COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES

STRATEGIES COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES

COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES

COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE

VIRTUE ● EXCELLENCE ● SERVICE
1113-1117 San Marcelino St. Paco, Manila, 1007 Philippines
Senior High School Department
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COMMUNICATION
“Why should one use
a strategy to communicate
when the ability to
communicate is a natural gift?”
 “A communication strategy is a systematic
technique employed by speakers to express
their meaning when faced with a language
problem or difficulty. (Corder, 1981)”
 “Communication strategies are techniques of
coping with difficulties in communicating in
an imperfectly known second/target language.
(Stern, 1983)”
 Two Kinds of
Communication
Strategies
AVOIDANCE AVOIDANCE
AVOIDANCE AVOIDANCE
AVOIDANCE
AVOIDANCE AVOIDANCE
COMPENSATORY COMPENSATORY
COMPENSATORY COMPENSATORY
COMPENSATORY
COMPENSATORY COMPENSATORY
COMPENSATORY COMPENSATORY
AVOIDANCE AVOIDANCE
AVOIDANCE AVOIDANCE
AVOIDANCE
AVOIDANCE AVOIDANCE
COMPENSATORY COMPENSATORY
COMPENSATORY COMPENSATORY
COMPENSATORY
COMPENSATORY COMPENSATORY
COMPENSATORY COMPENSATORY
AVOIDANCE

A. Message Abandonment
The strategy of leaving message
unfinished because of language
difficulties
AVOIDANCE
Message Abandonment

NS: Ummm ... why is it called Manila?

NNS: Why ... called?
NS: Why is it called Manila?
NNS: Ah ... I'm not sure but ... the … maybe in the first
… Manila comes from the .... um … words … ah ...
I don't know how to explain ... (laugh)
AVOIDANCE

B. Topic Avoidance
The strategy where a learner tries not
to talk about concepts which he/she
finds it difficult to express
AVOIDANCE
Topic Avoidance

NS: Do you ah... do you consider yourself ah... part of the… what they call the
new breed of young people?
NNS: Un… yes, I think so, but… I am the... between… new generation and old
people? so called old people.
NS: Uh-huh…
NNS: Umm
NS: How do you mean between?
NNS: Um... ‘cause... (pause) ah... I thi-... What's the new generation's
idea, do you think?
AVOIDANCE

C. Phonological Avoidance
The strategy where a learner avoids
words he/she cannot pronounce
AVOIDANCE
Phonological Avoidance

NNS: Could you… um... please hand me that Woos… ah

Worst…
NS: Uh, the what?
NNS: That Werseshir…
NS: Uhh??
NNS: Oh, just pass that black sauce.
NS: Oh you mean Worcestershire sauce.
AVOIDANCE AVOIDANCE
AVOIDANCE AVOIDANCE
AVOIDANCE
AVOIDANCE AVOIDANCE
COMPENSATORY COMPENSATORY
COMPENSATORY COMPENSATORY
COMPENSATORY
COMPENSATORY COMPENSATORY
COMPENSATORY COMPENSATORY
COMPENSATORY

A. Circumlocution
The strategy in which a learner
describes or paraphrases the target
object or action
COMPENSATORY
Circumlocution

If an NNS does not know the word

corkscrew, he/she replaces it by
saying ‘the thing that you use to
open the bottle’.
COMPENSATORY

B. Approximation
The strategy in which a learner uses an
alternative term to express the meaning
of the target lexical item as closely as
possible
COMPENSATORY
Approximation

ship for sail boat;

pipe for water pipe;
stool for chair;
cup for mug
COMPENSATORY

C. Use of all-purpose words

The strategy when a learner expands an
empty lexical item to context where
certain words are lacking
COMPENSATORY
Use of All-Purpose Words

The overuse of the words thing,

stuff, make, do, what-do-you-
call-it, what-is-it
COMPENSATORY

D. Word Coinage
The strategy in which a learner creates
an L2 word based on his/her knowledge
of morphological rules
COMPENSATORY
Word Coinage

vegetarianist for vegetarian;

cutify for to make (something) cute
balderdash for a rapidly receding
hairline
COMPENSATORY

E. Use of nonlinguistic means / nonverbal words

The strategy where a learner uses non-
linguistic resources such as mime, gesture,
facial expression, and sound imitation to help
him/her in expressing the meaning
COMPENSATORY
Use of NM/NW

A learner uses his/her hands

and acts like flying to refer to
birds, or acts like swimming to
refer to fish.
COMPENSATORY

F. Prefabricated patterns
The strategy where a learner uses
memorized stock phrases, usually for
“survival” purposes
COMPENSATORY
Prefabricated patterns

No hablo español
Comment allez-vous?
Annyeong haseyo!~
COMPENSATORY

G. Literal Translation
The strategy where a learner translates
a lexical item, an idiom, or a structure
from their L1 to L2
COMPENSATORY
Literal Translation

If there’s room in heart there’s room for

the arse for the Swedish idiom Finns det
hjärterum så finns det stjärterum for
“Everybody can fit in here.”
COMPENSATORY

H. Foreignizing
The strategy where a learner uses
L1 word by adjusting it to L2
phonologically
COMPENSATORY
Foreignizing

A learner does not know the word tap,

he/she uses the L1 word that is kran but
with L2 pronunciation, so he/she says
kren.
COMPENSATORY

I. Code-switching
The strategy where a learner uses the L1
word or expression for the L2 term that
expresses the meaning he/she wants
COMPENSATORY
Code-switching

“I went to buy shoes but I found

out that wala na pala akong pera!”
(Tagalog: I had no more money).
COMPENSATORY

J. Appeal for Help

The strategy where the student asks
other students or teacher for help
because they do not know or forget
some words, structures, or idioms
COMPENSATORY
Appeal for Help

A learner may ask his/her friend by

saying ‘What do you call….?’
COMPENSATORY

K. Use of Fillers / Hesitation Devices

The strategy where a learner may use
filling words to fill pause and to gain
time to think
COMPENSATORY
Use of Fillers / Hesitation Devices

well, now, like, let’s see, uh, umm,

as a matter of fact
“Why should one use
a strategy to communicate
when the ability to
communicate is a natural gift?”
THINK TANK