety ewes 232 gle yh | Tis nolor than you ato the fats Uf ae est YVy3 SY 45) | | father and more handsome than ie ae oe you in countenance - pe Sy tie Wo 1S The specifying element is always indefinit end of a complete statement. joreover it always comes at theTe _ Chapter 21: Exception “The panicles of exception are eight Sp EN oe ple YH Ge te Lie site | [2 | phair ie PS as Les | Pa | stoan ta ls Lt te | | af swan WO Ee yt Y | [8 | samarien ps bus oy pte | Le] eaale we 7.| ‘ada ae - 8.| Haasha Be YW FL WALT LS & | the exception by means of tla ¢ YL ) isin the masb, when the sentence is , : i Paste) ty5 e oh SH OLS of yh; affirmative and complete (1 5 ps Thus (i435 Yt tal hy. the people stood up except Zayd. But when the sentence is negative and He OLS L288) | complete it may be considered a permutative of what is excepted from or take Ly Wis big | the nasi case, according tothe res of exception. Thus iy3 St pall ot Ly or (25 pal fey Wy yWweuee, Lys We, If the sentence is incomplete without the exception, then the thing excepted is . . 7 sovemed by the agents acting upon it and no by the particle of exception. For , \ a tf instance, a Woeey, none stood up except Zayd Also, re Gh Mey y by and (Lys Yeye by ghee ie |, As forthe word excepted by ghair ( pi), siwan (S's), i sti 5, i Ge suwan (15's), ana sawa'un (lige), they are all majraer (532) he rol 1854 | « astorwords excepted by Rhala (3 ), ada (lie ), or haasha as Fe ine yay, | (EL) then itis permissible to use the masb case or the jarr case. For example: spegslgke, Bi stKite gape sine te ys hy Se tot ets 25336; MOBY S tele yee Yeto ey oj gH, og, BGS YE Bes tly y or Chapter 22: Absolute Negation with /a Know that the negation places indefinite words into the ras case without tanwin (¢y p53), when it immediately precedes an indefinite word. and the negation is not repeated such as (JS 3 4) Y). There is no man in the house. When it does not immediately precede the word negated, then the raif"a case is necessary and the negation must be repeated if another word is negated thereafter such as (hal Y y By 4 3 Yy When it is repeated, it is permitted to either exercise its influence or simply negate without influence on the case of that which is being negated. Thus one BBL Yor may say either, GAY 5 4) 3 By Y LAY 9 JsaLill aL: py i Sas eshte pat ESB yt atl, 21, 6 Stealy LSet y Gat $8 ys 5d tL joy —all Chapter 23: The Vocative ‘The vocative has five kinds: 1. | A simple proper name 2. | An intended indefinite 3. | An unintended indefinite 4. | That which is annexed to 5. | That which is similar fo something in annexation ‘+ As for the simple proper name and the intended indefinite, they are both sways formed with a damma without tanu'in. For example: Bo beask * As for the other three kinds, they can only be in the 72sb case and no other. Examples of each are as follows: 1. | An unintentional indefinite would be tor dopa) gf 3S instance a blind man calling someone for help such as: ety BS 2. } That is which is annexed to for example: tall BN be ls dae 3. } That which is similar to something annexation for example: yb yy Yo NS tub y . 2alal go Jamiel Ly opel eM aH 4S iy eit RSLS Jal 9 dad YA} Goa ta as Chapter 24: The Object of Reason This is a noun in the rrasb case which is mentioned in order to clarify the reason why the action has occurred such as: Zayd stood out of respect for ‘Amr | have come to you out of desire Big w clgt Dias for your tavor- ON is 2 a Chapter 25: The object of Accompaniment ‘This is a noun the in the masb case which is mentioned in order to clarify with whom the action was done. For example, your statements: The Emir came with his army Cats eS | The water became level with the dy Wet wood [As for the predicate ( > ) of a Rana and its related verbs. and also the subject-noun of 772724 and its related particles, they have already been covered in the section on the parts of speech that are in the ra"a case. Furthermore the words in apposition to a word which is mansub have also been dealt with there. 29lout stags “sly Spy ie Lo ka 2 sop gu gs (pda Ut pe Lh ty sda ese sdis pH SH pL) ty a BO ped she t¢ ype she gles ery poy Bt yj PLES Se Chapter 26: The Nouns in khafd ‘The nouns which ace in khafd are of three classes only: 1. makhfud because of a preposition 2. makhfud because of annexation 3. A word in apposition to a makehfud * «As for the a word in khafd due to a particle, this takes place after the following particles: oe ee ue se SS. Je cle ‘And also the particles of adjuration which are, (<< ¢ « 3) and then waw rubba() $13), also mudh and mundhu (£2 y Ly * As for what is in khafd due to annexation ( CSU ) an example of that is (25 p{E) The servant of Zayd. This however is of two types: i is either equivalent to the relation expressed by the particle fant (J) .as in the servant of Zayd, or itis equivalent to that expressed by the particle min (of Jasin: A door made of teak A garment made of silk Arting made of iron * All three kinds are found in the sacred formula Bésmillahi ir-Rahman ir-Rahim. ‘The ism after the particle ba is makfud due to a preposition, the name Allah is ‘makhfud due to annexation to the word ism and ar-Rahman ar-Rahim ace both ‘makinfud dye to being in apposition to a makhfud which is Allah i.e. they are both adjective deseribing Allah which is makkfud therefore they ace makhfud. 30‘The translation of this text was completed with the help of Allah at the hands of the poor slave of his Lord, hamza yusuf asking forgiveness for mistakes explicit and implicit seeking the gift of His ism firmly imprinted in his heart, asking to follow the fil of His Messenger peace and blessings be upon him, and to be far from those who worship Allah on a harf. Asking for rafun in the akhiraa and that death be in his foremost thoughts always (nasba ‘aynayhi) and that Allah place his sou! in a state of khafdun before Him. That Iman be firm (jazmun) in his heart and Allah give fathun to anyone who reads this text, copies it or studies any part of it; and that it helps him ‘break (yaksir) the bad habits of his tongue and that he include (yaddumi) the one who struggled to. make its meanings clear in the original and in the wanslation in his calling upon (rida) Allah in the appropriate times and places of invocation (ff dhurufin munasiba makaanan wa zamaanan lidhalika). Our final prayer is praise be to Allah the Lord of all beings. 31WF Den oO 9 PAO in a ene Re ee a ey oe: PSI PATS ee ny Se ipa at ene OP al ashe AP fA Cor haat Pe O62 ODER FAYE AP a an hee t ony SRY BOY on Ye YON eg ey ms oh eee i Ore oxte Dea ig kA hirowipe ne ap ah eh nyt grin ing (Oe en asks mye Aa OD ae te a ont cron tite oa eg: wnt ar er eames IED Re ooh HEP at wi wnt LAIR ie of! 8 Mig PA pe ne Ope ar a OK ee apa of SE OA Ont LIN ee Pama ep Ons kPa a ee Ra as eR et fore UMP Mts ne pad me see ete fo AD RARE re peg Se UMC I ee ae eee eet igs Pr a 0 fs 8 ge f of tt a 0 wer hor WATE Oi mit Ste Otel Bee Pyle TE Nee: fet oP tenet tev ue rae odwyn ~ Weipa (os bor ergo) ma OSio eyed arse ARent op: 2 De glolg 508 mae utes in fy frat fn IPE? SR? l Fes Coys) Cogn hase eee AREAP rE rare eho 508 et a Ped ec Se 3 Pig all PAS + antes? te aye emt I wane ure ree 107 09 So Igor ReaD ne Sr ror fuer tors Wee? [pores PP aE oe Pepe AAA Pet oe Moor ost PS ee iheae fre mar a He een f ape fee ye sme + mothe one BE oP ae a FR tame ktm | © 8 li et ins ay Hearn et | Ae le doin 0 ie 50 are or enh ne eR sre tee ng) Fe Care in sie sr 8 NE erg my righ fo en bef ote “ene fr rer wet he Hi em ee CP oe oy FAC gd ne atm IPR Ae ef oe eso cry cent met ace fa Detyh erycd ewe hh etre fen ice Moree yee ge ire (rah ee) Ci hy ale of omit arto mip 8 fo erig Ap Ot eg) Hat ree shee Fm ran eric ern iat pre’ — ve epee Fie? (ot RO KP nate nse) Ioan np eat pets a6 enn at em fay eee Pay pte RN Pree cay Cs wh Capt ye ine ie? Be i inn Piotr hy oo mney fre hen a ee 2 Ia Set a oP form a oy gfe ona a pf tm 8 piso ey a ety oy re relay pons Hy ote sag Freee eetreto- IO ref et oP rene fea on 6 ea per ore er ieone) ie (Munasond capi ® (Protx alif laamt) JI & arises ot Geniive) aii Gy po wa womans) oy ~ {baa Raf (ah faa ary «AS 5 HEN 9 ht = ey AN y SU peal Bye = (Leer ota: waaw’, baa’, faa) (Frat eo = a dt = (poo c= (0m le = (Pret ad) 35 @ (Protseen) ye © Prete Safa) 3p & Veruactan (Sound ining tay SH eh oo Known By: ‘The absence ofthe proats ofthe ncun and vere olall SpeechTire smpuar noun 2 & (Botan pixay pStigm (SoontFerioné Pura) {Lisl an @ sae tb eb GRE La aa FOR IS (yours) rm Cass (Sound Mascuine Pura PIS Lem © (rep ione) ie sb Bb tor Shy ey Een (ual Nouns) eA Rs @ (The prosenvFaure Ver) « asi lg Lat Jal @ (Dual Pronoun) 3c par — (ura Pronoun) ¢ pe ~ (2 person Feminine Pronoun) bil! 23th sae — {The engi Noun) Bip (exergy Sign cat tt Lab geet oo Bhp all al @ (/E (ete) (Jed Bo Be Bel ty SGT eee aes) (Sound Fenine Pura j L2 Nees (Sound tasadne ray JL Fem (Desi owre) tein (foe) (ae ah Dae ET J ——_ Thy compe angie Non) yall ,2d VI @ ~| crm concted kan pha) Ga! Sign @ (GandFonnine Phat He ipllen (ene) (Ji gs ob dle otal ath {Baal Nouns) Ale“ (Souna Masculine Para) JL Sa ae @ cine Noun which & not copa) pay Y sill pV! & mane) (De oe dar el oy A (Cover wove matin) VI fall stall a (este) (ga ha te Mar ag a SLM @. > payArPEndix = ‘The Fa in Arabic presents us with an array of possibilities. Its First position is that of a conjunction ‘that benefits the idea of succession, For example, So and so came and so angio. Bu the Fa of “sababiya” or causation is particularly difficult for the beginner. Careful attestion should bbe paid when looking ata sentence that has this type of Fa. ‘The general rule is thus: Any sentence that involves a negation or a request and is followed. due to | causation, by a phrase that begins with Fa, then the following verb will be in the subjunctive. | As for negatina. it is in such statements as: ! [As forthe request thas ight categories dlioeated in te Following line af poetry SOs 5 Un as ty Ge ead ‘The following tist describes the eight categories of request: PE IES ‘This is the command of one who is over another like the (arent to the chil Je we Yo ok, C cubis Ub ‘This is simply a prohibition, pcjo mined 03 ms Wh Gh iui ‘This is in imterogative when we ask a uestion and use the Fa. ec ‘i This is a suggestion with gentleness. This isa suggestion with firmness. 2 Geli gs ust This is wishing the impossible or highly improbable F nope Time ALS 39 This is wishing the possible ar probable. eoGlossary of Arabic Grammatical Terms Necessary for the Ajruriyya Kalam - This is speech that conveys @ meaning in which additional information is not needed. It has three elements: articulation through the toague, compoundedness, and benefit in its syntactical order. Ism ~ ‘This is any word that has meaning in and of itself without recourse to other words and is not linked to time, Fi'ilun ~ This is any word that has meaning in and of itself and it is linked to time. Harf - This is any word that links other words. {t does not have an independent meaning but becomes meaningful within the context of other words. Many of this type are called prepositions in English. Cases sma pl. of Ism have three cases: Refur, Nasbun, and Jarrun (also called Khafétun). A. word in the respective cases is called Marfu't, Mansub, and Majrur (Makifd) Rof'un ~ This is termed by orieatalsts as the Nominative case. But for students of Westem grammar this is misleading and i is much wiser to see this as the Raf ‘un case. Its signs are four: Damma, Waw, Alif and Nun (see text). Nasbun - This is called the Accusative by orientalists and again is misleading. Nasbun {s the most difficult ofthe noun cases although the verb mood that is called Nasbu also is rather staightforward. Its signs are five: Fatha, Ali, Kasra, Ya and omission of the final mu (see text). Jarrun (Khafdun) - This isthe easiest of the three cases and is particular to souns. ‘There are only three possible ways a noun can be Majrur: object of a preposition, /dafa (see below) and ‘conjuncted to a noun Which is Majrar. ‘There are many types of ism the primary ones being: sm ~any noun that indicates a person, place, thing of concept. Ism dhahir a noun which is not a pronoun. Ism al-fa'il~ the subject of a vers Ism naib al-fa'il ~ the passive subject of a sentence Ism maf ul ~ the object of a verb Ism munsarif — a fully dectined word \ Ism ghair munsarif ~ parially declined word | sme mawsul ~a relative pronoun; a relative pronoun refers to people and things i. who, which, that, whose, what etc. ism ishara — demonstrative pronoun that points to a noun i.e. this, that, those, these etc, Mudaf - the first past of a construct phrase usually indicating possession| i | ‘Mudaf Wayhi ~ the second part of the construct phrase Mufrad ~ singular Muthanna ~ dual Mudhakkar — reasculine Mu'annach - feminine Damir bartz~ 3 pronoun that is articulated | } Damir mustatir~ a provoua that is “hidden” or implied. This is necessary in four instances Damir gha’ib ~a pronoun of absence such 2s huswa | Damir hadlr ~ a pronoun of presence which has two types . 1) Mutsalli =the speaker such 38 ana i 2) Mathattab ~ the one spokea to such as anta “ Jam ‘un ~ plural; it has two types salim or sound and faksir or broken. The sound retains the * singular form and simply adds a suffix to indicate plurality. The broken “beeaks” the original structure of the word. ‘Maf ui fiti~ an accusative noun denoting time or place i. taylan, sahahan. An adverb of time or place in English. | Maf tl mutlag ~ an absolute object of a verb, not a true object it is used for emphasis. Maf ul m ‘aha ~ an accusative noun following a waw conveying a sense of “along” or “with” 4M atuf— 3 word joined to a preceding one by a conjuction and taking the same case 3s the preceding word. ‘Mubtada‘a ~a noun that opens a sentence ‘Mustathna ~a noun, often accusative, excepted by the particles of exception (see text). | Mustathna minh ~ that of which there is an exception. Hal ~ the state ot condition of noun, always inthe accusative. Considered an adverb in English. Tamytz ~ an accusative noun that removes some vagueness in a preceding noun or statement. Sifa or N’at ~ an adjective. | Badt — permutative which is a word that the speaker uses to denote what he means by a preceding | word. There are four types: complete, partial, inclusive and corrective (see text). Tabi’ ~ a word that follows another with one of ten conjuctions between them and thus has the same case as the previous word. Munade — the vocative, Momdud — noun ending in a long vawel alif followed by a hamza, EEE ——————