Lecture GPhysics 1.Ch4

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4
PART 1: MECHANICS 3 CHAPTER 4: THE LAWS OF MOTION
4.1. The concept of force

The force refers to an interaction with an object by means of
muscular activity and some change in the object’s velocity.
Note: 1. Forces do not always cause motion.
2. Forces have been verified to behave as vectors
4.1. The Concept of Force
Isaac Newton
English physicist and math-cian
(1642–1727)
Isaac Newton was one of the
most brilliant scientists in history.
4.2. Newton’s First Law and Inertial Frames

If an object does not interact with other objects, it is possible to
identify a reference frame in which the object has zero acceleration.
Inertial (quan tinh) frame of reference
can be more practically statemented as follows:

In the absence of external forces and when viewed from an
inertial reference frame, an object at rest remains at rest and an
object in motion continues in motion with a constant velocity (that
is, with a constant speed in a straight line).
4.3. Newton’s Second Law

4.3. Newton’s Second Law

4.4. Newton’s Third Law

If two objects interact, the force F12 exerted by object 1 on object
2 is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the F21
exerted by object 2 on object 1:
4.5. The gravitational force and weight

All objects are attracted to the Earth. The attractive force exerted
by the Earth on an object is called the gravitational force 𝐹g . This
force is directed toward the center of the Earth, and its magnitude
is called the weight of the object.
The gravitational force
𝐹g = 𝑚g
The weight of an object
𝐹g = 𝑚g
Note: Inertial mass vs gravitational mass

 Mass in Newton’s second law is call inertial mass
 Mass in the expression of the weight is the gravitational mass
The experiments in Newtonian dynamics conclude that gravitational
mass and inertial mass have the same value.
4.6. Contact Forces
• Normal force: 𝑁
• Friction force: always
in opposite direction
with motion:
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑠. 𝑁, 𝑓𝑘 = 𝑘. 𝑁
4.6. Contact Forces

Particle in equilibrium Particle under a net force
If it has several forces acting on it If it has one or more forces acting
so that the forces all cancel, on it so that there is a net force
giving a net force of zero, the on the object, it will accelerate in
object will have an acceleration the direction of the net force. The
of zero. This condition is relationship between the net
mathematically described as force and the acceleration is
∑𝐹 = 0 ∑𝐹 = 𝑚 𝑎
4.6. Contact Forces

Ex. 5.2. A traffic light weighing 122 N hangs from a cable tied to two
other cables fastened to a support as in the below figure. The upper
cables make angles of 𝜃1 = 37.0° and 𝜃2 = 53.0° with the horizontal.
These upper cables are not as strong as the vertical cable and will break
if the tension in them exceeds 100 N. Does the traffic light remain
hanging in this situation, or will one of the cables break?
4.6. Contact Forces

Ex. 5.2. Đèn giao thông có trọng lượng 122 N được treo một sợi dây gắn
với hai sợi dây khác và được buột như hình. Các sợi dây trên hợp các góc
với phương ngang 𝜃1 = 37.0° và 𝜃2 = 53.0°. Các sợi dây không mạnh
như sợi thẳng đứng và nó sẽ bị đứt nếu lực căng tác dụng lên nó vượt
100N. Hỏi cái đèn được treo như thế hay sẽ bị đứt dây?
4.6. Contact Forces

Ex. 5.2. Guide: – Vẽ hình
- Xác định các lực tác dụng lên vật (đèn)
- Tổng hợp bằng 0 (cân bằng)
Solve: (vẽ đúng hình, tóm tắt)
- Đèn chịu tác dụng của 2 lực, có phương chiều như
hình vẽ. Để đèn được giữ thì 𝑇3 + 𝐹𝑔 = 0.
Hay T3=122(N).
- Mặc khác ta có: 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 = −𝑇3 , chiếu lên các
trục Ox, Oy ta có:
𝑂𝑥: −𝑇1 cos 𝜃1 + 𝑇2 cos 𝜃2 = −𝑇3 cos 90
𝑂𝑦: 𝑇1 sin 𝜃1 + 𝑇2 sin 𝜃2 = −𝑇3 cos 180
Giải T1, T2 rồi so sánh với 100N, ...
4.6. Contact Forces

Ex. 5.4. Two blocks of masses 𝑚1 and
𝑚2 , with 𝑚1 > 𝑚2 , are placed in
contact with each other on a
frictionless, horizontal surface as in
beside figure. A constant horizontal
force 𝐹 is applied to 𝑚1 as shown.
(a) Find the magnitude of the
acceleration of the system.
(b) Determine the magnitude of the
contact force between the two
blocks.
4.6. Contact Forces

Ex. 5.4. (a) Acceleration of the system
(-vẽ hình, tóm tắt)
Cách 1: Xét lực tác dụng lên từng vật:
𝑛1 + 𝑚1 𝑔 + 𝑃21 + 𝐹 = 𝑚1 𝑎1
𝑛2 + 𝑚2 𝑔 + 𝑃12 = 𝑚2 𝑎2 (2)
(2v cđ gtoc)=> 𝑛 + 𝑀𝑔 + 𝐹 = 𝑀𝑎
Chiếu lên trục Ox nằm ngang:
𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑎 = 𝐹 ⇒ 𝑎 =
Cách 2: vật gắn với nhau, xem như hệ
có 1 vật với khối lượng (m1+m2). Theo
ĐL II Newton:
∑ 𝐹 = 𝑛 + 𝑀𝑔 + 𝐹 = 𝑀 𝑎 ...
4.6. Contact Forces

Ex. 5.4. (a) Acceleration of the system
(-vẽ hình, tóm tắt)
Cách 1: Xét lực tác dụng lên từng vật:
𝑛1 + 𝑚1 𝑔 + 𝑃21 + 𝐹 = 𝑚1 𝑎1
𝑛2 + 𝑚2 𝑔 + 𝑃12 = 𝑚2 𝑎2 (2)
(2v cđ gtoc)=> 𝑛 + 𝑀𝑔 + 𝐹 = 𝑀𝑎
Chiếu lên trục Ox nằm ngang:
(b) the contact force between
𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑎 = 𝐹 ⇒ 𝑎 =
the to blocks. Cách 1:
Chiếu (2) lên trục Ox nằm
ngang:
𝑚2 𝑎 = 𝑃12 ⇒ 𝑃12 = (𝑃21 ) =...
4.6. Contact Forces

Ex. 5.5. A hockey puck on a frozen pond is
given an initial speed of 20.0 m/s. If the
puck always remains on the ice and slides
115 m before coming to rest, determine
the coefficient of kinetic friction between
the puck and ice.
4.6. Contact Forces

Ex. 5.3. A car of mass m is on an icy driveway inclined
at an angle 𝜃 as in beside figure.
(a) Find the acceleration of the car, assuming the
driveway is frictionless.
(b) Suppose the car is released from rest at the top of
the incline and the distance from the car’s front
bumper to the bottom of the incline is d. How
long does it take the front bumper to reach the
bottom of the hill, and what is the car’s
speed as it arrives there?
4.6. Contact Forces

Ex. 5.3. Giải với trường hợp có ma sát
(a) –Vẽ hình, chọn chiều chuyển động, tóm tắt
- AD ĐL II Newton: 𝑛 + 𝑚𝑔 + 𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎
Chiếu lên các trục tương ứng, chiều dương trên hình:
𝑂𝑦: 𝑛 − 𝑚𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 0 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦 = 0(1)
𝑂𝑥: 0 + 𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑘𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (2)
Từ PT (1) rút ra n, thay vào PT (2)
tìm đại lượng còn lại.
(b) Cho a,d,v0. Tìm v, t => EASY!
* Nếu kg có ma sát: a=gsin
PART 1: MECHANICS 22
4.6. Contact Forces

Applying Newton’s second law along the radial direction, the net force
causing the centripetal acceleration can be related to the acceleration as
follows:
𝑣2
∑𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎𝑐 = 𝑚
𝑟
4.6. Contact Forces

Ex. 4.6. A small ball of mass 𝑚 is
suspended from a string of length 𝐿.
The ball revolves with constant speed
𝑣 in a horizontal circle of radius 𝑟 .
(Because the string sweeps out the
surface of a cone, the system is known
as a conical pendulum.) Find an
expression for 𝑣.
Ans. 𝑣 = 𝐿𝑔 sin 𝜃 tan 𝜃

4.6. Contact Forces

The total force exerted on the particle
can be written in terms of
∑𝐹 = ∑𝐹𝑟 + ∑𝐹𝑡 ,
where
∑𝐹𝑟 = 𝑚𝑎𝑟 : radial component
directed toward the center of the
circle
∑𝐹𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎𝑡 : tangential component
representing a change in the particle’s
speed with time.
Remind:
𝑣2 𝑑𝑣
𝑎𝑟 = , 𝑎𝑡 =
𝑟 𝑑𝑡
4.6. Contact Forces

Ex. 4.6.6. A small sphere of mass 𝑚 is
attached to the end of a cord of length
𝑅 and set into motion in a vertical
circle about a fixed point O as
illustrated in the beside figure.
Determine the tangential acceleration
of the sphere and the tension in the
cord at any instant when the speed of
the sphere is 𝑣 and the cord makes an
angle 𝜃 with the vertical.
𝑣2
Ans. 𝑎𝑡 = 𝑔 sin 𝜃 , 𝑇 = 𝑚𝑔 +
𝑅𝑔
PART 1: MECHANICS 28 CHAPTER 5: CIRCULAR MOTION AND APPLICATIONS OF NEWTON’S LAW
Extra 1. Motion in Accelerated Frames

An observer in a noninertial (accelerating) frame of reference
introduces fictitious forces when applying Newton’s second law in that
frame. The fictitious force has the form of
𝐹𝑓 = −𝑚𝐴
with 𝑚 is the mass of a particle, 𝐴 acceleration of the noninertial frame.
Extra 1. Motion in Accelerated Frames

Ex. 6.7. A small sphere of mass 𝑚 hangs by a cord from the ceiling of a
boxcar that is accelerating to the right as shown in the below figure.
Both the inertial observer on the ground and the noninertial observer
on the train agree that the cord makes an angle 𝜃with respect to the
vertical. The noninertial observer claims that a force, which we know to
be fictitious, causes the observed deviation of the cord from the vertical.
How is the magnitude of this force related to the boxcar’s acceleration
measured by the inertial observer?
Extra 2. Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces
Model 1: Resistive Force Proportional to Object Velocity

If we model the resistive force acting on an object moving through a
liquid or gas as proportional to the object’s velocity, the resistive force
can be expressed as
𝑹 = −𝒃𝒗 (b = const)
Ex. 6.8. A small sphere of mass 2.00 g

is released from rest in a large vessel
filled with oil, where it experiences a
resistive force proportional to its
speed. The sphere reaches a terminal
speed of 5.00 cm/s. Determine the
time constant t and the time at which
the sphere reaches 90.0% of its
terminal speed.
Extra 2. Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces
Model 2: Resistive Force Proportional to Object

Speed Squared
For objects moving at high speeds through air, such as
airplanes, skydivers, cars, and baseballs, the resistive
force is reasonably well modeled as proportional to
the square of the speed. In these situations, the
magnitude of the resistive force can be expressed as
𝟏
𝑹 = 𝑫𝝆𝑨𝒗𝟐
𝟐
where 𝐷 is a dimensionless empirical quantity called
the drag coefficient, 𝜌 is the density of air, and 𝐴 is the
cross-sectional area of the moving object measured in
a plane perpendicular to its velocity.

Lecture GPhysics 1.Ch4

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Lecture GPhysics 1.Ch4

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1

4.1. The concept of force

4.1. The Concept of Force

4.2. Newton’s First Law and Inertial Frames

can be more practically statemented as follows:

4.3. Newton’s Second Law

4.3. Newton’s Second Law

4.4. Newton’s Third Law

4.5. The gravitational force and weight

Note: Inertial mass vs gravitational mass

4.6. Contact Forces

4.6. Contact Forces

4.6. Contact Forces

4.6. Contact Forces

4.6. Contact Forces

4.6. Contact Forces

4.6. Contact Forces

4.6. Contact Forces

4.6. Contact Forces

4.6. Contact Forces

4.6. Contact Forces

4.6. Contact Forces

4.6. Contact Forces

Ans. 𝑣 = 𝐿𝑔 sin 𝜃 tan 𝜃

4.6. Contact Forces

4.6. Contact Forces

Extra 1. Motion in Accelerated Frames

Extra 1. Motion in Accelerated Frames

Extra 2. Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces

Model 1: Resistive Force Proportional to Object Velocity

Ex. 6.8. A small sphere of mass 2.00 g

Extra 2. Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces

Model 2: Resistive Force Proportional to Object

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