KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS

SYNCHRONIZATION

POWER SYSTEMS ONE TEEE 2104P PRACTICAL

REPORT

BY GROUP B.

No NAME REGISTRATION No.

1 BUKENYA JONATHAN 19/U/BET/742/PE

2 ISMAIL SULEIMAN 19/U/BET/20284/PE

3 OPIO DAVID 19/U/BET/745/PE

4 SEKITOLEKO RODGERS 19/U/BET/722/PE

5 ONZIZUYO PIERRA 19/U/BEL/17483/PD

6 SOLOMON NYEKO 18/U/BEL/17934/PD

7 KAMYA TONNY 20/U/BEL/11811/PD

8 MUTYABA BRIAN 20/U/BET/11842/PE

9 OPIO SAMUEL 20/U/BEL/11816/PD

10 SEKAMATTE FRANCIS 20/U/BET/11845/PE

11 SSERUBIRI EMMANUEL 20/U/BET/11850/PE

12 SSEWANYANA RONALD 20/U/BEL/11239/GV

LECTURER: Mr. MUWANGA SULIAMAN.

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 15th -12 -2021

 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Synchronization is the process of matching the voltage, frequency, phase angle, phase
sequence and waveform of a source (a generator) to an existing power system, making it
possible to operate these systems in parallel.

A Generator cannot deliver power to electric power system unless its voltage, frequency and
other parameters are exactly matched with the network. Synchronization is accomplished by
controlling the exciter current and the engine speed of the generator

1.1 Advantages of connecting generators in parallel

 Increase in power capacity supply to the load

 Control in load management
 Ease of maintenance and redundancy

1.2 Factors Considered When Paralleling Generators,

 Capacity: easy of synchronizing the system bases on load demand; powering on a

set when demand increases and switching off a set when demand decreases.
 Redundancy: ensuring a soft power transfer as the outgoing generator is switched
off and the incoming one is powered on. The design should avoid a situation where
the load is not powered or allowed to run on the UPS (Uninterruptible Power
Supply)
 Compliance with the electrical standards in terms of safety, protection and
operation.
1.3 The diagram below shows two Generators (G2 and G3) connected to main power
system (G1)
1.4
Load
G1

G2

G
 CHAPTER TWO: METHODOLOGY

2 Aims
 To learn how to synchronize an alternator to the electric power utility system.
 To observe the effects of improper phase conditions upon the synchronizing
process.

2.1 Apparatus

 Driving motor
 Voltmeter
 Ammeter
 Synchronous machine
 Connecting wires
2.2 Theory
Synchronizing a generator to the power system must be done carefully to prevent damage
to the machine and disturbances to the power system

2.2.1 Considerations for Synchronization

Some conditions must be met to reach synchronization. When two ac systems are
connected, to ensure no harm to both systems and to the connected loads. The oncoming
source must match these power-system quantities to those of the existing system:
A. Phase Sequence
Phase sequence is very important for proper synchronization. The phase sequence (for
example, A-B-C or A-C-B) of the oncoming system must match the order of the phase
sequence of the existing power system. The process of matching the sequence is referred
to as “phasing,” and the sources are said to be “in phase.”
B. Amplitude, Frequency, and Phase Angle
 The voltage amplitude, frequency and phase angle must be controlled each time a generator
is connected to a power system.
In practice, reaching the exact point where voltage amplitude, frequency, and phase angle
match perfectly, and then closing an intertie circuit breaker at this precise moment is not
possible. Instead, systems are paralleled within an acceptable tolerance window for
mismatches of these three important quantities.

2.2.2 Problems Associated with Poor Synchronizing

 Damage the generator and the prime mover because of mechanical stresses caused
by rapid acceleration or deceleration, bringing the rotating masses into synchronism
(exactly matched speed and rotor angle) with the power system.
 Damage the generator and step-up transformer windings caused by high currents.
 Cause disturbances to the power system such as power oscillations and voltage
deviations from nominal.
 Prevent the generator from staying online and picking up load when protective relay
elements interpret the condition as an abnormal operating condition and trip the
generator.
2.3 Methods of Synchronization

There are several methods synchronization of alternators among which include,

1) Three dark lamps method

2) Two bright, one dark method
3) Synchroscope method

In this report, a practical of method (1) was carried out.

2.4 Circuit Diagram Of Three Dark Lamps Method Of Alternator Synchronization

2.5 Procedures

 In this method of synchronization, the two three-phase generators, Generator G1 is

connected to the load circuit and Generator G2 is to be connected in parallel with G1.
Three bulbs or lamps are connected between generator G2 and the load line (common
bus-bars) which will double the output voltage to the load, following the effect of two
generators operate.
 Assume that Generator connected to the load supplying rated voltage and frequency
and frequency, now is connected in parallel with G2.
o Three lamps (each rated for generator terminal voltage) are connected across the
switches of the G2. From the circuit diagram above, it is clear that the moment
when all the conditions of parallel operation are satisfied, the lamps should be
more or less dark.
 In order to synchronize the G2 with bus bar, its prime mover is driven at speed close to
the synchronous speed decided by the bus bar frequency and number of poles of the
generator. The field current of the generator-2 is increased till voltage across the
machine terminals is equal to the bus bar voltage (by observing the readings on
voltmeters).
  When the lamps go ON and OFF concurrently, indicating that the phase sequence of
G2 matches with bus bar. On the other hand, if they ON and OFF one after another, that
shows the incorrect phase sequence. By changing the connections of any two leads of
Generator-2 after shutting down the machine, the phase sequence can be changed.
 The amount of frequency difference between G2 voltage and bus bar voltage, causes
ON and OFF rate of these lamps. Hence, the rate of flickering has to be reduced to
match the frequency. This is possible by adjusting the speed of generator by its prime
mover control.
 When all these parameters are set, the lamps become dark and then the synchronizing
switch can be closed to synchronize Generator-2 with Generator-1.

2.6 Advantages of this method of synchronization

 Proper phase sequence can easily be determined

 This method is less expensive

2.7 Disadvantages of this method

 Lamp filament might burn out.

 Lamps may become dark at about half their rated voltage; thus, it is possible that
the synchronizing switch might be closed when there is a considerable phase
difference between G2 and G1. This will lead to high circulating current, leading to
damage.
 Flicker of the lamps does not show which generator has the higher frequency.
 3 CONCLUSION
Setting up parallel generators is complex procedure which requires qualified electrical
professionals. Correct paralleling switchgear should be used so as the consumer achieves
maximum output when the power demand is at its peak and also minimum output when
the load requirements are low.
 APPENDIX

Lecturer and some of the students in the laboratory during the practical.