Sophos Interview Questions (Akshit)

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1. What is DNS?
Explain the DNS process in detail
What protocol does DNS uses at transport layer also give its port no.
Scenario:
Suppose we need to access sophos.com, tell me the process in detail, how dns will get resolved

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2. What is DHCP?
Explain the DORA process
Its port no. & protocol used at transport layer
In DORA process explain what will be the source ip/destn ip /src port/dstn port in each
message.
Explain DHCPNAK & DHCP Decline msg.
In which message it is determined by the server that the message will be broadcated or not.
Scenario:

Suppose we have our dhcp server in our own lan network, explain the process of getting ip by
the machine

What is more preffered static IP provided by the user or ip using DHCP

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3. Explain the OSI model

Difference b/w tcp/ip & osi model
How data flows from each layer?
Which protocols work on each layer of the osi model?
When TCP is used & when UDP is used?

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4. What is HTTP?
Explain the http port no. & which protocol it uses at transport layer
Diff. http vs https
why https came into picture?
how https protect our data?

Scenario: You want to access www.sophos.com, explain the packet flow

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5. What is FTP?
What port no. does it uses?
What protocol does it uses?
diff b/w ftp & tftp?
Which is more secure of the two?

6. Explain about email(ing) protocols such as POP3, SMTP

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How does they work? & packet flow

7. What is NTP?
why we use NTP?
port no.?
Packet flow

8. Difference b/w Routed & Routing Protocols

9. Difference b/w segmentation & fragmentation

10. What is Windowing?

11. Diff. b/w public & Private ip addresses

12. Diff b/w collision & broadcast domain

13. Types of Routing?

Static vs Dynamic
How to define Static Routing?
When to use next hop & when to use exit interface in static routing?
What is the AD of Static routing?
EXplain Dynamic routing protocols? (Overview)
Which is more preffered static or dynamic routing?
When to use static routing?
Which is more secure, static routing or dynamic routing?

14. Diff b/w distance vector & Advance distance vector routing protocols?

15. EXplain Split horizon & route poisoning along with scenario.

16. RIP
What is RIP?
port nos. used by RIP? And when they are used?
Max. hop count in RIP
Difference b/w RIP v1 & v2.
Messages in RIP
Multicast address used by RIP
Algorithm used by RIP

17. EIGRP
Protocol no.
Messages of EIGRP
Neighborship parameters
Multicast adrr. used by EIGRP
Algo. used by EIGRP

18. OSPF
Protocol no.
Multicast addresses
When .5 and when .6 multicast addr. is used
LSA's of OSPF
Diff b/w Link State Acknowledgement & Link State Advertisement
Some more miscellaneos ques. of OSPF

19. Switching

Diff. b/w switch & Router

What is VLAN?
How VLAN works?
Extended range of VLAN
Scenario:
Suppose there is a router, two switches are conn. with a router, and with both the switches
one-one pc is connected. On one side 10/24 is running and on other side 20/24 is running, On
PC1 we have provided Ip & Default gateway and on PC2 we have just provided IP. Now, we try
to ping from PC1 to PC2, explain the packet flow in detail. What will happen? Where the packet
will get dropped & why?

Scenario:
We have two switches connected with each other, and with each switch one-one PC is
connected, we try to ping from PC1 to PC2, will the ping happen.
Now, scenario is changed little bit, on one switch PC1 is in Vlan 10, and on another switch PC2
is in Vlan 20, will the ping will happen?
and if not, how can you achieve it?

20. Security
Why Network security is needed?
Diff b/w management plane/Control plane/ Data plane
What is Firewall? Why we use it?

21. VPN
What is VPN?
Why we use VPN?
What are the benifits of VPN?
How does VPN provides us Integrity & Confidentiality?
Explain in brief the types of VPN?
What is S2S VPN?
Explain the Phase 1 & Phase 2 in detail, along with packet flow?
In which packet does authentication happens?
Diff. b/w phase 1 & Phase 2?
What is IPsec?
*Some more ques. about phases & packet flow in phases*
At what layer does IPsec works?
How does authentication happens in VPN?
ISAKMP, what protocol & port no. does it uses?
What are SA's?
What is Diffie Hellman?
EXplain VPN Hairpinning & why do we use it?
What is DMVPN?
Why we use it?
Explain the 3 phases of DMVPN
EXplain something about GET VPN?
What is SSL VPN?
How does SSL VPN work?
What is IDS/IPS?
Some scenario based questions were also asked in VPN

22. Have you used any Packet capturing software?

(I told them about wireshrak)
Scenario:
We are accessing www.sophos.com, but it is not working, we are not getting the webpage,
explain the detailed packet flow

*PS: Consider to start the Tshoot process from scratch i.e. first checking the internet connection
then ping the website and so on*

23. How do you came to know about sophos?

24. Are you ready to relocate to ahmedabad?

+++
Then after this, he thanked me for attending the interview and told me that HR will convey the
further message.
+++

Notes:
1. Questions were in detail and to them packet flow is very much important
2. ASA is skipped at whole, not even a single question from the ASA module.
3. The video of other side will not be visible, you will be present with only black screen, just look
at the camera & go ahead. :)