Wan cag esta Class 12 (term) — Multiple te alel fo Questions — Assertion- -Reasoning MCQs ~ Case Based MCQs A od } A net an fol iey satel Quick Revision NotesNew Pattern Pe Bees: 3 Practice Papers __ncluding Chapterwise On Latest TermiSyllabus ; Quick Revision Notes As per CBSE Circular Acad - 51/2021, ; 05 July 2021 & Acad - 53/2021, 22 July 2021... |Contents Chapter 01 Solid State 1-18 7 => Chapter 02 Solutions 42 19-38 7 Chapter 03 p-Block Elements go 39-56 7 Chapter 04 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 2 57-79 Bs Chapter 05 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers a 80-106 a Chapter 06 Biomolecules / 107-126 129-148 ‘Scanned with CamScannerSyllabus (Term I) : 90 Minutes Max Marks: 35 S.No. Units No.of Periods Marks 1 Solid State 2 ie 2 Solutions 8 3 p-Block Elements 7 10 4 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 9 5 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 9 15 6 Biomolecules a Total 49 35 1. Solid State Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular, fonic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea). Unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects. 2. Solutions Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, Raoult’s law, colligative properties - relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties. p-Block Elements Group -15 Elements General introduction, electronic configuration, ‘occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; Nitrogen preparation properties and uses; compounds of Nitrogen: Preparation and properties of Ammonia and Nitric Acid. ‘Scanned with CamScanner4. 6. Grou cider General introduction, electronic configuration, dioxygen: prey occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, Sulphur -all aration, properties and uses, classification of Oxides, Ozone, lotropic forms; compounds of Sulphur: preparation properties and uses of Sulphur-dioxid i le, Sulphuric Acid: % of Sulphur (Structuresonly), Poperierandais ens Group 17 Elements General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; ‘compounds of halogens, Preparation, properties and uses of Chlorine and Hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, Oxoacids of halogens (structures only). Group 18 Elements General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C—X bond, physical and chemical properties, optical rotation mechanism of substitution reactions. Haloarenes: Nature of C—X bond, substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only). Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Alcohols Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration. Phenols Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, Uses of phenols. Ethers Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses. Biomolecules Carbohydrates : Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccahrides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration. Proteins ; Elementary idea of - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins - primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins. Nucleic Acids : DNA and RNA a ae ‘Scanned with CamScannerSolid State Quick Revision: 1, Existence of matter as solid, liquid or gas depends upon the net effect of intermolecular forces and thermal energy. Solid state have definite mass, volume and shape. They are incompressible, rigid and have strong intermolecular forces. 2. Solids can be classified into two categories, riz, crystalline and amorphous depending upon the arrangement of constituent particles. 3, Crystalline solids (or true solids) have long range order of arrangement of constituent particles and are anisotropic in nature, i.e. Cu, Agetc. They melt at sharp and characteristic temperature. They have a definite and characteristic enthalpy of fusion. On the basis of nature of intermolecular forces operating in them the crystalline solids have been classified into following four types (i) Molecular solids Constituent particles are molecules which are bonded through dipole-dipole interaction/van der Waals! forces, e.g. solid NH,, CO, ete. i) Metallic solids Constituent particles are positively charged metal ions (kernels) surrounded by sea of free electrons. The oppositely charge kernels and electrons hold ions together by a bond called metallic-bond, eg, Fe, Cu, Ag etc. (ii) Covalent or network solids Constituent particles are non-metal atoms bonded with each other through covalent bonds, ¢ diamond, silicon carbide (SiC), graphite ete. (iv) Tonic solids Constituent particles are positively and negatively charged ions bonded through strong electrostatic or coloumbic forces, eg. NaCl, MgO, ZnS etc. 4, Amorphous solids or pseudo solids (also called supercooled liquids) have short range order of arrangement of constituent particles and are isotropic in nature, e.g. glass, rubber, plastic. “They have a tendency to flow, though very slowly. Glass panes fixed to windows or doors of buildings are found to become thicker at the bottom because the glass flows down slowly and makes the bottom portion thicker. 5. Crystal lattice In three dimensional space, a regular arrangement and repeating pattern of the constituent particles of a crystal in which each particle is depicted as a point is known as crystal lattice or space lattice. + Each point in a crystal lattice is called lattice point. + Each point in a crystal lattice represents one constituent particle. 6. Unit cell It is the smallest portion of a crystal lattice, which repeated in different directions, generates the entire lattice. Unit cell is broadly divided into two classes. ie. {i) Primitive unit cell When constituent particles are present only at the corner positions of the unit cel, then unit cell is called as primitive unit cell ‘Scanned with CamScannerCBSE New Pattern ~ 02 ern ~ Chemistry xu em 4 Based upon the parameters of the unit cells (i. lengths a, band and the angles ¢, Band paseh types of primitive unit cells, These are called crystal systems because any crystal badong to any one of these unit cells. (i) Centered unit cell When a unit cell contains one or more constituent particles present at pos ther than corners in addition to thove at corners is known as a centered unit cell. It is of three Fredy centered unit cel, face centered unit celland end centered unit cell. pes, sce are fourtwen lattices corresponding to seven crystal systems, known as Bravais lattices cells and their possible variations as centred unit cell ther ean 1 Solid na ‘ Seven primitive unit - Possible ‘Axial distance Crystal system |) ations Nagslengthe i Aatl angles Examples Cubic Primitive, 90° NaCl, zine blende (ZnS) ang face-centered, Cu ) body-centered — _ ‘Tetragonal Primitive, White tin, SnO,, TiO, — body-centered and CaSO, ‘ Orthorhombic — Primative, atbec Rhombic sulphur, KNO, face-centered, and BaSO, body-centered, end-centered ! - Monoclinic Primitive, atbee . Monoclinic sulphur and end-centered 90°,8 #90" —Na,SO, -10H,O Hexagonal Primitive a=bec 120° Graphite, ZnO and CaS Rhombohedral Primitive anb=c *9F —— Calcite (CaCO,) and Hy or Trigonal a _ (Cinnabar) Triclinic Primitive aeher49% — CuSO,-5 H,0, HBO, and KC, - Types of eubic unit cells and number of atoms per unit cell "Total number of Number of atoms Number of atoms Number of atoms atoms present in Type of cell a : / _st comers on faces in the body of cube the unit cell ‘Simple or Primitive lege ° cubic unit cell es Body centered - : * / cubic unit cell ° mu Facccenerd yg) dy gig a cubic unit cell ri 2763 , ‘ 8. Co clea Consent partic ina crysa tice can be packed in following tee steps {) One dimension Simple close packing (or linea) (CN. =2) Mi o dimension Square )) bs belies Scuare close packing (sp) (C.N.=4) and hexagonal close packing (hep) (CN: =") lon From 30 scp layers or from 3 hep layers. (C.N. =12) ‘Scanned with CamScannersolid State 03 9. Number of voids whereas point defects are the irregularities + Number of octahedral voids = Number of or deviation from ideal arrangement particles present in close packing (N) around a point in a crystalline solid. + Number of tetrahedral voids = 2x Number of Point defects are further classified as : particles present in close packing (N} (i) Stoichiometric defects Point defects that or, Tetrahedral voids = 2 octahedral voids do not disturb the stoichiometry of the solid . | called stoichiometric defects (intrinsic 10. Packing efficiency It is the fraction or percentage or thermodynamic defect). of total space filled by the particles, ie. (i) Non-stoichiometric defects Those Packing efficiency imperfections in the crystals, which lead to _ Volume occupied by spheres in the unit cell change in the composition of solids are >a Er x 100 called non stoichiometric defects. Total volume of unit cell a en (ii) Impurity defects Arise when foreign Pte pedi atoms are present in the lattice site or in Bilal —— Radius Coordination Packing the interstitial site, e.g. solid solution of a number efficiency CaCl, AgCl , Simple cubic 1 | $9.4-:*L. Schottky defect A stoichiometric or vacancy defect, arises due to missing of equal number of cations and anions from Body cet 2 a 8 om the lattice and is shown by crystals havin y cry is unit cell ote umieel _ 4 catiomand anion of comparable size, e.g. Face centered 4 CsCl, NaCl, AgBr etc. It decreases density cubic unit cell of a substance. 15. Frenkel defect A stoichiometric or (a= edge length) interstitial defect, arises when the smaller 11. Density (d) of the unit cell is calculated by using ion (usually cation) is dislocated from its the given expression, normal site to an interstitial site. It results d= ZM/a'N,| (for cubic crystal) increase in conductivity but density of the a) Moree crystal remains the same. where, Z= number of atoms per unit cell, 16. Metal excess defect It can be due to molar mass or atomic. mass : dge length, anionic vacancies, eg. on heating crystals of = edge ent unk Oa NaCl in presence of Na vapour, some a =vol f anions leave lattice sites which are occupied and N,= Avogadro's constant by electrons called Fcentres giving colour 12, Imperfections in solids A solid consist of an to crystals. aggregate of large number of small erystals. These ‘These defects can also be generated crystals have defect in them. ‘These defects are of dlue to presence of extra cations at two types: Point defect and line defect. interstitial sites, e.g. on heating, w! 13, Line defects are the irregularities from ideal Zn0 it turns yellow as it loses oxygen and arrangement in entire rows of lattice points, Zn** ions. - i om c 0 ‘Scanned with CamScannerObjective Questions Multiple Choose Questions 01. Which of the following conditions favours the existence of a substance in the solid state? (a) High temperature (b) Weak cohesive forces (c) High thermal energy _{d)Low temperature 02. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a crystalline solid? (NCERT Exemplar) (a) Definite and characteristic heat of fusion {b)Asotropic nature (¢) Areguler periodically repeated pattern of arrangement of constituent particles in the entire crystal (a) Atrue solid 03. The sharp melting point of crystalline solids is due to ... (NCERT Exemplar) (a) a regular arrangement of constituent particles observed over a short distance in the crystal lattice toypres ler arrangement of constituent particles observed over along distance in the crystal lattice (c) same arrangement of constituent particles indifferent directions (2) different arrangement of constituent particles in different directions 04. Some of the physical properties of crystalline solids like refractive index show different values on measuring along different directions in the same crystals, This property is called (a) jsotropy (c)fanisotropy (b) cleavage property (d) None of these 05. Todine molecules are held in the crystals lattice by . (NCERT Exemplar) (9),tondon forces (8) dipole-dipole interactions (©) covalent bonds (2) coulombic forces, 06. Which of the following is a network solid? (NCERT Exemplary {a) $0, (solid) (b) |, (g/iemona (d) H,0 (ice) 07. Which of the following is an example of network solid? (a) SO, (solid) (b) |, (c)Biarond (4) H,0lice) 08. Silicon carbide is example of {a)rmolecular solid ——_(b) metallic solid (ionic crystal (d) covalent solid 09. Iodine molecules are held in the crystals lattice by . (NCERT Exemplar) {a)kondon forces ) dipole-dipole interactions (c)covalent bonds (d)coulombic forces 10. Which of the following is true about the value of refractive index of quartz glass? (a)Same in all directions | (NCERT Exemplar) (6) itferent in different directions (c)Cannot be measured (d) Always zero 11. Match the following Column I with Column II and choose the correct option from the codes. Column I Column IT (Type of sol (Properties) A, Ionic solids 1. Giant molecules B. Network solids 2. Volatile liquids or soft solids at room temperature. FMatallic solids 3. No free ions to move in solid state. 4. Positive ions surrounded by sea of electrons. D. Hydrogen bonded molecular sol ‘Scanned with CamScannersolid State Codes ABCO (a4 231 fb) 3 2.4 1 (c)3 14 2 (d)4 13 2 12. Graphite is a good conductor of electricity due to the presence of (a) lone pair of electrons (p)free valence electrons (&)cations (d)anions 13. Which of the following statement is not true about amorphous solids? (a) On heating they may become crystalline at certain temperature (b) They may become crystalline on keeping for long time (c) Amorphous solids can be moulded by heating (pytney are anisotropic in nature 14. In the figure given below, structure of unit cell represent that each corner atom is shared between af (b) 6 unit cell (4) unit cell (ay unit cell (€) 4 unit cell 15. How much part of any corner atom actually belongs to a particular unit cell? 1 (a) 7th 1 ath (b) 3" (4) 5th 05 16. The ratio of number of atoms present in a simple cubic, body centered cubic and face centered cubic structure are, respectively. (a)8:1:6 {byt 24 (c)4:221 (d)4:2:3 17. The unit cell shown in the figure belongs to (a) NaCl type (c) CsCl type (p)ZnS type (d) Ca F, type 18. The lattice site in a pure crystal cannot be occupied by ......... (NCERT Exemplar) {a)molecule (b)ion {c)electron (d)atom. 19. The compound formed by elements P and Qhas a cubic structure in which P atoms are at the corners of the cube and Qatoms are at the face centres. What is the formula of the compound? (a) PO (b) PO, (gro, (d) P.O 20. A cubic solid is made up of two elements A and B. Atoms of element B are present at the corners of the cube and atoms A at the body centre. Predict the formula of the compound. (a) AB, (pyaB (cl AB (d) None of these ‘Scanned with CamScanner06 21. Match the following Column I with Column II and choose the correct option from the given codes. Column I dius of unit cel) aa 3. G B 2 Hy A 2D F PS Codes ABC ABC fa) i 23 (b) 36702 {)3 21 (d)- 23 1 22. Consider the following figures. 2 >a Fig. (i) Fig. (i) In the above Fig. (i) and (ii) coordination numbers of close packing structure are respectively tel ganda (b) 6 and 4 ic) Band 4 (d) Bands 2. hea number of octahedral void(s) per atom present ata cubic close packed (a (3 (er2 hi CBSE New Pattern ~ Chemistry x11 (Term) . A compound M, X, has cubic close packing (cep) arrangement of X. Its unit cell structure is shown below. The empirical formula of the compound is (D)Mx, (d)MX, (a)MX (c)M,X 25. Which set of characteristics of ZnS crystal is correct ? (a) coordination number (4: 4): cop; Zn** ions in the alternate tetrahedral voids (b) coordination number (6: 6}: hop:Zn** ions in tetrahedral voids (c) coordination number (6: 6); hep: Zn** ions inall octahedral voids (d) coordination number (4 : 4}: cep: Zn** ionin all tetrahedral voids 26./A compound is formed by cation C and anion A. The anions form hexagonal close packed (hep) lattice and the cations occupy 75% of octahedral voids. The formula of the compound is ...... . (2) CA, (b) CA, (c) CA, (d) CA, 27. In a crystalline solid, having formula XY,O ,, oxide ions are arranged in cubic close packed lattice, while cations X are present in tetrahedral voids and cations Y are present in octahedral voids. The percentage of tetrahedral voids occupied by X is ...... - (a)12.5% (b)25% (c)50% (0) 75% 28. Formula of nickel oxide with metal deficiency defect in its crystal is Nigss0- The crystal contains Ni?" and Ni ions. The fraction of nickel existing as Ni™* ions in the crystal is * (a) 0.98 (b)0.04 (c) 0.50 (d)0.31 ‘Scanned with CamScannerSolid State 29. The oe space in bce lattice cell is esses . (a)26 (o) 4 (e)23 a 30. Sodium metal crystallises i ti in centred cubic lattice with a nite edge of 4.29 A. The radius of sodium atom is approximately (a) 1.86.4 (b)3.22.4 (c)5.724 (0)0.93.4 31. Suppose the radius of an atom of an element is 75 pm and the lattice type is body centred cubic, what is the edge length of the unit cell? {a) 173.2 pm (b) 137.2 pm (c) 123.7 pm (d) 153.2 pm 32. A metal has bcc structure and the edge length of its unit cell is 3.04 A. The volume of the unit cell in cm? will be (a) 1.610 cm* (b) 2.81 10 cm® (c) 6.02% 107% cm? {d) 6.6x 10 cm* 33, An element has a body centred cubic (bcc) structure with a cell edge of 444 pm. The density of the element is 72 g/cm’. How many atoms are present in 404 g of the element? fa) 3.12% 10% unit cells (b) 9.24 x 10% unit cells (c) 6.41% 10% unit cells (4) 12.08 10" unit cells are present ina 34. He it cells Se any dT altice crystal of NaCl of cube shaped lattice crys! mass 1.00 g? [Atomic mass : Na= 23, C! Ms (a) 2.57% 10" (b) 6.14 x 10” (c) 1.28% 107 (4) 1.71% 10" 5.5] 07 35. A metallic element has a cubic lattice. Each edge of the unit cell is 2 A. The density of the metal is 2.5 g cm™. The unit cells in 200 g of metal are (a) 1x10 (b) 110° (c) 1x10” (a) 110 The cubic unit cell of Al (molar mass 27 g mol”) has an edge length of 405 pm. Its density is 2.7 g cm~. The cubic unit cell is (a) face centered (c) primitive 37. Which of the following compounds is likely to show both Frenkel and Schottky defects in its crystalline form? (a) AgBr (b) CsCl (c) Ker {¢) 2nS 38. Which kind of defect is shown by the given crystal? Kt cr K* cr Kt cr a oO cr Kt D kK Kt cr O cr Kt cr co Kt cr kt O Kt (a) Schottky defect (b) Frenkel defect {c) Both Schottky and Frenkel defects (d) Substitution disorder 39. Which of the two properties of solids are illustrated in the figures A and B below? @©@® OOO” OOO® QO OO (b) body centered (4) edge centered 8 B {a)Impuritydefect — F-centre {b]F-centre Impurity defect (c)Schottky defect Impurity defect (d)Schottky defect Frenkel defect ‘Scanned with CamScanner08 40. Match the following Column I with Column II and choose the correct option from the given codes. Column I Column IT A. Simple Shown by non-ionic vacancy solids and increases defect density of the solid. B. Simple 2. Shown by ionic solids interstitial and decreases density of defect the solid. C. Frenkel 3. Shown by non-ionic defect solids and density of the solid decreases. D. Schottky 4. Shown by ionic solids defect and density of the solid remains the same. Codes (NCERT Exemplar) aABCco ABCD {a3 14 2 (b) 134 2 ()3 124 (1324 41. Match the following Column I with Column II and choose the correct option from the given codes. Column I Column It A. Impurity defect 1. NaCl with anionic sites called Feentres B. Metalexcess 2. FeO with Fe* defect C. Metal deficiency 3. NaCl with Sr* defect id some cationic _ cant Codes (NCERT Exemplar) ABC ABC (312 (b) 3201 (123 (13 2 42. ae are present in the interstitial (a) Frenket defect ania (0)Schotthy detect (clvacaney detect (d)metat deficiency defect CBSE New Pattern ~ Chemistry x1 Term, 43. Schottky defect is observed in crystals when . : (a) some cations move from their lattice site to interstitial sites (b) equal number of cations and anions are missing from the lattice (c) some lattice sites are occupied by electrons (d) some impurity is present in the lattice Assertion-Reasoning. MCOs Direction In the following questions (Q.No. 44-53) a statement of Assertion followed by a statement of Reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct statements and Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct statements, but Reason is not the correct, explanation of the Assertion. {c) Assertion is correct, but Reason is incorrect statement. (d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct statement. 44, Assertion True solids are anisotropic. Reason True solids have short range order in arrangement of constituent particles. 45. Assertion In covalent solids, atoms are held very strongly. Reason Covalent bonds are strong and directional in nature. 46. Assertion Ionic solids are hard and brittle. Reason In molten state, ionic solids are good conductor of electricity. 47. Assertion Graphite is an example of tetragonal crystal system. Reason For a hexagonal system, @=b#6,0 =B =90° and y = 120°. ‘Scanned with CamScannerSolid State Cig 48, Assertion The total num present in a simple cubie one. Reason Simple cubic unit cell has atoms at its corners, each ich is of which is shared between eight adjacent unit cells. ; (NCERT Exemplar) Assertion Graphite is a good conductor of electricity however diamond belon, insulators. Reason Graphite is soft in nature on the other hand diamond is very hard and brittle. "en ber of atoms unit cell is 49. gs to the category of 50. Assertion Total number of octahedral voids present in unit cell of cubic close packing including the one that is present at the body centre, is four. Reason Besides the body centre there is one octahedral void present at the centre of each of the six faces of the unit cell and each of which is shared between two adjacent unit cells. Assertion There is only one way of arranging spheres in a one dimensional close packed structure. Reason In one dimensional close packed arrangement, the coordination number is 2. 52. Assertion The packing efficiency of hep and fcc arrangement is equal. Reason In hep as well as cep packing each sphere is surrounded by twelve other spheres. 53, Assertion The packing efficiency is maximum for the fec structure. Reason The coordination number is 12 in fcc structures. (CERT Exemplar) Case Based MCOs 54, Read the passage given below and answer the following questions: ‘The adjective, ‘crystalline’ when applied to solids, implies an ideal crystal in which the structural units, termed as unit cells, are repeated regularly and indefinitely in three dimensions in space. The unit cell, containing at least one molecule, has a definite orientation and shape defined by the translational vectors, a, band c. The unit cell therefore has a definite volume, V that contains the atoms and molecules necessary for generating the crystal. Every crystal can be classified as a member of one of the seven possible crystal systems or crystal classes that are defined by the relationships between the individual dimensions, a, band c of the unit cell and between the individual angles. ct, B and y of the unit cell, The structure of the given crystal may be assigned to one of the 7 crystal systems, to one of the 14 Bravais lattices, and to one of the 230 space groups. These uniquely define the possible ways of arranging atoms in a three-dimensional solid. Based on these observations, seven crystal systems were identified: triclinic, monoclinic, trigonal or rhombohedral, tetragonal, hexagonal, rhombic or orthorhombic and cubic. ‘The following questions (iv) are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer : (i) The crystal structure is obtained by associating structural motifs with lattice points. Each repeated motif has (a) same structure but different spatial arrangement {b) same spatial arrangement but different structure (c) different structure and different spatial arrangement {d) same structure and same spatial arrangement ‘Scanned with CamScannerCBSE New Pattern ~ Chemistry xn ¢y, 10 ‘ the stable ionic crystallin ) Identify the type of erystal system of the For e ystalline struct 8 de oe AF KNO, | (B) CaCO55 there is definite radius ratio limit for (oyeeGs6 2 {) CaSO, + 5H1,0 to fit perfectly in the latice of anions cane? (e) A-Cubic: B-Trielinic: C-Hexagonal: radius ratio rule. This also defines the “tl D-Rhombohedral coordination number of an ion. (b) A-Tetragonal: B-Monoclinic: C-Trielinic: ‘The following questions (i-iv) are multiph D-Hexagonal choice questions. Choose the most © (c} -Orthorhombic: B-Trigonal: C-Tetragonal: appropriate answer: O-Triclinie . () The number of atoms per unit cell in simple cubic (s), body centred (8) and f, centred (fj unit cell decreases as * (a) f>b>s (b) s>b>f (0) f>b=s (d) A-Rhombohedral: B-Hexagonal; C-Trigonal: D-Orthorhombic i) The lattice points of a crystal of hydrogen iodide are occupied by f ves i 1 teres and ators (i) Gold crystallizes ina face centred un te ettens andl anions cell. Its edge length is 0.410 nm. The (a) H, molecules and!, molecules radius of gold atom is «...-« (iv) In which of the following structure unit (elogagnm {}0.280 nm cell shows the triclinic structure? (c)0.145 nm (d)0.578 nm (ii) In a cubic lattice ABC, A atom presents h Le) all corners except one at corner which is || occupied by Batoms. C atoms are preset (a) (o) at face centres. The formula of the b yo V compound is ....-- Say (c)b>f>s (alAB.C (b) ABC, (c)A,BC, (ABC, (iv) If*a’ stands for the edge length of the cubic systems, simple cubic, body centred and face centred cubic, then the ratio of Or For orthorhombic system axial ratios are the radii of the spheres in these systems a#6+cand the axial angles are will be respectively. (a) o=B=y 490° (b) a=B=y=90" (c) a g0°,p+90° (d) a#B+y #90" 55. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions : (c) twipav3o (d)io:V3a:v20 ‘The crystalline solids have definite cd araguet of conte OF Copper erysalies na face on Peaaea ja tree clmensions known as pm. What is the radi er atom fatce. The smallest repeating part in the > tadus of copp' is known as unit cell. a ‘The unit cell are described as simple cubic ieee bea (c} 181 pm. (a) 108 pm fe face centred and body centred unit cell. ‘Scanned with CamScannersolid State 56. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions - The discovery of imperfections in an otherwise ideally perfect crystal is one of the most fascinating aspects of solid state science. An ideally perfect crystal is one which has the same unit cell and contains the same lattice point throughout the crystal. The term imperfection or defect is generally used to describe any deviation of the ideally perfect crystal from the periodic arrangement of its constitutents. One of this type of defect is point defect which is discussed below. Point defects If the deviation occurs because of missing atoms, displaced atoms or extra atoms, the imperfection is named as point defect. Such defects can be the result of imperfect packing during the original crystallisation or they may arise from thermal vibrations of atoms at elevated temperatures because with increase in thermal energy there is increased probability of individual atoms jumping out of their positions of lowest energy. The most common point defects are the Schottky defect and the Frenkel defect. Comparatively less common point defects are the metal excess defect and the metal deficiency defects. In these questions (i-iv) a statement of Assertion followed by a statement of Reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices (a) Assertion and Reason both are correct statements and Reason is correct explanation for Assertion (b) Assertion and Reason both are correct statements but Reason is not correct explanation for Assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but Reason is incorrect statement. {d) Assertionis incorrect statement but Reason is correct statement. 11 Assertion Due to Frenkel defects, density is not affected. Reason Cation and anion occupies interstitial position instead of a its regular position. (ii) Assertion In ZnO, the excess Zn”* ions are present in interstitial sites. Reason Metal excess crystals have either missing cation or anion in interstitial site. (iii) Assertion NaCl crystal is sometimes yellow in colour. Reason Na‘ in the crystal absorbs electron from air and hence gives yellow colour. (iv) Assertion ZnO becomes yellow when it is heated. Reason The anionic sites occupied by unpaired electrons (due to F-centres). Or Assertion In certain cases metals have a characteristic colour and lustre. Reason Free electrons are present in metals. 57. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions: Ionic solids and metals are compounds in which the interactions are dominated by electrostatic effects. However, the polarisation of the ions also plays an important role in many respects as has been clarified in recent years thanks to the development of realistic polarisable interaction potentials. After detailing these models, illustrate the importance of polarisation effects on a series of examples concerning the structural propenol such as the stabilisation of particular crystal structures or the formation of highly-coordinated illultivalentice in the melts, as well as the dynamic properties such as the diffusion of ionic species. ‘Scanned with CamScanner12 The effects on the structure of molten salt interfaces (with vacuum and electrified metal) is also described. Although most of the result described here concern inorganic compounds (molten fluorides and chlorides, ionic oxides ...), the particular case of the room-temperature ionic liquids, a special class of molten salts in which at least one species is organise will also be briefly discussed to indicate how the ideas gained from the study of ‘simple’ molten salts are are been transferred to these more complex systems. In these questions (i-iv), a statement of Assertion followed by a statement of Reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices. (a) Assertion and Reason both are correct statements and Reason is correct explanation for Assertion. (b) Assertion and Reason both are correct statements but Reason is not correct explanation for Assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but Reasons incorrect statement. (a) Assertion is incorrect statement but Reason is correct statement. ANS) Multiple Choice Questions L@ 20 30 40 5@ 1 20 32@ 4@ 1 © 21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (@) 24. (b) 25. (d) 31. (@) 32. (0) 33.) 34. (@) 35.) 41. (a) 42. (a) 43. (b) Assertion-Reasoning MCQs 4. () 45. @ 46. (b) 47. (48. Case Based MCOs 54. (D(A), (i-(0), (4ii)(a), (iv)-(a) or (b) 56. (i}-(b), (tic), (it-(0), (iv)-(a) or (a) 4 CBSE New Pattern ~ Chemistry xy ¢, re Mh (i) Assertion Each solid mater characteristic properties, ial ha ig Reason Temperature and pres, play an important role in the determination of properties of solid. (ii) Assertion Melting point of a soli depends on the structure of soliq SUre Reason Melting point is used for, identification of type of solids, (iii) Assertion True solids are Anisotropic Reason True solids have short ray, order in arrangement of constituent particles. (iv) Assertion In covalent solids, atoms are held very strongly. Reason Covalent bonds are strong and directional in nature. Or Assertion Ionic solids are hard and brittle. Reason In molten state, ionic solids are conductor of electricity. ERS 60 720 &@ %@ 00 16. (b) 17.) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. @ 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (a) 30. (a) 36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (a) 39. (a) 40. @ 49.) 50.) SI.) 52. (a) 53H 55. (D-(a), (ii)-(C), (ii)-(A), (iv)-(a) or (a) 57. (0-(a), (ti-(a), (iti)-(C), (iv)-(a) or (b) ‘Scanned with CamScannerr EXPLANATIONS 1, At low temperature existence of a substance in solid state is due to (a) slow molecular motion and (b) strong cohesive forces These two forces hold the constituent particles together thus causes existence of substance in solid state. . Crystalline solid is anisotropic in nature as this solid shows different physical properties such as electrical resistance, refractive index in different directions. Isotropic and anisotropic properties are related to amorphous solid and crystalline solid which can be clearly understood as Pin Physical perty Types of solid properties Isoropy Amorphous solid Same value ‘Anisotropy Crystalline solid Different values 3. Crystalline solid has regular arrangement of constituent particles observed over along distance in the crystal lattice. Due to this regular arrangement crystalline solid have sharp melting point. 4, In crystalline solids, due to different arrangement of. particle along different direction, their properties varies with change in direction. This property of cxystal is called anisotropy. 5, lodine molecules are a class of non-polar molecular solid in which constituents molecules are held together by London or dispersion forces. These solids are soft and non-conductor of electricity. 6. Diamond is a giant molecule in which constituent atoms are held together by covalent bond. Hence, this is a network solid. Network structure of Diamond 7. 8. 10. 1. B iamond is a gaint molecule in which constituent atoms are held together by covalent bond. Hence, it is a network solid. SO, (solid), H,0 (ice) and I, are the examples of molecular solid. Silicon carbide (SiC) is an example of covalent solids. Covalent or network solids are crystalline solids of non-metals result from the formation of covalent bonds between adjacent atoms throughout the crystal. “These are insulators and do not conduct electricity. odine molecules aré a class of non-polar molecular solid in which constituents molecules are held together by London or dispersion forces. These solids are soft and non-conductor of electricity. Since, quartz glass is an amorphous solid Tiaving short range order of constituents. Hence, value of refractive index is same in all directions, can be measured and not always be equal to zero. ‘The correct match is : A (),B (1), C9 (4), D>) In ionic solids, strong coulombic forces binds the ions together, so they are not free to move. However, in aqueous state or in molten state, these forces get weaker and ions get free to move so they can conduct electricity. Network solids are infact giant molecules due to their large three dimensional structure. In metallic solids, positive ions are surrounded by the sea of electrons. Hydrogen bonded molecular solids may be volatile liquids or soft solids at room temperature. Graphite is a good conductor of electricity due to presence of free valence electrons. ‘Scanned with CamScanner14 bon is sp”-hybridised having ‘h makes graphite a good In graphite, each car! sp®-hybridised carbon 13. Amorphous solids are isotropic in nature because it has no long range order and any physical property will be same on all direction. On the ‘other hand, anisotropic nature is a characteristic feature of crystalline solid. 14. Given figure represents the structure of simple or primitive cubic unit cell and in this case, each ‘atom at corner is shared between eight adjacent unit cells, four unit cells in the same layer and four unit cells of the upper or lower layer. ‘Thus, option (a) is correct. 15. Only1/8th of an atom or molecule or ion actually belongs to a particular unit cell. 16. The ratio of number of atoms present in simple cubic, body centered cubic and face centered cubic structure are I : 2: 4 respectively. 17. In the given unit cell, ¥ atoms are present at the comers and at the centre of each face whereas X atoms occupy half of the tetrahedral sites. This is the condition of ZnS type structure. 18. Each point in a lattice is known as lattice point which are either atom or molecule or ion which are joined together by a straight line to bring out geometry of lattice in pure crystal constituents are arranged in fixed stoichiometric ratio. Hence, existence of free electrons are not possible, itis possible in case of imperfection in solid. 19. As Patoms are at the 8 corners of the cube, 1 Bxt xgel + Number of Patoms per unit cell CBSE New Pattern ~ Chemistry X1 Crem ‘As Qatoms are at the face centres of the of the cube, Sfces z+ Number of Qatoms per unit cell = + x6. -. Ratio of atoms P:Q =1:3 2 ‘Thus, the formula of the compound is PQ. 20. As atoms B are present at the 8 comers of the cube, :. Number of Batoms per unit cell =8 x i ‘As atom A are present at the body centre, . Number of 4 atoms per unit cell = 1 ©. Ratio of atoms A: B=1:1 Thus, the formula of the compound is AB. 21. The correct match is : A73;B31,C32 fe is se, 3 is fee and 1 is bee] 22. The coordination number of close packed structure (i) is 6 and (ji) is 4 23. Number of octahedral voids = Number of atoms in the close packed structure Since, number of atom = 1; Therefore, number of octahedral void =1 24. Contribution of atom from the edge centre is V4. Therefore, number of atoms M =I/4x4 (from edge centre) +1 (from body centre) = 2 Number of atoms X x8 (from comers) + 3x6 (from face centre) =4 Empirical formula = M,X, = MX, ); cep Zn ion in 25. Coordination number ( all tetrahedral voids. 26. Anions (A) form hexagonal close packed (hep) lattice, so Number of anions (4) =6 Number of octahedral voids = Number of atoms in the close packed structure = Cations (C) occupy 75% of octahedral voids, so number of cations (Cc) =6x2> =6x3/4 =9/2 100 <. The formula of compound = Gy 24s =G,Ay = CA, ‘Scanned with CamScannersolid State eee 1 In a cubic close packed lattice of oxide i there would be two tetrahedral and. pa octahedral void per oxide ion, Since, the formula shows the onide ions, the numberof tevatedra tei eight and that of octahedral Voids is four. Out of ae eight tetrahedral voids, one is occupied by . Percentage of tetrahedral voids occupied 1 = 5% 100 =12.5% 28, Let, in the given crystal, Ni, 0 Ni* = xand Ni* =0.98—x Total charge on Af" and M°* = (+2) x + (43) (098 - x) = 2x4 2.94-3x=2.94—% ‘As metal oxide is neutral. Therefore, total charge on cations = total charge on anions 294—x=2 [+ Charge of oxygen atom x=2.94-2=0.94 So, the fraction of Ni** ions in the erystal 0.94 = O54 9 0.98 28, In case of bcc lattice cell, packing efficiency = 68% . Percent of vacant space = 100 -68 = 32% 30. Given, Na metal crystallises in bce unit cell with unit cell edge, a = 4.29 A We have the formula for radius, r=“ %a 3 0439 A=186A 4 31. Given, radius of an atom of an clement, 1=75 pm Lattice type = bee For bee, r= & a 4r _ 4x75 or @=t= = 173.2 pm rece 172 " 32, Given, edge length, a = 3,04 A= 3.04% 10cm . Volume of bec unit cell = = (3.04x10"%)® = 2.81 x 10 cm’ 33. Given, edge of cell = 444 pm “Density = 7.2 g/em* Lattice type = bee 34. 35. 36. ‘Volume of the unit cell = (444 pm)? (444 x 10""° cm)? 1.75 x 10 em? Volume of 404 g of the element = Ms . Density 404g 3 eG eat 56.11 cm’ +. Number of unit cells in this volume = 6.41x 10" unit cells Mass of one unit cell (m) = Volumex Density aA NaN, 58.5x 4. 6.02 10" 2-Number of unit cells in 1 BBX 4 Given, edge of unit cell = 2A Density =2.5 gem? Mass of met ‘Mass of one unit cell Given, edge length of unit cell =2A=2x 10" em ‘Mass of metal = 200 g Density of met .5 gem ‘Volume of unit cell = (edge length)’ (2x 10 cm)? «10 em? Mass of one unit cell = volume x density x 10 x 2,5= 20 x10™ . Number of unit cells in 200 g metal mass of metal Number of unit cell: © mass of one unit cell 200 20 x10 Given, edge length = 405 pm Density = 27 gem” Molar mass = 27 g mol ZxM @xN, 0x 10% Density (d) = ‘Scanned with CamScanner16 Zx27 2.7= (95x 10") x 6.022% 10” 2.7 (405)? x 10° x 6.022% 10 “ Fa] For face centered cubic unit cell, number of atoms are 4. 37. AgBr shows both Schottky and Frenkel defects. Because the “ (radius of cation and radius of 1 anion) ratio in AgBr is not very large or not very small. (AgCI shows only Schottky defect due to greater value of “, whereas Agl shows only 7 Frenkel defect due to smaller value of). 38. In the given crystal structure, equal number of cations and anions are missing (two K* and two CI’) from their normal lattice sites and the stal maintains its electrical neutrality. Hence, this is Schottky defect. 39, Fig, (A) represents the impurity defect as foreign atoms or ions (i.e. Sr” ions) are present in the lattice sites in place of host ions (i.e. Na* ions). On the other hand, Fig. (8) represents the Fcentre impurities in a crystal as here, anionic sites are being occupied by unpaired electrons. 40.A>(3); B3(1); C34); D>@) (A) When some of lattice sites are vacant in any non-ionic solid, the crystal is said to have vacancy defect and due to decrease in number of particles present in crystal lattice the density of crystal decreases. ongu00 eood 9000 Vacancy defects @) Simple interstitial defect are shown by non-ionic solids in which constituent Particles is displaced from its normal site to an interstitial site. Hence, density of solid increases, (©) Fenkel defect is shown by ionic solids in ich smaller ions get dislocated from its normal site to its interstitial site. In this defect, density remains same. CBSE New Pattern ~ Chemistry XII (Term-) {D) Schottky defect arises when equal number of cation(s) and anion(s) are missing from their lattice sites and thus, density of solid decreases. 41. A3(3); B>(1); CQ) (A) Impurity defect arises due to replacement of ‘one common ion present in any crystal by another uncommon ion. (B) Metal excess defect is due to missing of cation from ideal ionic solid which lead to create a F-centre generally occupied by unpaired electrons. e.g. NaCI with anionic site. (©) Metal deficiency defect In a crystal of FeO, some Fe”* cations are missing and the loss of positive charge is made up by the presence of required number of Fe” ions. 42. When smaller ion (usually cation) is dislocated from its normal site in crystal and move to interstitial site is known as Frenkel defect. 43. Schoitky defect is observed in crystal when equal number of cations and anions are missing from the lattice. Thus, density of solid decreases. When some cations move from their lattice site to interstitial site is known as Frenkel defect. When some impurity is present on crystal is known as impurity defect. When lattice site is occupied by electron, this, type of defect is known as metal excess defect. Hence, except (b) all statements are incorrect regarding Schottky defect. 44, True solids are anisotropic due to long range order in arrangement of constituent particles. ‘Thus, Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. 45. In covalent solids, atoms are held very strongly due to strong and directional nature of covalent bonds. Thus, both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. 4B. Ionic solids have strong intermolecular forces of attraction which make them hard and brittle. Because of the presence of free ions, these can conduct electricity in molten state or in aqueous solution. ‘Thus, both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not correct explanation of Assertion. ‘Scanned with CamScannersolid State 47. Like quartz and ice, hexagonal system. For this, = B=90° and ‘ Y=120 anda =b ec. ‘Thus, Reason is correct but Assertion is incomect 48, In simple cubic unit cell each atom is . comers having contribution 1/8. Hence, otal number of atoms present per unt cll =x8 Braphite is an example of ‘Thus, both Assertion and Reason are correct. 49. Assertion and Reason both are correct but Reason is not correct explanation of Assertion. Correct explanation is that graphite have lay ered structure with free electrons due to which itis a good conductor of electricity. whichitisa On the other hand, diamond have tetrahedral arrangement with no unpaired electron. Therefore, diamond is hard and brittle but belong to the category of insulator. 50. Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect statement. “Assertion is true as in cep atom present at face centre and corner of each unit cell which creates octahedral void at each body centre and all twelve ‘edges of a unit cell as shown below : Octehedral ctahedral vo void @) Correct reason is that beside the body centre there is one octahedral void at centre of each of 12 edges which is surrounded by six atoms Out of six atoms four belongs to same unit cell (2 at comer and 2 at face centre) and 2 atoms belongs to adjacent unit cell. 51. In one dimension closed packed structure, spheres or particles are arranged in a row and touching each other. Thus, there is only one way of arranging spheres in 1-D closed packed structure, i.e, moreover, in this arrangement the coordination number is 2. vat Thus, both Assertion and Reason are correct. Sit Reson fs not the correct explanation of Assertion. 52. In hep as well as cep packing each sphere is surrounded by twelve other spheres. ‘Thus, the packing efficiency of hep and fec arrangement is equal. Thus, both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. Assertion and Reason both are correct statements but reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion. Correct reason is that, packing efficiency is maximum for fec structure because it consists of total four atoms per unit cell. Packing efficiency is maximum in fee structure which is equal to 74%. 54. (i) As the motifs are the structural unit of a crystal lattice. ‘Therefore, to form a crystal lattice each ‘motif must have same structure and same spatial arrangement. (ii) (A) KNO, — Orthorhombic (B) Caco, = Trigonal (caso, = Tetragonal (D) Cuso,-5H,O - — Triclinic Since, HI is a covalent molecule, so HI molecules are present at the lattice points of the crystal. (iv) Fig, (a) represents structure of triclinic crystal system as, a# b+ cand aspeye90- ‘Whereas, the structures in option (b), (c) and (d) represents end-centered, body centered and face-centered cubic system. Or Orthorhombic crystal has three unequal axis which are at right angle to each other 2 #b # call angles = 90" So, axial distance a #5 # cand axial angles =7=90". 55. (i) The number of atoms per unit cell in simple eubi face centered = + body centered = 2 ‘The decreasing order of number of atoms is=f>b>s (i) Given, a = 0.410 nm ‘As we know, in face centered unit cell, Js r= 2 0.410 2x1414 wl = 0.145 nm ‘Scanned with CamScannerol IN (ii) Number of atoms of A =7 * Number of atoms of B=1* 8 =3 wl © Number of atoms of C =6 x “= Formula of the compound is A,B,C, or ABCyy- a . (iv) For simple cubic unit cell, a = 2r or r= For body centered unit cell, 4r = V3a or 4 For face centered unit cell, 4r = V2a or 148.1 2° 4 ofa Or In case of face centered cubic (fcc) lattice, rats = + Radius of copper atom (fcc lattice) _ 2361 =128 pm 3. (i) Both Assertion and Reason correct and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. Due to Frenkel defect, density of the crystalline solid is not affected as there is no change in the mass or volume of crystal, In this defect, cation or anion leaves its regular site and move to occupy interstitial Position in the erystal. Li) In metal excess defects the positive ions are in excess, These may arise due to either by anionic vacancies or due to presence of interstitial sites. ‘Thus, Assert q ion is correct but i _ core ate 78st but Reason is a tion is incorrect statement et Dut Reason ig CBSE New Pattern ~ Chemistry XH (Term) (iv) Zine oxide which is white in colour on heating loses oxygen and turns yellow. Zn0 as Zn +50, + 2 Itis due to metal excess defect in which excess ions (cation and electron) occupy interstitial site, A negative ion missing from its lattice site leaving a hole which is occupied by an extra electron to maintain electrical neutrality. Thus, anionic site is called F-centre. Thus, both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion. Or In certain cases, metals have a characteristic colour and lustre due to the presence of free electrons. Thus, both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is correct explanation of Assertion. 57. (i) Properties of different solids are different and are decided by the conditions of temperature and pressure. Thus, both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. (ii) Melting point of a solid depends upon the type of intermolecular force and hence, structure of solids, That's why it plays a key role in the identification of the type of solid. Thus, both Assertion and Reason are correct. and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion, (ii) True solids are anisotropic due to long range order in arrangement of constituent particles. ‘Thus, Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. (iv) In covalent solids, atoms are held very due to strong and directional nature of covalent bonds. Thus, both Assertion and Reason is the cos Assertion, Or Tonic solids have strong intermolecular forces of attraction which make them hard and brite, Becmse of the presence of free ions, se can conduct electricity in t molten state or in aqueous solution, eae can both Assertion and Reason are correct eason is not cor i alee rect explanation of strongly and Reason are correct rect explanation of ‘Scanned with CamScannerSolutions Quick Revision 1. Asolution is a homogeneous mixture of two ‘or more substances whose composition can be varied within certain limits. 2. Classification of Solutions + On the basis of physical state solution is of following three types, ie. Types of solute Solvent Examples solutions (@)Solid Gas Solid Hydrogen in solutions palladium. Liquid Solid Mercury with sodium forming an amalgam. Solid Solid Alloys ike bronze ‘and many others. ee Liquid Gas Liquid Oxygen in water, e solutions % aerated drinks, carbon dioxide in _water. _ Iquid Liquid Alcoholic beverages Liquid Tait” are basicaly solutions of ethanol in water. Solid Liquid Sucrose (table sugar) ‘or salt in water pects steseatt- 7 _erenitinwaler (Gaseous Gas Gas Air which is moslly solutions jnixture of nitrogen Bnd oxygen gases. Chloroform mixed ‘with nitrogen B85, Liquid Gas ‘Camphor in nitrogen Sol Gs Cope + On the basis of solvent itis of two types, i.e. aqueous and non-aqueous solution. * Onthe basis of number of components, the solution may be of two types, ie. binary and ternary solution, 3, Expression of Concentration of Solution ‘Composition of a solution can be described by expressing its concentration. Several ways to describe the concentration of the solution quantitatively are as follows {i) Percentage by mass (w/w) __ Mass of component in the solution . ) y9 Total mass of the solution (ii) Percentage by volume (V/V) _ Volume of the component 99 © "Total volume of solution Parts per million (ppm) Number of parts of the component ._ 4s Total number of parts of all components of the solution (iv) Parts per billion (pbb) _ Number of parts of component . 1 9 Total number of parts of all components of solution (v) Mole fraction ()is the ratio of number of moles of one component to the total number of moles of all the components present in the solution. ‘Scanned with CamScanner20 Mole fraction of a component Number of moles of the component * Total number of moles of all Itis independent of temperature. Fora given solution, sum of mole fractions of all the components of a solution is unity, i.e. tat kat +21 (vii) Molarity (4M) is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved in one litre or one cubic decimetre of the solution. Moles of solute Volume of solution (in L) (vii) Normality (NV) _ Number of gram-equivalent weight of solute - Volume of solution (in L) where, g-equivalent weight of solute Mass of solute (W”) valent weight of solute (£) ‘Normality x Equivalent weight = Molarity x Molecular weight (viii) Molality (n) is defined as the number of moles of the solute per kilogram of the solvent. Molarity = Moles of solute ‘Mass of solvent (in kg) (Molality, mole fraction, mass fraction, étc., are preferred aver molarity, normality, because they are temperature independent), 4. Solubility of a substance is its maximum. amount that can be dissolved (in a specified amount of solvent) at a specified temperature. It depends upon the nature of solute and solvent at a specified temperature and pressure, 5. Henry's law states that, the partial pressure of the gas (p) is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (y) in the solution, Mathematically, itis expressed as Ley or p=Ky 4 wer, Ky is called Henry's law constant, igher the value of K, 4 ata particular tem je i nea lower is the solubility of the gas in Molality = 10, CBSE New Pattern ~ Chemistry XII (Term-1) Solubility of gas decreases with increase in temperature. This is the reason that aquatic species are more comfortable in cold water rather than in warm water. Vapour pressure The pressure exerted by the vapours above the liquid surface in equilibrium with the liquid at a given temperature. Raoult’s law states that at a given temperature, for a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure of cach component of the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction present in solution, i.e. Pp % hy and py = PPxy- Fora solution of two miscible components, 1 and 2, Prot = bi + Po = PPM + Pike As we know, 7.4 %) =1or x, Ky Pros =P) + (03 - PP) to . Solutions obeying Raoult’s law over a entire range of concentration are called ideal solutions and which those do not obey this law are called non-ideal solutions. For positive deviation, 4A—Binteraction < A— A or B— Binteractions e.g. CS, + acetone, acetone +benzene. For negative deviation, 4~ Binteraction > A— A or B— Binteractions eg, Chloroform +acetone, chloroform-+benzene. . Azeotropes are binary mixtures having same composition in liquid and vapour phase and boil at constant temperature. There are two types of azeotropes which are : i) Minimum boilin; azeotropes These solutions show positive deviation from Raoult’s law, e.g. ethanol-water mixture. Maximum boiling azeotropes These solutions show negative deviation from Raoult law, e.g, nittic acid-water mixture. Colligative properties The properties of Soe which depend only on the number of a0 in Particles, not on the nature of the solute Particles are known as colligative properties. ‘Scanned with CamScannersolutions soe tt These properties are as follows ; (i) Relative lowering of vapour pressure i ideal solution containing the not velaule coe is equal to the mole fraction of given temperature, ihe okie ats he WM, Here, component number (1) is solvent and component number (2) is solute, Wi and W, are the masses and M, and M, are the molar masses of the solvent and solute, respectively. (ii) Elevation of boiling point (A7;) (Ebullioscopy) is the difference in the boiling points of the solution (7) and pure solvent (79). It depends on the number of solute particles rather than on their nature. AT, =1,-Ty Experimentally, AT), « x= (C =Molarity) ‘Scanned with CamScannerObjective Questions 6. A.5.2 molal aqueous solution of methyl Multiple Choose Questions alcohol, CH,OH is supplied. What is 602x102" molecules of urea are * a in 100 mL of its solution. The concentration of solution is (2)0.024 (b)o.o1m (c)0.001M (d)0.1M 2. Match the items given in Column I with the type of solutions given in Column II and choose the correct option from the codes given below. Column Columo ‘A. Soda water __1. A-solution of gas in gas. B. Sugar solution 2. A solution of solid in — _—Tiqu : C. German silver 3. A solution of solid in solid. D. Air 4. A solution of gas in ligui Codes ABCD ABC OD (4231 (b)2.4 3.4 ()4 213 (a) 3.1 204 3. How many gram of concentrated nitric acid solution should be used to prepare 250 mL of 2.0 MHNO3?The concentrated acid is 70% HNO,. (a) 45.0 g conc. HNO, (b)90.0g conc. HNO, (c}700 9 cone. HNO, (4)50.0 g conc. HNO, 4. Molarity (in mol/L) of distilled or pure water is... (a) 56.56 (b) 18 (c) 49.87 (d) 81 5. Mole fracti . water igo” OF 18 g glucose in 90 g of (a) 0.19 (c) 0.0019 (b) 0.019 (d) 0.00019 the mole fraction of methyl alcohol in the solution? (a) 1.100 (b)0.090 (c)0.086 (d)0.050 7. If mole fraction of a solute in Ikg benzene is 0.2, then molality of solute is (a)3.2 (b)2 (c)4 (d)3.6 8. 10% (m/m) aqueous potassium iodide has a density of 1.202 g mL“. The true statement about this solution is .. 1 (a) the solution contains 100 g of water (b) molarity of the solution is 2.90 (c) molality of the solution is 0.67 (d) mole fraction of KI in the solution is 0.0321 9. A beaker contains a solution of substance ‘4’ Precipitation of substance takes place when small amount of 4’ is added to the solution. The solution is (NCERT Exemplar) {a)saturated (b) supersaturated (c)unsaturated (d) concentrated 10. Select the incorrect statement. {a) Dissolution and Crystallisation are opposite processes (b) When dissolution and crystallisation occur with same rate, a saturated solution is obtained (c) When rate of dissolution is equal to rate of crystallisation, no more solute can be added toit (a) In saturated solution, the solution is in dynamic equilibrium with dissolved solute ‘Scanned with CamScannersolutions 8 11. On dissolving sugar in water at temperature, solution feels cool to touch, Under which of the following cases dissolution of sugar will be most rapid? (a) Sugar crystals in cold water “ (b)Sugar crystals in hot water (c)Powdered sugar in cold water (d) Powdered sugar in hot water 12. The value of Henry’s helium (Fe), hydrogen fla) oxygen (Oy) are respectively 144.97 K bar, 69.16 K bar, and 34.86 K bar at 293 K. The correct order of their solubility is (a) 0, 67 (8) Ky 2p? 23 At 300 K two pure liquids A and B have 150 mm Hg and 100 mm Hg vapour pressures, respectively. In an equimolar liquid mixture of Aand B, the mole fraction of B in the vapour mixture at this temperature is (a) 0.6 tos (aaa 24 For an ideal i solutioy anid n, the correct (2) 4,,V (ey Ae¥ #0 constant and p » rin =Oat constant T and p @ 4nx@=Oat constant and p 4nuS=Oat constant and p CBSE New Pattern ~ Chemistry XII (Term-D 25 The solution which show large positive deviation from Raoult’s law form (a) maximum boiling azeotrope at a specific composition i (b) maximum freezing azeotrope at 2 specific composition (c) minimum bolling azeotrope at a specific composition (d) minimum freezing azeotrope at a specific composition 26 On the basis of information given below mark the correct option. On adding acetone to methanol, some of the hydrogen bonds between methanol molecules break. (NCERT Exemplar) (a) At specific. composition methanol-acetone mixture will Form minimum boiling azeotrope and will show positive deviation from Raoult’s law (b) At specific composition methanol-acetone mixture will form maximum boiling azeotrope and will show positive deviation from Raoult's law (c) At specific composition methanol-acetone mixture will form minimum boiling azeotrope and will show negative deviation from Raoult’s law (d) At specific composition methanol-acetone mixture will form maximum boiling azeotrope and will show negative deviation from Raoult’s law 27 If the total vapour pressure formed by mixing 25.5 g of CHC1, and 40 g of CH,Cl, at 298 K is 3479 mmHg, then the mole fraction of each component in vapour phase will be [given p24), =415 mm Hg and p2yiq.,=200 mm Hel. (a) yCHCh = 0.285, yCHCl. 15 (b) yCH:Cl, = 0.18 yCHCI, = 0.82 (c) yCH,Cl, = 0.82 yCHCI, = 0.18 (d) yCH,Ch = 62.4 yCHCl, = 0.376 28. What happen to freezing point of benzene when naphthalene is added? (a) Increases (c) Remains unchanged (d) First decreases and then increases (b) Decreases ‘Scanned with CamScannersolutions 29 Among the followin, mixture is {a) CCl,+CHCI, (b) Coty + CH yp (c) CHgBr+C,H,CI (4) chlorobenzene + bromobenzene f two liqui init 30 a a nds A and B form minimum '§ azeotrope at some specific composition then (a) A—Binteractions are stron er thi between A—AorB—g an Ose (b) vapour pressure of solution increases because more number of molecules of liquids A and B can escape from the solution (c) vapour pressure of solution decreases because less number of molecules of only one of the liquids escape from the solution, (d) A—Binteractions are weaker than those between A—AorB—B 8; the azeotropic 31 Colligative properties depend on ......... « (NCERT Exemplar) (a) the nature of the solute particles dissolved in solution (b) the number of solute particles in solution {c) the physical properties of the solute particles dissolved in solution (d) the nature of solvent particles 32. Amongst the following, which one is a colligative property? (a) Surface tension (b) Viscosity (c) Osmotic pressure (d) Optical activity 33. K. for water is 1.86 K kg mol”. If your aiitomobile radiator holds 1.0 kg of water, how many grams of ethylene glycol (C)H,Oz) must you add to get the freezing point of the solution lowered to -2.8°C ? (2729 (c)389 (b) 93.9 (a)279 34. Identify (i), (ii) and ( 25 diagram. Vapour pressure —> ‘Temperature/K ——> (i) (ii) (iii) {a)Solution Frozen solvent Liquid solvent {b)Frozensolvent Solution Liquid solvent (c)Frozen solvent Liquid solvent Solution (d) Solution Liquid solvent Frozensolvent 35, For a dilute solution containing 2.5 g of a non-volatile non-electrolyte solute in 100 goof water, the clevation in boiling point at 1 atm pressure is 2K. "Assuming concentration of solute is much lower than the concentration of solvent, the vapour pressure (mm of Hg) of the solution is (take K, = 0.76 K kg mol”) (a)724 (b)740, (c) 736 (a7 36. The unit of eubullioscopic constant is (a) K kgmol' or K(molality)"" (b) mol kgk"' or K"'(molality) {c) kg mol”'K™ or K™'(molality)* (d) Kmol kg"! or K(molality) 37 Ethylene glycol is used as an antifreeze in a cold climate. Mass of ethylene glycol which should be added to 4 kg of water to prevent it from freezing at -6°C will be (K, for water = 186 K kg mol"'and molar mass of ethylene glycol = 62g mol”) (a)804.32 9 (c)400.009 (b)204.30.9 (a)304.609 ‘Scanned with CamScanner26 CBSE New Pattern ~ Chemistry XII (Term-1) 42. Which pair of solutions is isotonic at ango placed in a it s same temperature? 38. An unripe t ted salt solution to prepare concent pickle shrivels because . (a)0.1M NaCl and 0.1MNa,SO, (NCERT Exemplar) (b)0.1M urea and 0.1M NaCl {it gains water due to osmosis {c)0.1M urea and 0.2 MgCl, Oiiecar va (d)0.1 MCalNO), and 0.1 MNaSO, (b)it loses water due to reverse osmosis (c)it gains water due to reverse osmosis 43. At a given temperature, osmotic (d)it loses water due to osmosis pressure of a concentrated solution of a substance «....-...- 39. Reverse osmosis is a process, - , i th f a dilute solution (a) inwhich applied pressure to the solution a BE ane re allute gelation side, is larger than the osmotic pressure ( is idakad aves ofa dite solution c) is sa (b) in which solvent moves from solution of (a) cannet be compared with osmotic pressure higher concentration to slut flower atdilutegolution (c) which is used for desalination of sea water 44. If osmotic pressure of 4% (w/v) P (a) All of the above solution of sucrose is same as 2% (w/v) 40. Consider the figure and mark the solution of ‘X’, then the molecular mass correct option. ° X (g/mol) is - . (a) 171 (b) 205.2 Piston (A) Piston (B) cu | ® (c)870 (d)None of these | 45. Match the items given in Column I and with the item given in Column II Concentrated Freshwater | socum choge Column 1 Column tt solution in : vale) A. Saturated 1. Solution having same solution osmotic pressure at a (a) Water will move from side (A) to side(B) if a given Panperabure an Pressure lower than osmotic pressure is —_____that of given solution._ applied on piston(a) B. Isotonic 2. A solution whose solution osmotic pressure is less (b) Water wil move from side(B) to side Ait a pressure greater than osmotic pressure is cH plied on piston (2) . Hypotonie 3. A solution whi 0 . ich (} Water will move from side(B)to side (A)it a solution contains mazimam — equal to osmotic pressure is cat oF solute that ied on piston(B) can be dissolved in a - ive (9) Water will move from side(A)to side ()it eect of solvent Pressure equal to osmotic Pressure is sven temperature. than that of another. applied on piston(A) >. Hypertonic 4. A solution whose 41. Which of th ion osmotic pressure is more ch of the following soluti Pressure is hecho osmotic prewwure? has Sage Ra fenothes, _ a) im odes (esi (b) 1 Bact, AB COD (NCERT Exemplar) PO. (8) 1180, fs 124 was 4 3.21 4 (a) 123 4 ‘Scanned with CamScanner