Heat Mass Transfer

DOI 10.1007/s00231-017-2089-1

ORIGINAL

An experimental study of heat transfer enhancement in an air

channel with broken multi type V-baffles
Anil Kumar 1 & Raj Kumar 1 & Rajesh Maithani 2 & Ranchan Chauhan 1 &
Sushil Kumar 3 & Rahul Nadda 1

Received: 22 September 2016 / Accepted: 12 June 2017

# Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017

Abstract This work aims at studying the effect of broken Cp Specific heat of air, J/kgK
multi type V-baffles on heat transfer, pressure drop, and ther- Dd Gap or discrete distance [m]
mal hydraulic performance characteristics in an air channel is Gw Gap or discrete width [m]
experimentally investigated. The air channel had aspect ratio Gw/HB Relative gap width
of 10.0 and the Reynolds number (Re) based upon the mass ht Convective heat transfer coefficient [W . m−2K−1]
flow rate of air (ma) at entrance of the channel varied from Dhd Hydraulic diameter of channel, m
3000 to 8000. The discrete baffle distance (Dd/Lv) varied from f Friction factor
0.27 to 0.77, relative baffle gap width (Gw/HB) varied from frs Friction factor of roughened baffle
0.50 to 1.5, relative baffle height (HB/HD) varied from 0.25 to fss Friction factor smooth baffle
1.0, relative baffle pitch (PB/HB) varied from 8.0 to 12, relative ht Convective heat transfer coefficient, W/m2K
baffle width (WD/HD) varied from 1.0 to 6.0, and flow attack HD Height of channel,m
angle (αa)varied from 30° to 70°. It has been found that per- HB Height of baffle, m
formance of broken multi type V-baffles air channel is better HB/HD Relative baffle height
than the performance of smooth surface air channel for the Ka Thermal Conchannelivity of air, W/mK
range of geometrical parameters investigated. Experimental Lt Length of test section, m
results observed that maximum enhancement in overall ther- Lv Length of V-pattern baffle, m
mal performance have been found at Dd/Lv value of 0.67, Gw/ Dd/Lv Relative discrete distance
HB value of 1.0, HB/HD value of 0.50, PB/HB value of 10, and ma Mass flow rate of air, kg/s
αavalue of 60°. Nu Nusselt number
Nurs Nusselt number of rough surface
Nuss Nusselt number of smooth surface
Nomenclature
PB Pitch of baffle channel, m
Ap Surface area of heated plate, m2
PB/HB Relative pitch ratio
Ao Area of orifice, m2
(Δp)d Pressure drop across test section, Pa
Cdo Coefficient of discharge
(Δp)o Pressure drop across orifice plate, Pa
Qu Useful heat gain, W
* Anil Kumar Re Reynolds number of fluid
anil_aheciit@yahoo.com Tf Average temperature of air, K
Ti, TA1 Inlet temperature of air, K
1
School of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Shoolini University, To Outlet temperature of air, K
Solan, HP, India Tp Plate temperature of air, K
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, DIT University, U Mean air velocity, m/s
Dehradun, India V Velocity of air, m/s
3
Department of Physics and Electronic, Hansraj College, University WD/HD Channel aspect ratio
of Delhi, New Delhi, India WD Width of channel, m

WB Width of a single V-broken baffle, m
WD/WB Relative baffle width
SAH Solar air heater
SAC Solar air channel
Greek symbols
αa Angle of attack,°
βR Ratio of orifice meter to pipe diameter, dimensionless
ρa Density of air, kg/m3
νa Kinematic viscosity of air, m2/s
ηp Thermo-hydraulic performance
1 Introduction
The present scenario of high consumption of energy leads to
research on energy that is highly efficiency, environmentally
friendly, and low cost [1]. Augmentation of heat transfer in a
single phase at low and moderate Re has been a most impor-
tant subject of intensive research over the years. It has many
applications, as well as electronic system cooling, internal
cooling systems, hydro-turbine blades, heat exchangers, and
air channels. A variety of techniques have been proposed to
enhance heat transfer, among these methods vortex generators
such as obstacles [2, 3] are widely investigated. Baffles used
as disturbance promoters [4] increase fluid mixing and inter-
rupt the development of the thermal boundary layer, leading to
enhanced heat transfer in the air channel, so as to improve the
Nurs and enhancement in the thermal efficiency was reported
to be 13.76 to 20.34% over a smooth plate. The study on
baffles of different shapes, size, and orientations is reported
by Bekele and Mishra [5]. They experimentally studied heat
transfer characteristics of air channel with delta shaped obsta-
cle attached to the upper wall of a channel. Chompookham
et al. [6] studied the influence of combined wedge ribs and
winglet type vortex generators (WVGs) on Nurs and frs behav-
iors for air stream through a test channel. The test channel has
an WD/HD = 10, HB = 30 mm, HB/HD = 0.2, PB/HB = 1.33 and
Re varied from 5000 to 22,000. The existence of the combined
ribs and the WVGs shows the momentous improvement of
Nurs from 2.9 to 3.5 as compared with smooth channel.
Sahel et al. [7] examine the turbulent flows and heat transfer
characteristics in a rectangular channel attached with two baf-
fles placed on the upper and lower walls. The outcomes show
that the vortex flows generated by the perforated baffles help
to agitate the stagnant flow in the downstream region of baf-
fles leading to enhance the Nurs in the air channel and the
thermal efficiency enhances by 9.78–18.43%. Promovong
[8] experimentally invested the turbulent forced convection
Nurs and frs behavior in a high WD/HD channel fitted with
60° V-baffles. The effect of WD/HD = 10, HB = 30 mm, HB/
HD of 0.10, 0.20 and 0.30, PB/HB of 1, 2 and 3, Re from 5000
to 25,000 and transverse pitch 2H on the turbulent forced
Heat Mass Transfer
convection Nurs and frs behavior have been examined . It
was observed that V- shaped baffles rises Nurs and frs data as
compared to smooth wall channel due to improved stream
mixing. They reported that with the use of V- shaped baffle
with PB/HB = 1, WD/HD = 10 and HB/HD = 0.10 leads to the
greatest Nurs of about 1.87 at lowest data of Re.
Tang et al. [9] studied the effects of two new types of
LVGs, i.e. the common-flow-up rectangular winglet com-
bined with elliptical pole and the common-flow-up delta
winglet combined with elliptical pole on flow and heat trans-
fer characteristics in a rectangular channel and concluded that
the enhancement in Nurs to be 2.98 times as compared to
smooth channel. Promvonge et al. [10] mathematically exam-
ined the performance of Nurs and frs in square channel at-
tached with 45° inclined baffles with a Re ranging from 100
to 1200. Sripattanapipat and Promvonge [11] carried out nu-
merical investigation of laminar periodic stream and Nurs in a
two dimensional horizontal channel with isothermal walls and
staggered diamond shaped baffles. They found that the order
of improvement is about 200–680% by using the diamond
baffles and the augmentation is associated with enlarged frs
ranging from 20 to 220 times above the smooth channel.
Eiamsa-ard et al. [12] investigated air channel with winglet
delta twisted tape baffles with distinct βO and HB/HD and
reported that Nurs and frsfor winglet delta twisted tape were
superior as compared to without winglet delta twisted tape.
Nuntadusit et al. [13] experimentally investigated a wind
channel with distinct types of cut baffles for Nurs improve-
ment. They utilize zigzag-cut baffles to create 3D stream
structure behind the baffles in place of transverse vortex
stream. It was found that the baffle with rectangular zigzag-
cut gives the superior thermal performance due to Nurs im-
provement in upstream and downstream side of baffle.
Sriromreun et al. [14] reported experimental and numerical
predictions of the Nurs and frs for a SAC with Z-shaped baf-
fles. Their experiments were performed by controlling the air
stream rate to attain Re data in the range of 4400 to 20,400.
The Z-baffles inclined to 45° relative to the main stream di-
rection are characterized at three HB/HD = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 and
PB/HB = 1.5, 2 and 3. They found considerable effect of pres-
ence of the Z-baffle on the Nurs and frs over smooth channel.
Nie et al. [15] studied the numerical simulations of three-
dimensional laminar forced convection stream closest to
backward-facing step in rectangular channel to examine ef-
fects of the baffle on Nurs and frs distributions. A baffle is
fitted onto the upper wall and its distance from the
backward-facing step is varied. The entrance stream is hydro
dynamically steady and fully developed with the same tem-
perature. The Re based on the double height of the channel
upstream of the step is equal to 343. The highest Nurs on the
stepped wall develops close to the sidewall, and it moves
further downstream as the position of the baffle moves in the
stream wise direction. Friction factor at the stepped wall
Heat Mass Transfer
decreases as the distance of the baffle from the entrance
increases.
Karwa and Maheshwari [16] experimentally investigated
Nurs and frs characteristics of fully perforated baffles and half
perforated baffles at PB/HB of 7.2–28.8 of rectangular channel.
The investigation shows an augmentation of 79 to 169% in
Nurs over the smooth channel for the fully perforated baffles
and 133 to 274% for the half perforated baffles while the frs for
the fully perforated baffles is 2.98 to 8.02 times of that for the
smooth channel and is 4.42–17.5 times for the half perforated
baffles. The outcome shows that the half perforated baffles at
PB/HB of 7.2 give the maximum performance 51.6 to 75%
over a smooth channel.
Shin and Kwak [17] studied the effect of the perforation
shape for a blockage wall on the Nurs in a stream passage.
Three different shapes of hole of wide, narrow, and circular
holes were tested and for the circular hole cases, 7, 9, and 11
holes were tested. Reynolds number was varied from about
20,000 to 50,000. Outcomes shows that the staggered im-
pingement jets improved Nurs, however, frs also improved
significantly. For all Re tested, the blockage wall with wide
holes gave more uniform Nurs, and higher thermal perfor-
mance factor. As the number of hole increased from 7 to 11,
the distribution of Nurs, became uniform and the thermal per-
formance factor increased.
Bopche and Tandale [18] carried out experimental investi-
gation to study Nurs and frs by using artificial roughness by
using U-shaped turbulators on the heated surface of an air
heater channel over the range of parameters Re 3800–
18,000, HB/HD = 0.0186–0.03986, PB/HB = 6.67–57.14. It
was observed that Roughness pitch strongly affects the stream
pattern and hence improvement in Nurs was 2.38 folds the
smooth test plate. Romdhane [19] examined that effect of
Nurs in a baffled solar air collector. The baffles were attached
in the air channel. Baffles extend the trajectory of the circula-
tion and keep the air in contact with the absorber and act as
wings and improve Nurs of the air.
Lin [20] investigated the local Nurs in rectangular conduit
with baffles, and analyzes the investigational outcomes of baf-
fles with different heights and holes in the occurrence of five Re.
It was found that while the projection influence is counteracted
through the rising holes of baffles, the elevated single hole baf-
fles are seen very useful to Nurs. Moreover, a single hole baffle
has a major standard Nurs, larger than that of two hole and three
hole baffles up to 25% and 27% respectively.
Skullong et al. [21] experimentally investigate the air Nurs
and frs characteristics in a solar air heater channel fitted with
rib turbulator and reported 3.08 and 3.72 times enhancement
in Nurs and frs as compared to a smooth channel. Karwa et al.
[22] experimentally studied the effect of solid and perforated
baffles with Re varies from 2850 to 11,500, WD/HD of 7.77,
PB/HB of 29, HB/HD is 0.495. Ary et al. [23] numerically and
experimentally studied the effect of a number of inclined
perforated baffles on the Nurs and frs in the rectangular channel
with different types of baffles. The outcomes show that the
stream patterns around the holes are entirely distinct with dif-
ferent numbers of holes and it significantly affects the local
Nurs, and two baffles provide greater heat transfer perfor-
mances than a single baffle. Dutta and Hossain [24] investi-
gated the Nurs and frs in a air channel with inclined solid and
perforated baffles. During experimentation they found that
local Nurs distribution significantly depends on the perfora-
tion, orientation, and position of the second baffle plate and
Nurs was 5.0 times high as compared to smooth channel.
Chamoli and Thakur [25] performed an experimental study
in order to investigate Nurs and frs characteristics of air through
rectangular channel with perforated baffles mounted on the
heated plate having Re = 3800 to 19,000, HB/HD = 0.285 to
0.6, PB/HB = 1 to 4 and β = 12% to 44%. Author observed that
greatest Nurs was achieved for the PB/HB varied from 1.5 to 30.
Tamna et al. [26] investigated the effect of multiple V baffle
vortex generators to improve Nurs in a channel fitted with 45°
BVG with Re ranging from 4000 to 21,000, HB/HD = 0.25,
PB/HB = 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 and αa equal to 45° respectively.
Khanjian et al. [27] analysed a numerical outcomes on
laminar convection Nurs in a rectangular conduit whose base
wall is equipped among rectangular winglet pair vortex crea-
tors. They found that in terms of Re = 911 the profile of the
improvement parameter begins to raise by the roll-angle until
it arrives at a highest data of 1.32 near β = 700. They observed
that for Re = 911 the best roll-angle between those investigat-
ed values of β which tends to the optimum improvement is
700 whereas for Re = 456 the best data of roll-angle between
those investigated was the maximum angle is 900.
Zhou and Ye [28] experimentally studied the behaviour of
curved trapezoidal winglet (CTW) vortex generators and com-
pared with conventional vortex generators rectangular winglet,
trapezoidal winglet and delta winglet. The outcomes depicts
that β = 00, 150, b/a = 0.5 and α = 200 provides the superior
ηp beneath the current circumstances. Moreover higher value of
αa provides better ηp performance beneath the current circum-
stances because of the lesser projective region facing the air
streams and then minimum streams resistance.
A summary of the experimental and theoretical studies car-
ried out for different baffles and ribs roughened air channels is
given in Table 1.
The literature review shows that the use of baffles rough-
ness in several forms and shapes is an effective means of
improving the performance of air channels. It was found that
a transverse baffles roughness enhances the heat transfer co-
efficient by flows separation and generation of vortices on the
upstream and downstream of baffles and reattachment of
stream in the inter-baffle spaces. Angling of transverse baffles
further enhances the heat transfer on account of the movement
of vortices along the baffle and formation of a secondary
stream cell which results in high heat stream region near the
 Heat Mass Transfer

Table 1 Summary of literature review on baffles and ribs roughened air channels

Sr. Investigator Shapes Principle findings

No. (s)

1. V-shaped 13.76–20.34% enhancement in the

baffle thermal efficiency was reported over

[1] smooth surface channel.

2. Transverse Enhancement of and was

dimpled reported to be of order 2.49 and 2.98

baffle [4] times respectively over smooth

channel.

3. Perforated They observed that significant

baffle [7] improvement in and with the

presence of perforated baffle as

compared to without baffle channel.

9.78–18.43% enhancement in the

thermal efficiency was reported over

smooth surface channel.

4. Winglet 2.98 and 3.56 times enhancement in

longitudinal and

vertox respectively were reported over

generator [9] smooth surface channel.

leading end. V-type shaping of a long angled baffles helps in transfer rate. Producing a gap in the inclined baffles is found to
the formation of two secondary stream cells as compared to enhance the heat transfer by breaking the secondary stream
one in case of an angled baffles resulting in still higher heat and producing higher level of turbulence in the fluid
Heat Mass Transfer

Table 1 (continued)

5. Staggered The improvement of heat transfer for

diamond 5° diamond shaped baffle is around

shaped baffle 2.14 times higher than that of smooth

baffle.
[11]
6. Rectangular The baffle with rectangular zigzag-cut

cut baffle gives the superior thermal

[13] performance about 1.84 times over

smooth channel.

7. Z-shaped They observed that significant

baffle [14] improvement in and with the

presence of Z- shaped baffle as

compared to without baffle channel.

Enhancement of and was

reported to be of order 3.45 and 4.55

times respectively over smooth

channel.

8. U- shaped The maximum improvement in

baffle [18] and are of the order of 2.38 and

2.50 respectively.

9. Rib 3.08 and 3.72 times enhancement in

arrangement and

[21] respectively were reported over

smooth surface channel.

 Heat Mass Transfer

Table 1 (continued)

10. Inclined Inclined perforated baffle provides 1.2

perforated to 1.7 times the heat transfer

baffle [23] improvement with 1.8 to 2.2 times the

pressure drop penalty over smooth

channel.

11. Baffle 3.45 and 4.66 times enhancement in

arrangement and

[27] respectively were reported over

smooth surface channel.

15. Broken multi As per according literature review, it

V-type was found that, V-pattern baffles have

baffles better thermal hydraulic performance

[Proposed than other baffles shapes and

shape] configuration. It is hypothesized that

broken multi V-type baffles will

augment heat transfer compared to

simple V-pattern baffles and

continuous multi V-pattern baffles

(without broken) air channel.

downstream of the baffles. A similar gap in both the limbs of type baffles across the width of the plate is found to enhance
V-type baffles further enhances the heat transfer by introduc- the heat transfer by increasing the number of secondary stream
ing similar effects in both the limbs. Further the use of multi V- cells several times. It is thought that producing gaps in all the
Heat Mass Transfer

Fig. 1 Schematic of experimental setup

limbs of multi-V-type baffles shape will bring about consider-
ably large enhancement in comparison to that of simple single
V-baffles arrangement.
In view of the above discussion, it can be stated that broken
multi V-type baffle preparation can yield improved perfor-
mance as compared to without broken baffle preparation.
This current study will help in determining the optimum pa-
rameter ratio while the broken multi V-pattern baffle for im-
proving the performance as compared to continuous multi V-
pattern baffle. In the current work, experimental investigation
on the performance of air channel, having the heated plate
with rough in the form of broken multi type V- baffles has
been carried out. The stream Re has been varied between 3000
and 8000. The variations of Nurs and frs as a function of rough
parameter have been evaluated to examine ηp of the system to
determine the assistance of this selected roughness geometry.
2 Experimental setup and procedure
To examine the influence of broken in the limbs of multi type
V-baffles turbulent promoter on Nurs and frs of air stream, an

Fig. 2 Thermocouple position in the air channel

 Heat Mass Transfer

experimental setup was designed and made-up according to

ASHRAE Standards [29] which recommends entry
length ≥ 5√WH and exit length ≥ 2.5√WH for the turbulent
stream regime. A schematic diagram of an experimental set up
is shown in Fig. 1. The experimental setup comprised a rectan-
gular wooden channel coupled to a centrifugal blower through
a circular galvanized iron (GI) pipe. The aspect ratio of the
rectangular channel is kept at 10. The upper wall of the test
section was a Galvanised iron 3 mm plate that was heated by an
electric heater providing constant heat flux of 1000 W/m2.
Air mass flow rate through the air channel was measured
with a calibrated orifice meter with a U-tube manometer.
Calibrated copper-constantan thermocouples were used for
temperature measurement of air and heated plate. The thermo-
couples were inserted into the GI plate by drilling a hole of
2 mm depth. Twenty-one thermocouples were attached on the
heated plate to measure the plate temperature. Five thermo-
couples were used to measure the air exist temperature, where-
as three thermocouples were used at entrance section of the
channel to monitor the inlet temperature of air as shown in
Fig. 2. The pressure drop through the test section of the air
channel was obtained by a digital micro monometer having a
least count of 0.1 Pa.

3 Range of parameters

The baffle parameters are determined by baffle height (HB),

pitch of baffle (PB), length of V-pattern baffle (Lv), Gap or
discrete distance (Dd), Gap or discrete width (Gw), angle of
attack (αa) and the shape of the roughness elements. For a
specific roughness type, a family of geometrically similar
roughness is probable to recognize by altering geometrical
parameter such as WD/WB, HB/HD, PB/HB, Dd/Lv, Gw/HB and
αa. The broken multi type V-baffles is shown in Fig. 3a.
Figure 3b shows the photographic view of broken multi type
V-baffles. Variation of relative baffle width in a broken multi
type V- baffles arrangement as shown in Fig. 3c. Table 2
shows the range of parameters.

4 Data reduction

The readings of temperature and pressure drop has been used

to determine ht, Nurs and frs. Relevant expressions for the
computation of the above parameters and some intermediate
parameters have been given below.
The Reynolds number (Re) of the air flow in the rectangu-
lar channel is determined as
Fig. 3 a Discussed broken multi type V- baffles b Photographic view of
multi V-pattern baffle c Variation of WD/WB in a broken multi type V-
baffles

V: Dhd
Re ¼ ð1Þ
νa
Heat Mass Transfer

Table 2 Flow and

baffles roughness Sr. No. Parameters Ranges
parameters
1. WD/WB 1.0 to 6.0
2. HB/HD 0.25 to 1.0
3. PB/HB 8 to 12
4. Dd/Lv 0.27 to 0.77
5. Gw/HB 0.50 to 1.5
6. αa 30° to 70°
7. Re 3000 to 8000

The friction factor ( f ) is calculated from the measured

value of (Δp)d across the test section length using the Darcy
equation as


2 Δp d Dhd Fig. 4 Comparison of experimental and predicted values of Nuss for
f rs ¼ ð2Þ smooth wall
4ρa Lt V 2

Where (Δp)d = 9.81 . (Δh)d.Dhdρama. fss for a smooth surface is given by the Petukhov correla-
The useful heat gained by air is calculated as tions:
Qu ¼ ma cp ðT 0 −T i Þ ð3Þ f ss ¼ ð0:79ln Re−1:64Þ−2 ð7Þ
The heat transfer coefficient for the heated test section has The comparison of the experimental and estimated data of
been calculated from Nuss and fss as a function of Re is shown in Figs. 4 and 5
Q respectively. These figures illustrate that the both Nuss and
ht ¼
u  ð4Þ
Ap : T p −T f fss were within 8%, which means the accuracy of current ex-
perimental approach for air channel is acceptable, thus vali-
The ht can be used to determine the (Nurs), which is given by dating the present experimental approach.
ht Dhd
Nurs ¼ ð5Þ
Ka
6 Results and discussion
From data collected for all broken multi V-type baffles
roughened heated plates tested in this experimental study, An experimental analysis was carried out to discuss the effect
the range of uncertainty in mass flow rate, heat transfer coef- of Re on Nurs and frs and broken in multi type V- baffles used
ficient, Nusselt number, friction factor and thermal hydraulic to provide roughness for an air channel. The outcomes related
performance is ±1.18–2.98%, ± 2.42–3.88%, ± 3.43–4.93%, with broken multi type V- baffles channel have been
± 1.73–3.67% and ±2.78–5.87%. The calculation is shown in
Appendix.

5 Validation of experimental data

The value of Nuss and fss calculated from experimental data for
a without baffle channel have been compared with the data
obtained from the Gnielinski [30] correlation Eq. (6) for the
Nuss, and Petukhov [31] correlation Eq. (7) for the fss.
Nuss for a smooth surface is given by the Gnielinski corre-
lation as:
ð f =8ÞðRe−1000ÞPr
Nuss ¼
 for3000 < Re
1 þ 12:7ð f =8Þ1=2 Pr2=3 −1
Fig. 5 Comparison of experimental and predicted values of fss for
< 10; 000 ð6Þ smooth wall

Fig. 6 Variation of Nurswith Re at distinct WD/WB
compared with those obtained from the without baffle surface
under similar working conditions in order to find the improve-
ment in Nurs and frs.
6.1 Heat transfer and fluid flow
In an air channel the effect of WD/WB on Nurs in the stream of
air are presented. The outcomes have been compared with
those obtained in case of without baffle surface working under
similar experimental conditions. For kept data of the parame-
ters such as HB/HD = 0.50, PB/HB = 10.0, Dd/Lv = 0.67, Gw/
Fig. 7 Secondary flow pattern
broken multi type V-baffles
Heat Mass Transfer
HB = 1.0 and αa = 60°, the data of Nurs a function of WD/WB
for the data of Re as shown in Fig. 6. It has been found that
Nurs rises with rise in WD/WB from 1 to 5.0, and gets highest
possible data corresponding to WD/WB data of 5.0 and there-
after it reduces with rise in WD/WB. A superior Nurs is given by
broken multiple V- type baffles because the baffles top in-
duces secondary streams jets. These secondary jets have the
form of two counter rotating vortices which carries cold fluid
from the central core area towards the baffled walls. These
secondary stream jets interacts with the main stream affect
the stream reattachment and recirculation among baffles and
interrupt boundary layer growth downstream of the reattach-
ment regions.
It can be observed that as the data of WD/WB of 3.0 is
increased, the number of leading end and trailing end also
increased which rises the secondary stream cells resulting in
expected improvement in Nurs. However Nurs increased con-
tinuously only up to a data of WD/WB of 5.0. With further
increase in the data of WD/WB, the data of Nurs decreases.
Broken in multi type V- baffles induces strong secondary
stream jet along the limbs and promotes turbulence mixing
when jets passing from broken reattach and mix with main
stream. The broken in multi type V-baffles used across the
width of the heated wall increases number of leading and
trailing edges also increase the number of jets as shown in
Fig. 7. These jets are responsible for rise in heat transfer.
The data of Nurs as a function of relative baffle width (WD/
WB) for a 60° broken in multi type V- baffles channel at
Heat Mass Transfer

various selected Re. It is found that the data Nurs is the highest
for the WD/WB of 5.0 for all data of Re.
Figure 8 presented the data of the, Nurs for fixed data of the
WD/WB = 5.0, HB/HD = 0.50, PB/HB = 10.0, Gw/HB = 1.0 and
αa = 60°, and distinct data of Dd/Lv. In order to compare the
improvement of the Nurs achieved as an outcome of providing
a broken in the multi type V- baffles arrangement the data of
the Nurs for distinct data of Dd/Lv is shown in Fig. 8. Figure 8
shows the variant the WD/WB = 5.0, HB/HD = 0.50, PB/HB=
10.0, Gw/HB = 1.0 and αa = 60°, with Re at distinct data of Dd/
Lv . It can be seen that the Nurs rises with rise in Dd/Lv from
0.27 to 0.67, attains a extreme at a, Dd/Lv of 0.67 and there-
after it reduces with rise in the Dd/Lv. Producing broken
near the leading edge (say at Dd/Lv= 0.27), the strength of
the secondary stream may not be sufficient to energize the Fig. 9 Variation of Nurs with Re at distinct Gw/HB
main stream passing through the broken and this broken
distance does not lead to significant rise in Nurs. A rise in accelerate the flow through the discrete and hence the heat
the data of Dd/Lv say at Dd/Lv = 0.47 signifies shifting of transfer due to this flow may not be increased significant-
the broken toward trailing edge. This raises the strength of ly in comparison to that of the without discrete baffles.
the secondary stream and Nurs rises with rise in the Dd/Lv Whereas when we reduce the Gw/HB lower than 1.0 (i.e. Gw/
up to 0.67. It appears that up to theses Dd/Lv data, there is HB=0.50), it may leave very little space for flow of the fluid
significant contribution baffle second part of secondary through it, which results in low turbulence and hence
stream to Nurs whereas this truncated second part begins reduce the enhancement of heat transfer. It is clear from
to become insignificant as the distance is further increased this discussion that for the enhancement of heat transfer,
resulting in a slight reduce in Nurs as the Dd/Lv is raised the width of the discrete should be maintained such that it can
beyond 0.67. increase the velocity of the fluid passing through it in order to
Figure 9 presented the data of the, Nurs for fixed data of the, create the local turbulence. By keeping the Gw/HB of 1.0 in
WD/WB = 5.0, HB/HD = 0.50, PB/HB = 10.0, Dd/Lv = 0.67 and the present study, the maximum heat transfer is obtained
αa = 60°, and distinct data of Gw/HB. This figure shows the for a discrete multiple V-type baffles air channel.
Nurs rises with rise in the Gw/HB up to about 1.0, beyond Figure 10 shows the variation of Nurs with Re for distinct
which it reduces with rise in the Gw/HB. The data of Nurs is data of HB/HD. The other roughness parameters were kept WD/
greatest for gw/Hb of 1.0 and smallest for the, Gw/HB of 1.5. WB = 5.0, PB/HB = 10.0, Dd/Lv = 0.67, Gw/HB = 1.0 andαa =
The value of Nurs is higher for a Gw/HB of 1.0 and lower for 60°. It is observed that the Nurs rises with rise in Hb/H for all
the Gw/HB of 1.5. This may be to fact that as we increase data of Re due to increased protrusion into stream causing
the Gw/HB beyond 1.0, the flow velocities through the more turbulence, thereby, resulting in rise in Nurs. The highest
discrete will reduce, which may not be strong enough to Nurs is observed at HB/HD of 0.50.

Fig. 8 Variation of Nurs with Re at distinct Dd/Lv Fig. 10 Variation of Nurs with Re at distinct HB/HD

Fig. 11 Variation of Nurs with Re at distinct PB/HB
As the HB/HD increases, the asymmetric velocity profiles in
the flux mix locally more vigorously due to stronger second-
ary flow and more recirculation. Higher HB/HD might produce
more reattachment of free shear layer which generated a
strong secondary flow hence there is an optimum value of
HB/HD which gives the maximum heat transfer rate. Discrete
multi V-type baffle with HB/HD of 0.50 provides the maxi-
mum value of heat transfer for the range of parameters
investigated.
Figure 11 shows the variation of Nurs as a function of
Re for distinct data of PB /HB and fixed data of other
channel parameters as, WD/WB = 5.0, HB/DB = 0.50, Dd/Lv =
0.67, Gw/HB = 1.0 and αa = 60° for all Re, the greatest
data of Nurs has been observed corresponding to the PB/
HB data of 10, whereas the smallest data of Nurs has been
found to occur at the PB/HB data of 12 for the range of
investigations.
This is due to the increase in the number of reattachment
points over the absorber plate increases with the decrease in
PB/HB. As the PB/HB reduces, both the average turbulent
Fig. 12 Variation of Nurs with Re at distinct αa
Heat Mass Transfer
Fig. 13 Variation of frs with Re at distinct WD/WB
intensity and the flow acceleration increases with the de-
creases of PB/HB, which causes an increase of the heat transfer
with the increased value of PB/HB, there is less number of
occurrence of boundary layer separation and reattachment
on the absorber plate. Also, for high value of PB/HB, a thicker
boundary layer is developed after flow reattachment between
the baffles. However for high value of PB/HB, there will be
poorer enhancement in heat transfer also due to the smaller
contribution of the baffle top Nusselt number. For too small
PB/HB the flow that separates after each baffle does not reat-
tach in the inter-baffle region where a weak recirculation flow,
resulting in low heat transfer conditions occurs. For too large
baffle spacing the reattachment point at the wall is reached and
a boundary layer to grow before the succeeding baffle is en-
counter, reducing the heat transfer. Hence, there is an optimum
value of PB/HB which gives the maximum heat transfer. At the
optimum value of PB/HB the flow does reattach close to the
next. Discrete multi V-type baffle with PB/HB of 10 provides
the maximum value of heat transfer for the range of parame-
ters investigated.
Fig. 14 Variation of frs with Re at distinct Dd/Lv
Heat Mass Transfer
Fig. 15 Variation of frs with Re at distinct Gw/HB
Figure 12 shows the variation of Nurs with Re for distinct
data of αa and fixed data of other channel parameters as WD/
WB = 5.0, HB/DB = 0.50, Dd/Lv = 0.67, Gw/HB = 1.0 and PB/
HB = 10. In this plot, Nurs has been plotted as a function of αa
for some selected data of Re and fixed data of other channel
parameters. Nurs rises with rise in αa, attains a highest data
corresponding to αa = 60° and then decreases with further rises
in the data of αa. As αa increases from 30ο to 60ο, the Nurs and
frs increase and the both reduce with further increase in αa. This
variation may be caused by interaction of, secondary flow and
boundary layer, at front side of baffle. The boundary layer is
due to main flow with the roughened surface and originates
from stream reattachment point between the baffles up to the
succeeding downstream baffle. The strength of secondary flow
along the baffle changes with change in angle of attack. These
two factors determine the value of Nurs and frs at different αa.
6.2 Friction factor
Invariable use of roughness on heated wall significantly
improvesNurs from heated wall of air channel however there
Fig. 16 Variation of frs with Re at distinct HB/HD
Fig. 17 Variation of frs with Re at distinct PB/HB
occurs a corresponding increase in friction losses. In this ex-
perimental investigation it was studied that how friction char-
acteristic of the solar air channel were affected when broken
multiple V-type baffles roughness parameter WD/WB has been
varied and other roughness parameter are kept as HB/HD =
0.50, PB/HB = 10.0, Dd/Lv = 0.67, Gw/HB = 1.0 and αa = 60°
as shown in Fig. 13. The change in frs with Re for distinct
values of WD/WB. It has been observed that frs increases
with decrease in Re in every case. The number of second-
ary stream jets is increased within the increasing data of
WD/WB. This leads the rise in the data of Nurs up to WD/
WB of 5.0. Further increase in the WD/WB beyond 5.0 may
outcomes in partition of flow from top baffle wall which
reduces Nurs. With the rise in WD/WB the data of frs in-
creases and attain a maximum data corresponding to WD/
WB value of 6.0 in the range of parameter considered. Due
to separation of stream the data of frs goes on account of
configuration of vortices. Several vortices rises mixing of
air due to which Nurs rises. Because of this reason, Nurs
from plate to air rises but these vortices also increase the
Fig. 18 Variation of frs with Re at distinct αa
 Heat Mass Transfer

Table 3 Broken multi V-type baffles shape parameter corresponding to minimum and maximum values of Nurs and frs

Sr. No. Fixed Parameter Varied parameter Range of Nurs Range of frs

1 HB
HD ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° WD/WB= 1.0 70.3–169.5 0.139–0.1169

2 HB
HD ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° WD/WB= 2.0 81.1–178.6 0.144–0.1228

3 HB
HD ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° WD/WB= 3.0 89.4–189.2 0.147–0.1257

4 HB
HD ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° WD/WB= 4.0 99.2–201 0.15–0.1283

5 HB
HD ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° WD/WB= 5.0 113–212.8 0.153–0.1314

6 HB
HD ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° WD/WB= 6.0 106.4–206.1 0.156–0.1346

7 WD
WB ¼ 5; HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° HB/HD= 0.25 104.1–204.3 0.1314–0.1098

8 WD
WB ¼ 5; HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° HB/HD= 0.50 113–212.8 0.1414–0.1198

9 WD
WB ¼ 5; HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° HB/HD= 0.75 108.5–208.3 0.147–0.1254

10 WD
WB ¼ 5; HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° HB/HD= 1.0 99.9–199.7 0.153–0.1314

11 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° PB/HB= 8.0 95.7–195.5 0.1338–0.1122

12 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° PB/HB= 9.0 104.3–204.1 0.1488–0.1272

13 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° PB/HB= 10 113–212.8 0.153–0.1314

14 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° PB/HB= 11 108.8–208.6 0.1428–0.1212

15 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° PB/HB= 12 100.5–201 0.1398–0.1182

16 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° Dd/Lv= 0.27 96.8–196.6 0.136–0.1144

17 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° Dd/Lv= 0.37 101.3–200 0.139–0.1174

18 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° Dd/Lv= 0.47 109.1–208.9 0.144–0.1224

19 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° Dd/Lv= 0.67 113–212.8 0.153–0.1314

20 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° Dd/Lv= 0.77 105.5–204.8 0.148–0.1264

21 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67, αa = 60° Gw/HB= 0.50 95.6–195.4 0.138–0.1164

22 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67, αa = 60° Gw/HB= 0.75 104.6–204.1 0.149–0.1274

23 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67, αa = 60° Gw/HB= 1.0 113–212.8 0.153–0.1314

24 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67, αa = 60° Gw/HB= 1.25 109.1–208.9 0.146–0.1244

25 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67, αa = 60° Gw/HB= 1.5 100.5–200.2 0.142–0.1204

26 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0 αa = 30° 94.2–193.8 0.1391–0.1175

27 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0 αa = 40° 99.1–198.7 0.1426–0.1211

28 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0 αa = 50° 108.5–207.8 0.1495–0.1279

29 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0 αa = 60° 113–212.8 0.153–0.1314

30 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0 αa = 70° 103.3–202.7 0.146–0.1241
Heat Mass Transfer

huge Nurs through the flow across the air channel. The
number of vortices is more in case of WD/WB of 6.0 as
compared to WD/WB of 5.0. Therefore in case of WD/WB
of 6.0, vortices and air mixing is more which causes the
higher frs. This extreme formation of vortices and mixing
of fluid also does not contribute in rising the Nurs with
further rise in the data of WD/WB.
Figure 14 presented the data of the, frs for fixed data of the
WD/WB = 5.0, HB/H D= 0.50, PB/HB = 10.0, Gw/HB = 1.0 and
αa = 60°, and distinct data of Dd/Lv. It is seen that the data of frs
reduces with rising Re and towards a kept data as expected.
The frs rises with rise in the, Dd/Lv of up to 0.67 and reduces
with further rise in the Dd/Lv. The plot shows that the highest
and lowest data of frs for broken multi type V- baffles air
channel occur for the, Dd/Lv of 0.67 and 0.27 respectively. Fig. 19 Variation of ηp with Re at distinct WD/WB
The lesser data of frs for broken on the upstream side is due
to weakened strength of secondary stream. It has been found that frs rises with rise in αa from 30° to 60°
The variation of frswith Re for distinct data of Gw/HBand and gets highest possible data corresponding to αa data of 60°
fixed data of other baffle parameters as WD/WB = 5.0, HB/HD = and thereafter it reduces with rise in αa. The smallest and
0.50, PB/HB = 10.0, Dd/Lv = 0.67 and αa = 60° has been shown highest data of frs have been obtained corresponding to αa
in Fig. 15. It has been observed that for all data of Gw/HB, frs data of 30° and 60° respectively.
reduce with rise in Re. Figure 15 shows that at all Re, the frs In Table 3, those values of roughness shape parameters
rises as Gw/HB is raised from 0.5 to 1.0 and decreases as Gw/ have been presented for which Nurs and frs values have been
HB is raised further. It can be observed that at Gw/HB, the frs is found to be minimum and maximum.
the highest for the Gw/HB = 1.0 for all data of Re. The air
streaming through the broken creates turbulence at the down-
6.3 Thermo hydraulic performance
stream side of the gap. Addition of relative broken width in the
baffles induces recirculation loops, which are responsible for
From the investigation of Nurs and frs behaviors it is concluded
greater turbulence and hence higher pressure losses. Strength
that Nurs in the broken multi type V- baffles channel is im-
of secondary stream is weakened in case of Gw/HB of 1.5 as
proved with a significant rise in the frs. So it is important to
compared to Gw/HB of 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.25 hence frs is
choose geometry that should not only outcomes in Nursbut
lower than in other cases.
also retain frs at its minimum possible level. In order to achieve
The variation of, frs with Re for distinct data of HB/HD have
this purpose of simultaneous consideration of thermo hydrau-
been plotted in Fig. 16. The other roughness parameters were
lic performance, Webb and Eckert [32] proposed a thermo
kept as WD/WB = 5.0, PB/HB = 10, Dd/Lv = 0.67, Gw/HB = 1.0
hydraulic parameter known as efficiency parameter ‘ηp’ des-
and αa = 60°. It has been observed from this plot that for a
ignates the Nurs by the WD/WB,HB/HD,PB/HB, Dd/LvGw/HB
given HB/HD data frs reduces with rise in Re. Figure 16 clearly
shows that frs rises with rise in Hb/H and the greatest data of frs
correspond to HB/HD data of 0.50. It can be observed that at
HB/HD, the frs is the highest for the HB/HD = 1.00 for all data of
Re. It is due to the fact that with the rise in HB/HDdata, baffles
protrude more and more into the core stream resulting in rise
in turbulence level as well as the frs.
Figure 17 shows the variation of frs with Re for distinct data
of PB/HB and fixed data of other baffle parameters as WD/WB =
5.0, HB/HD = 0.50,Dd/Lv = 0.67, Gw/HB = 1.0 and αa = 60°. It
has been observed from Fig. 17 that for all data of PB/HB, frs
reduces with rise in Re. For, PB/HB data of 8.0 and 10 yield the
lowest and highest data of frs respectively. The variation of frs
with Re for distinct data of αa and fixed data of other baffle
parameters as WD/WB = 5.0, HB/HD = 0.50, PB/HB = 10, Dd/Lv
= 0.67, Gw/HB = 1.0 has been shown in Fig. 18. It has been
observed that for all the data of αa, frs reduces with rise in Re. Fig. 20 Variation of ηp with Re at distinct Dd/Lv

Fig. 21 Variation of ηp with Re at distinct Gw/HB
and αa of broken multi type V- baffles per unit pumping pow-
er comparing with the heat transfer for completely developed
turbulent stream in the channel with without baffle walls is
given by the following Eq. (8).
ηp ¼ ðNurs =Nuss Þ=ð f rs =f ss Þ0:33 ð8Þ
Figures 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24 shows the effect of
baffle parameters on thermo hydraulic performance parameter
(Nurs/Nuss)/(frs/fss)0.33, as function of Re. In Table 4, those
values of roughness shape parameters have been presented
for which ηp = (Nurs/Nuss)/(frs/fss)0.33 values have been found
to be minimum and maximum. The highest absolute data of
(Nurs/Nuss)/(frs/fss)0.33 has been observed to be 3.23 corre-
sponding to WD/WB = 5.0, HB/HD = 0.50, PB/HB = 10, Dd/Lv
= 0.67, Gw/HB = 1.0 and αa= 60o for all values of Re consid-
ered for the current examination. In Table 5 those data of
roughness geometry parameters have been presented for
which thermal hydraulic performance parameter (Nurs/Nuss)/
(frs/fss)0.33 data have been found to be highest.
Fig. 22 Variation of ηp with Re at distinct HB/HD
Heat Mass Transfer
Fig. 23 Variation of ηp with Re at distinct PB/HB
7 Conclusion
Based on this experimental study of heat transfer, friction
factor and thermo hydraulic performance of air channel pro-
vided with heated plate having broken multi type V-baffles
shape of roughness. The heat transfer and friction characteris-
tics have been investigated in broken multi type V-baffles
attached on one broad wall which is exposed to uniform heat
flux in air channel. The effects of different baffle parameters
on Nurs,frs and ηp = (Nurs/Nuss)/(frs/fss)0.33 have been also stud-
ied for Re range of 3000 to 8000. The heat transfer enhance-
ment is a strong function of WD/WB and broken multi type V-
baffles outcomes in significant improvement in Nurs of fluid
flow in a air channel. For broken multi type V-baffles with
WD/WB of 5.0, the extreme data of Nurs is observed and ex-
treme data of frs occurs for broken multi V-pattern baffles with
WD/WB of 6.0. The data of Nurs and frs rise with rise in Dd/Lv
attains a highest data corresponding to Dd/Lv data of 0.67 and
with further rise in the data of Dd/Lv, the Nurs and frs are found
Fig. 24 Variation of ηp with Re at distinct αa
Heat Mass Transfer

Table 4 Broken multi V-type baffles shape parameter corresponding to minimum and maximum values of ηp = (Nurs/Nuss)/(frs/fss)0.33

Sr. No. Fixed Parameter Varied parameter ηp = (Nurs/Nuss)/(frs/fss)0.33

1 HB
HD ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ :67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° WD/WB= 1.0 2.95–2.71

2 HB
HD ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ :67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° WD/WB= 2.0 3.047–2.79

3 HB
HD ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ :67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° WD/WB= 3.0 3.104–2.85

4 HB
HD ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ :67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° WD/WB= 4.0 3.147–2.897

5 HB
HD ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ :67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° WD/WB= 5.0 3.23–2.98

6 HB
HD ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ :67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° WD/WB= 6.0 3.18–2.93

7 WD
WB ¼ 5; HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° HB/HD= 0.25 3.06–2.81

8 WD
WB ¼ 5; HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° HB/HD= 0.50 3.23–2.98

9 WD
WB ¼ 5; HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° HB/HD= 0.75 3.14–2.89

10 WD
WB ¼ 5; HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° HB/HD= 1.0 2.98–2.73

11 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,DLvd ¼ :67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° PB/HB= 8.0 3.07–2.82

12 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,DLvd ¼ :67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° PB/HB= 9.0 3.152–2.902

13 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,DLvd ¼ :67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° PB/HB= 10 3.23–2.98

14 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,DLvd ¼ :67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° PB/HB= 11 3.197–2.945

15 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,DLvd ¼ :67,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° PB/HB= 12 3.107–2.86

16 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° Dd/Lv= 0.27 3.044–2.821

17 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° Dd/Lv= 0.37 3.10–2.84

18 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° Dd/Lv= 0.47 3.179–2.931

19 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° Dd/Lv= 0.67 3.23–2.98

20 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,HGwB ¼ 1.0, αa = 60° Dd/Lv= 0.77 3.15–2.90

21 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67, αa = 60° Gw/HB= 0.50 3.101–2.851

22 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67, αa = 60° Gw/HB= 0.75 3.17–2.929

23 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67, αa = 60° Gw/HB= 1.0 3.23–2.98

24 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67, αa = 60° Gw/HB= 1.25 3.202–2.952

25 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67, αa = 60° Gw/HB= 1.5 3.137–2.887

26 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0 αa = 30° 3.114–2.866

27 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0 αa = 40° 3.156–2.894

28 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0 αa = 50° 3.198–2.148

29 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0 αa = 60° 3.23–2.98

30 WD
WB ¼ 5; HH DB ¼ 0:50,HPBB ¼ 10,DLvd ¼ 0:67,HGwB ¼ 1.0 αa = 70° 3.175–2.925
 Heat Mass Transfer

Table 5 Baffle rough parameters corresponding to maximum ηp = (Nurs/Nuss)/(frs/fss)0.33

Sr. No. Roughness parameters Fixed parameters Optimum data of

(Nurs/Nuss)/(frs/fss)0.33

1 WD/WB Dd/Lv = 0.67,Gw/HB=1.0HB/HD = 0.50, PB/HB= 10, αa= 60o. 5.0

2 Gw/HB Dd/Lv = 0.67, WD/WB= 5,HB/HD = 0.50, PB/HB= 10, αa= 60o. 1.0
3 Dd/Lv Dd/Lv = 0.67,WD/WB= 5,Gw/HB=1.0, HB/HD = 0.50, PB/HB= 10, αa= 60o 0.67
4 HB/HD Dd/Lv = 0.67, WD/WB= 5,Gw/HB=1.0, PB/HB= 10, αa= 60o. 0.50
5 PB/HB Dd/Lv = 0.67, WD/WB= 5,Gw/HB=1.0, HB/HD = 0.50, αa= 60o. 10
6 αa Dd/Lv = 0.67, WD/WB= 5,Gw/HB=1.0, HB/HD = 0.50, PB/HB= 10. 60o

to decrease. The data of Nurs and frs is greater for a, Dd/Lv with instruments used in various measurements of parameters
of 0.67 and smaller for the, Dd/Lv of 0.27. Increase in gw/ in the experiment is given in Table 6.
Hb outcomes in a increase in Nurs and frs attaining the
highest data corresponding to Gw/HB of 1.0 and the data 1. Mass flow rate
of these parameters reduce with further rise of Gw/HB. The
data of Nurs and frs is highest for a, Gw/HB of 1.0 and  0:5
˙ 2:ρ:ðΔPÞo
lowest for Gw/HB of 1.5. The data of Nurs and frs rise with m ¼ C d  Ao 
1−ψ4
rise in αa and attain the highest data corresponding to
αadata of 60°. With further rise in the data of αa beyond
 0:5
60°, Nurs and frs reduces. The data of Nurs and frs have been ˙ 2
m ¼ C d  Ao  ρ 0:5
 ðΔPÞo0:5 
found to rise with rise in PB/HB, attaining the highest data 1−ψ4
at pitch data of 10 and then reduce with further rises in PB/
HB. The present investigation shows that broken multi V-  0:5
pattern baffles air channel with WD/W B = 5.0,Dd/Lv of 2
¼ X ¼ Constant
0.67, Gw/HB of 1.0, HB/HD of 0.50, PB/HB of 1.5, and αa 1−β 4
of 60o yields the highest data of ηp= 3.23.
˙
Then; m ¼ XC d Ao ρ0:5 ðΔPÞ00:5
Acknowledgements We really thank the reviewers for constructive
criticisms and valuable comments, which were of great help in revising
the manuscript. δ m˙
¼ XAo ρ0:5 ðΔPÞo0:5
δ Cd

Appendix: uncertainty analysis calculation

δṁ
Uncertainty is the possible numerical value of the error ¼ XC d ρ0:5 ðΔPÞo0:5
δAo
encountered during experimentation. The experimental
value may differ from its true value due to presence of
lot of factors which come into play during investigation. δṁ
¼ XAo C d 0:5ρ−0:5 ðΔPÞo0:5
This deviation in the data of measured parameters from δρo
actual data is the uncertainty in measurement. The impor-
tant parameters considered for the calculation of uncer-
δṁ
tainty are: mass flow rate, heat transfer coefficient,
 ¼ XAo C d ρ0:5ðΔPÞo−0:5
Nusselt number and friction factor etc. Uncertainty associated δ ðΔPÞo

" 2  2  2  2 #0:5
δṁ δṁ δṁ δṁ
δṁ ¼  δC d þ  δAo þ  δρ þ  δðΔPÞo
δC d δAo δρ δðΔPÞo
Heat Mass Transfer

Table 6 Uncertainty intervals of various measurements

Sr. No. Measurement Instrument Uncertainty

1. Dimensions of channel Vernier calliper ±0.02mm

2. Dimensions of channel Steel rule ±1mm
3. Pressure drop across the channel(Δp)d Micro-manometer ±0.1Pa
4. Pressure drop across the orifice-plate(Δp)o U-tube manometer ±1mm
5. Temperature measurement Cu-Co thermocouple ±0.1°C
6. Orifice plate and throat diameter Vernier caliper ±0.1mm

" 2  2  2  2 #0:5
δṁ δC d δAo δρ δðΔPÞo
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