Level X

Lesson I

I.-Unknown Vocabulary

A.-listen and repeat.

1.-(to) preach: predicar.

2.-will: voluntad.
3.-whenever: siempre que…
4.-(to) dare: atreverse.
5.-addition: suma.
6.-substraction: resta.
7.-multiplication: multiplicación.
8.-division: división.
9.-really: realmente, de verdad.
10.-consumer product: producto de consumo.
11.-directly: directamente.
12.-purchase: compra.
13.-complex: complejo.
14.-machinery: maquinaria.
15.-sparkplug: chispero de automóvil.
16.-carburetor: carburador.
17.-assembly plants: plantas de ensamblaje.
18.-conveyor belt: fajas o bandas transportadoras.
19.-assembly line: líneas de ensamblaje.
20.-frame: marco, estructura, chasis.
21.-fully assembled: ensamblaje total.
22.-technique: técnica.
23.-dealers: negociantes, comerciantes.
24.-mass production: producción en serie.
25.-quickly: rápidamente.
26.-cheaply: barato, mas barato.
27.-due: debido a…
28.-availability: disponibilidad.
29.-(to) cover: cubrir, dar cobertura.
30.-garment industry: industria textil.
31.-labor unión: sindicatos.
32.-factory workers: trabajadores de la fabrica.
33.-(to) obtain: obtener.
34.-waiges: incrementos, ganancias.
35.-in addition: además.
36.-healthcare: atención medica.
37.-social care: seguro social.
38.-benefits: beneficios.
39.-(to) install: instalar.
40.-salary: salarios.
 II.-Reading and Oral Practice.

B.-listen and repeat. Then answer the questions.

An automovile is a really consumer product; that is, it is made for people to use
directly; it is no used to produce other products. A car is, of course, one of the biggest
and most expensive of all consumer products. It is often said that houses and cars are
the most expensive purchases people make in their lives. A car is a very complex piece
of machinery. It consists of thousands of parts that must all work together. These
parts are made in many different factories. The spark plug, for example, may be made
in one place and the carburetor in another. All these parts are finally brought to one
place to be assembled, producing a car that will go out and join, millions of others on
the highways.

The factories where this work is done are called assembly plants. In these plants,
coveyor belts bring the work to the workers, each person on the assembly line usually
Works on only one part of the car. First the frame is put together. Then, as the car
moves along the assembly line, other parts are added, after the cars are fully assembled
they are shipped to dealers all over the country.

The assembly line technique is a part of process called mass production. Through
mass production, manufacturers can make large numbers of the same product quickly
and cheaply. They can then sell those products more cheaply to the public. Thousands
of products from pencils to airplanes are mass-produced in the world today. The high
standard of living that so many people enjoy today is due in large part to the wide
availability of mass-produced products.

Millions of blue collar workers are employed in factories in the United States. Some
of the factories are large; an automovile plant may cover hundreds of acres and
employ thousands of people. other are very small; many garment industry workshops in
New York, for example, have only twenty or thirty workers. More than four million
Factory workers in the United States belong to labor unions. The unions have helped
many blue-collar workers to obtain wages as high as, or higer than, the salaries of
white collar workers. In addition, they have usually obtain health care and vacation
benefits for their members

III.-Oral Practice.

C.-listen and repeat. Then answer the questions.

1.-Why did they call in the service technician?

They have to fix a piece of machinery that broke down yesterday.

2.-What does his work on the assembly line consist of?

It consists of installing the carburetor.

3.-Are you going to be taking your vacation in July again this year?
No, I’m going to be taking it in the Winter instead of the summer this year.
4.-Why did she takes so many math courses this year?
She decided she wanted to be an engineer instead of an architect.

5.-Are wages and salaries different?

Yes, they are. Wages are figured by the hour, and salaries are figured by the week,
Month, or year.

6.-How much per hour do the workers in that Factory make?

They make eight dollars an hour.

7.-How many vacation days a year will they be getting?

They’ll be getting twenty-one vacation days per year.

8.-Why do a lot of people who work on assembly lines wants to change Jobs?
They go on to different Jobs because they get tired of doing just one task all the time

IV.-Dialogue
D.-Listen and repeat

Note: Bill and donna Work at a large chemical plant

Bill: Have you heard the good news?

Donna: No, what is it?
Bill: We’ll be getting a raise soon.
Donna: That is a goo news. When will it be starting?
Bill: The middle of next month.
Donna: How much more will we be getting?
Bill: Twenty-five cents an hour.
Donna: That’s not bad, not bad at all. How did you hear about it?
Bill: One of the unión official told me.
Donna: Why haven’t they announced it yet?
Bill: They are still talking to management about some more benefits.
Donna: What are they asking for?
Bill: Some extra vacation time, I think.
Donna: That’s fine, but when are they going to talk about making our work
more interesting.
Bill: That’s a good question.
Donna: I get tired of doing the same thing all day every day. I’d like to be doing
Something different sometimes. I may be looking for another job soon if they
Don’t give me different things to do.

V.-Grammar.

Title: The continuoos forms part-II

The continuos forms are also used with the auxiliary verbs and idiomatic verb phrases.
The auxiliary or verb phrases is followed by be and the ing form of the main verb.

Examples: I will talk to management next week.

a.-I will be talking to management next week.
 I had better to leave now.
b.-I had better be leaving now.

She would rather to do several different things instead of just one kind of work.
c.- She would rather be doing several different things instead of just one
kind of work.

In questions, the subject follows the first auxiliary.

Examples: We will be getting that rise soon.

d.-Will we be getting that rise soon?

I would rather be working in an office.

e.-Would you rather be working in an office or a factory?

In negatives, not also follows the first auxiliary:

Examples: f.-I may not be working here much longer if they don’t make the
Work more interesting.

g.-They aren’t going to be getting any new benefits this year.

Title: Use of the prepositions: In, at, on.

The preposition “in” is used in the following cases:

1.-with the time: to indicate the names of months, years, and seasons of year.

For instance: In March.

In 1946.
In the Winter.
2.-With the time of day, or night. It is used in general sense.

For instance: In the morning.

In the afternoon.
In the evening.

3.-Place, inside of something:.

For instance: Katthy is in the United states.

She live in a college town.
His office is in that building.
The letters are in the drawer of the desk.

The preposition “on” is used in the following cases:

4.-To indicate time, refering to days of the weeks and months.

For instance: On Tuesday. On the tenth of March.

 On March 10th
But: We omit the preposition when we are refering to tense expressions:

For instance: next month, next march, last tuesday, last march.

5.-To indicate contact with a surface.

For instance: The rug is on the floor.

The pictures are on the Wall.
She lives on Clark Avenue.
Please sit down on the chair.

The preposition “at” is used to indicate a definite time or place.

6.-Time: to indicate hour and minutes, with expressions such as:” noon, night, and
Midnight”

For instance: at six o’clock,

at ten minutes to two.
at half past five.
at noon.
at night.
at midnight.

7.-Place: to indicate a definited position:

For instance: They are at home.

The postman is at the door.
She lives at 431 Clark Street.
She writes her name at the end of the letter.
We are studying English at the university.

8.-After the propositions “to” preceded by the regular verb (to) arrive. Note: in English
We can not use “arrive to” the right expression is: “arrive in”

For instance: She arrives in a city or:

You arrive at a city.
He arrives at other places.

Other examples of the use of the preposition “at”

She arrives in the Unites States.

They arrive at New York on Monday.
He arrives at school a little early.
It is necessary to arrive at the airport.
 VI.-Exercises

E.-Change these sentences to the continuos forms.

Example: You should take more math courses.

h.-You should be taking more math courses.

1.-She’ll set up her own business in a few month.

____________________________________________________________________.
2.-They’ll send us an estimate soon.
____________________________________________________________________.
3.-I’d rahter watch a movie than televisión.
____________________________________________________________________.
4.-I may take a trip to California next month.
____________________________________________________________________.
5.-You’ better get ready for the exams next week.
____________________________________________________________________.
6.-You can put the adresses on the envelopes while I am finishing the letters.
____________________________________________________________________.
7.-They’re going to announce the raise soon.
____________________________________________________________________.
8.-They should talk to management about making the work more interesting.
____________________________________________________________________.

F.-Change to questions.

Example: She will be writing programs for the computer.

i.-Will she be writing programs for the computer?

1.-She should be waiting on this corner.

___________________________________________________________________.
2.-The plane will be arriving in the mext few minutes.
___________________________________________________________________.
3.-They should be fixing the machines today.
___________________________________________________________________.
4.-They’ll be construting a new building here.
___________________________________________________________________.
5.-They should be training thier new employees.
___________________________________________________________________.
6.-She’d rather be working in an office.
___________________________________________________________________.
7.-They’ll be receiving more vacation time next year.
___________________________________________________________________.
8.-He should be making out his lesson plan for tomorrow.
___________________________________________________________________.

G.-Change to the negative.

Example: He’ll be writing programs for the computer.

j.-He won’t be writing programs for the computer.

1.-You’ll be operating the new machine.

___________________________________________________________________.
2.-The children should be watching.
___________________________________________________________________.
3.-He should be complaining about his job all the time.
___________________________________________________________________.
4.-They’ll be giving us another raise next month.
___________________________________________________________________.
5.-She’ll be studying sociology next year.
___________________________________________________________________.
6.-They’ll be expecting us to arrive early.
___________________________________________________________________.
7.-The company should be doing more advertising.
___________________________________________________________________.
8.-She’ll be calling you next week.
___________________________________________________________________.

H.-Fill in the blank with proper preposition with these exercises.

Example: __________Sunday.
__On ____Sunday.

1.-___________Monday . 11.-____________the summer.

2.-___________First Street .
3.____________431 Clark Street .
4.-___________the evening.
5.-___________night.
6.____________next Sunday.
7.-___________December 7th.
8.-___________the spring
9.-___________January.
10.-__________1941.
12.-____________Saturday.
13.-____________last Saturday.
14.-____________1950.
15.-____________the top of the page.
16.-____________july 4th
17.-____________noon.
18.-____________fifth Avenue.
19.-____________1025 fifth Avenue.
20.-____________the morning.

I.-Complete these exercises. Fill in the blank with the proper preposition.

Example: She is _________ the universtiy this morning.

She is ___at ___the university this morning.

1.-He is sitting __________the table.

2.-the lamp is___________ the desk.
3.-Mrs. Miller is ________ home.
4.-They live __________Clark Street.
5.-There are many flowers__________the yard.
6.-the name is__________the door of the house.
7.-I go to bookstore ___________ the afternoon.
8.-Tom reads the newspaper __________the evenings.
9.-It begins __________two o’clock.
10.-She practices her math exercises _________the night.
 VII.-Pronunciation and Intonation Practice.

J.-listen and repeat.

1.-(a) as the u in: luck, mud, hug, cub, cup.

2.-(o) as the o in not: cot , mod, lock,hog,cob,cop.
3.-(ae) as the a in cat: cat. Mad. Lack, hag,cab,cap.

VIII.-Additional Oral Practice.

K.-listen and repeat.

1.-You must have good luck to catch a cab.

2.-He got mad when he got stuck in the mud.
3.-The man was mad because I did not lock the door of the hut.
4.-The cop did not break the lock at the back of the hut.
5.-She got mad because I did not cut the grass at the back of the house.
6.-He is a highschool graduate.
7.-I am a service technician.
8.-They are consumer products.
9.-She was in class yesterday.
10.-We were on time.
 Level X
Lesson II

I.-Unknown Vocabulary.

A.-listen and repeat.

1.-constant motion: movimiento constante.

2.-huge: inmenso, grande.
3.-(to) rent: rentar, alquilar.
4.-(to) involve: implicar, involucrar.
5.-Fee: tarifa, pasaje.
6.-(to) include; incluir.
7.-bill: billete, factura, resibo.
8.-interest: interés sobre una cantidad.
9.-fare: tarifa, pasaje.
10.-obverse: anverso.
11.-reverse: reverso.
12.-bank manger: gerente del banco.
13.-receipt: resibo, factura.
14.-boat ride: paseo en barco.
15.-bus tour: paseo en bus.
16.-fishermen: pescadores.
17.-fishingboat: bote de pesca.
18.-grass: pasto.
19.-harbor: puerto.
20.-kid: muchacho.
21.-cab: taxi, cabina.
22.-mud: barro, lodo.
23.-hut: choza.
24.-(to) discuss; discutir.
25.-dozen: docena.
26.-corporation headquarter: casa matriz de la corporación.
27.-goverment agencies: agencias del gobierno.
28.-Bookkeepers: tenedor de libros.
29.-Employment agency: agencia de empleo.
30.-staff: personal.
31.-Top: cima.
32.-Junior executives: ejecutivo de alto nivel.
33.-Policies: políticas ( de una empresa)
34.-influence: influencia.
35.-(to) carry out: llevar a cabo, ejecutar.
36.-(to) establish: establecer.
37.-(to) involve: implicar.
38.-Senior executive : ejecutivo de bajo nivel.
39.-background: antecedentes, orígenes.
40.-cursive: letra de carta, cursiva, (o)
 II.-Reading and Oral Practice.

B.-listen and repeat. Then answer the questions.

“The business of America is business” U.S. president Calvin Coolidge once said. When you
see one of the country’s large cities, You can see what he meant. In the center of the city,
dozens of large offcie building contain Banks, corporation headquarter, and goverments
agencies. Every weekday morning thousands of office workers enters these buildings and
leave for their homes every evening. Many of these people seem to be in constant motion, in
buses and taxicabs between one city and another.

The man and women who do all office work are called white collar workers. Secretaries and
receptionists, typists and bank tellers, bookkepers and computers operators work for many
different kinds of companies. There are big banks that do business all over the world and little
Banks that serve a single neighboorhood or a small town. The big insurance and industrial
companies employ thousands of people who work in huge skyscrapers, while around the
corner an employment agency or a manufacturer’s representative may have a staff only a
dozen typists and bookkepers.

Many office workers dream of working their way up to the top from messengers to president
of the corporation. The way lies through middle management positions. Middle management
include junior executives, who may fill specialized job, supervise other workers, recommend
action to top management, or see that the company’s policies are being carried out. At the
very top are the senior executives. They established the policies for the companies, especially
those that involve financial matter. The top managers of the large corporation have a great
deal of power and influence.

It is still posible to start out at the bottom and go all the way to the top. Because the financial
operation of business is so important, some accountants become top executives. In companies
where technology is important, people with an engineering background can also rise to the
top. Nowadays, however, education plays a central part in the selection of men and women
for managment Jobs. Many U.S. universities offer courses in business administration. The
graduates of these courses often start out in middle management Jobs. From there, they can
easily get promoted if they show the necessary personality and ability.

III.-Oral Practice.

C.-listen and repeat. Then answer the questions

1.-What does he do when he gets tired?

He lies down for a few minutes until he feels all right again.

2.-How long has this report been lying around?

It’s been lying right there on your desk for a week.

3.-Did she read the report right away?

No, she didn’t. It lay on her desk for a week before she even looked at it.

4.-Why are the dogs lying on the sofá?

They’ ve always lying there at night, and they’re too old to change their habits.
5.-Do you think that Young man will be successful?
I think he’ll rise right to the top because of his personality and his ability.

6.-How did she get to be a senior executive?

She rose to the top because she knew so much about finance and accounting.

7.-Has anyone ever risen to the top in that company?

A few people have risen to top management Jobs, but most of the positions are filled by the
University graduates nowadays.

8.-What kind of work can a computer carry out.?

It can carry out work with numbers and ítems of information.

9.-Who sees that the workers carry out the company’s policies?
The junior executives usually see that the workers carry them out.

10.-What kinds of business sometimes have small staff?

The employment agency or a manufaturer’s representative may have a staff dozen typists
And bookkepers.

IV.-Dialogue.

D.-listen and repeat.

Phil: What’s going on around here? Why is everyone changing offices?

Marcia: Haven’ you Heard? Where have you been anyway?
Phil: I just got back from visiting the plant in Chicago.
Marcia: Well, there are a lot of changes being made here this week.
Phil: Yes, I see, but what are they?
Marcia: For one thing, Marta and Jim are being transferred.
Phil: Where are they going? Did they get promoted?
Marcia: Martha’s going to the office in Atlanta. She’s going to be in charge of the
Whole southern región.
Phil: That sounds like a pretty good promotion to me. What about Jim?
Marcia: He’s going out to manage the plant in California.
Phil: And you? What about you? Are you going to get transferred too?
Marcia: No, I’m going to stay right here.
Phil: Did you get promoted?
Marcia: Not yet, but I’m hoping I will be.
Phil: Don’t you want to get transfered? I’d like that job in California.
Marcia: No, I don’t want to stay right here at the company headquarters. This is the place
To get notice by the top management.

V.-Grammar.

Title: The continuos form in the pasive and active forms.

The continuos forms also occurin the passive. The form of to be is followed by being plus the
past participle of the main verb.

Example: Several changes are made in the office this month.

 a.-Several changes are being made in the office this month.

The policies were carried out by the junior executives.

b.-The policies were being carried out by the junior executives.

The questions and negative form are:

Example: c.-Are all the positions being filled by college graduates nowadays?

But in negative form:

d.-The work isn’t being done fast enough.

Note: A few common expressions can occur in the passive with get as well as with be.

Example: e.-The package got lost in the mail.

f.-They are going to get married next week.

g.-I don’t know how that machine got broken.

Questions and negatives are formed in the same way as when get is a main verb.

h.-Did he get hurt in the accident?

i.-The letters didn’t get sent out last night.

Title: Use of the frequency adverbs

The frequency adverbs : always, usually, often, sometimes, never, rarely, seldom and ever,
They precede to all verbs regular and irregular verbs except the verb (to) be: am, are, is.
Thit is the natural order of the words. And it is right, but to make emphasis, these adverbs are
used in the interrogative form too.

The frequency adverbs.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

1.-often: a menudo,con frecuencia 5.-never: nunca. 9.-Ever: alguna vez?
2.-always: siempre. 6.-rarely: raras veces.
3.-usually: usualmente. 7.-seldom: raras veces
4.-sometimes: algunas veces 8.-not ever: nunca

1.-With regular verb and irregular verbs

Examples: .-I study my mathematics exercises.

j.-I always study my mathematic exercises.

In negative form: k.-I never study my mathematic exercises.

In interrogative form: l.-Do you ever study mathematic exercises?

m.-Do you always study mathematic exercises?
2.-With the present tense of the verb (to) be: am, are, is.

Examples: He is here on Saturday.

Affirmative : n.-He is often here on Saturday

Negative: o.-He is never here on Saturday.

Interrogative: p.-Is he ever here on Saturday?

r.-Is he often here on Saturday?

Note: all the affirmative adverbs can be used in the interrogative form as follow:

Examples: s.-Is he always here on Saturday?

VI.-Exercises.

E.-Change these sentences to the continuos forms in the passive. Do not change the tense.

Example: The lessons was taught by a new teacher.

The lesson was being taught by a new teacher.

1.-The reports are written by a sales representative.

____________________________________________________________________.
2.-The house was built by an arcchitect.
____________________________________________________________________.
3.-The speech was given by a politician.
____________________________________________________________________.
4.-The new employees are trained by a supervisor with a lot of experience.
____________________________________________________________________.
5.-All the questions were answered by only a few students.
____________________________________________________________________.
6.-The necessary information is given by the computer.
____________________________________________________________________.
7.-Their wages are figured by the hour.
____________________________________________________________________.
8.-Her car was checked by a mechanic.
____________________________________________________________________.
9.-The exercise is solved by the new student.
____________________________________________________________________.
10.-The musical play was performed by the band during the concert.
____________________________________________________________________.

F.-Change these sentences to questions.

Example: She is being assigned to a new job.

Is she being assigned to a new job?

1.-The cars are being assembled on a conveyor belt.

___________________________________________________________________.
2.-She is being required to take more math exercises.
___________________________________________________________________.
3.-The students were being helped by the parents.
__________________________________________________________________.
4.-The girl is being kissed by her boyfriend.
__________________________________________________________________.
5.-The machines are being fixed now.
__________________________________________________________________.
6.-The musical play was being performed by the band during the concert.
__________________________________________________________________.
7.-The exercise is being solved by the new student.
__________________________________________________________________.
8.-Her car was being checked by the mechanic.
__________________________________________________________________.
9.-The reports are being written by a sales representative.
__________________________________________________________________.
10.-The necessary information is being given by the computer.
__________________________________________________________________.

G.-Change these sentences to the negative.

Example: She is being assigned to a new job.

She is not being assigned to a new job.

1.-The computer is being installed in another building.

________________________________________________________________.
2.-The products are being sold in stores all over the world.
________________________________________________________________.
3.-The package was being shipped by air.
________________________________________________________________.
4.-The workers were being paid once a week.
________________________________________________________________.
5.-The apartment is being rented by a young married couple.
________________________________________________________________.

H.-Change these sentences to the passive with get. Do not change the tense.

Example: The machine was broken yesterday.

The machine got broken yesterday.

1.-He was burned when he tried top ut out the fire.

______________________________________________________________.
2.-They were lost because they couldn’t read map.
______________________________________________________________.
3.-They were assigned to a job they didn’t like.
______________________________________________________________.
4.-She was killed in an accident.
______________________________________________________________.
5.-She’ll be promoted next month.
______________________________________________________________.
I.-Change these sentences to questions.

Example: The machines got broken yesterady.

Did the machine get broken yesterday.
1.-The report got thrown away by accdent.
_______________________________________________________________.
2.-The letter got sent out yesterday.
_______________________________________________________________.
3.-My friend got hurt in an accident.
_______________________________________________________________.
4.-She gets burned when she stays sin the sun too long.
_______________________________________________________________.
5.-The candidates will get elected easily.
_______________________________________________________________.

J.-Change these sentences to the negative.

Example: The machines get broken broken easily.

The machines don’t get broken easily.

1.-She gets assigned all the easy Jobs.

______________________________________________________________.
2.-You’ll get lost on the highway.
______________________________________________________________.
3.-The packages will get mailed out his afternoon.
______________________________________________________________.
4.-He got measure for a new suit.
______________________________________________________________.
5.-We got sent to the meeting in Chicago.
______________________________________________________________.

K.-Use the affirmative frequency adverbs with these sentences.

Example: She writes the financial report.

She always write the financial report.

1.-He repeats the new vocabulary.

_____________________________________________________________.
2.-It rains in the Winter.
_____________________________________________________________.
3.-We paint the Wall.
_____________________________________________________________.
4.-They run to be strong and healthy.
_____________________________________________________________.
5.-She turns on the TV.
_____________________________________________________________.

L.-Use the negative frecuencty adverbs with these sentences.

Examples: I make some questions in French class.

I never make any questions in French class.
1.-You listen the classical music.
____________________________________________________________.

2.-She repeats the oral exercises in Spanish Class.

_____________________________________________________________.
3.-He is tired of doing the same thing in his job
_____________________________________________________________.
4.-They travel to Canada every christmas.
_____________________________________________________________.
5.-We drink a lot in parties.
_____________________________________________________________,

M.-Change these sentences to the interrogative form.

Example: We are usually tired, when we finish our shift.

Are you ever tired, when you finish your shift? or
Are you usually tired when you finish your shift?

1.-You are always cleaning the kitchen.

___________________________________________________________.
2.-He never drinks on chritsmas eve.
___________________________________________________________.
3.-She always check the examination, before she send it to her teacher.
___________________________________________________________.
4.-It is always very hut in the summer.
___________________________________________________________.
5.-We are often in time at the bus station.
___________________________________________________________.

VII.-Pronunciation and Intonation Practice.

N.-listen and repeat

1.-(i) as the i in it: it, sit, rid, hill, slip, is, live, tin.
2.-(i) as the e in eat: eat, seat, read, he’ll, sleep, ease, leave,teen.

M.-Repeat these sentences:

1.-I need to leave the place where I live at six on the dot.
2.-If you sit in this seat, You’ll be nearer the heat.
3.-She’ll eat it after you heat it.
4.-He’ll need to sit for a while before he gets to the top of the hill.
5.-He’ll see it if you leave it near the seat where he sits.
6.-She took a course in business administration.
7.-He’ll get notice by management.
8.-I can’t recommend him for that job.
9.-I can afford a new car.
10.-She can’ remember the last exercise.
 Level X
Lesson III

I.-Unknown Vocabulary.

A.-listen and repeat

1.-And so on: y asi sucesivamente.

2.-towns: pueblos, provincias, caserios.
3.-open air market: mercados al aire libre.
4.-crops: cosechas.
5.-cloth: ropa, vestario, textiles.
6.-pottery: alfareria
7.-temporary stalls: tramos temporarios.
8.-merchants: mercaderos, comerciante, buhonero.
9.-(to) set up: establecer, montar, instalar.
10.-(to) display: exibir, mostrar, exponer.
11.-throughout: a travez de…
12.-merchandise: mercadería, mercancía.
13.-jewelry: joyería.
14.-market center: centro de mercado, de comercio.
15.-appliances: aparatos electrodomésticos.
16.-department stores: departamento de tiendas.
17.-(to) provide: proveer, aprovisionar.
18.-roof: techo.
19.-trend: inclinación, tendencia.
20.-recent: reciente.
21.-butcher: carnicero.
22.-feature: característica, rasgo, faceta.
23.-surround: alrededor.
24.-merchandising: comercio.
25.-wholesale: al por mayor.
26.-retail: al por menor.
27.-manufacturers: fabricantes, productores.
28.-enormous: enorme.
29.-customer: cliente.
30.-advertising: publicidad.
31.-advertisement: anuncios publicitarios.
32.-(to) appear: aparecer.
33.-in addition: además.
34.-higest: lo mas alto, encumbrado, elevado.
35.-top executives: altos ejecutivos.
36.-request: solicitudes, requerimientos.
37.-aside: al lado de…
38.-furniture: mueblería.
39.-in fashion: de moda.
40.-ads: abbreviation of advertisements in plural form.
41.-subruban áreas: areas suburbanas.
42.-typical: típico, (a)
43.-baker: panadero.
44.-goods: bienes.
 II.-Reading and Oral Practice

B.-Listen and repeat. Then answer the questions.

Since towns and cities first came into existence, they have been market center. In some towns
there were open-air markets where farmer could come and exchange their crops for cloth,
pottery, and other articles that they needed. The temporary stalls that merchants set up soon
became permanent stores where the merchants could display their merchandise throughout
the year. Most stores specialized in one kind of product, such as clothing or jewelry. In many
places, the stores that sold the same products were close together on the same Street or in the
same corner of the market.

There are still million of stores that specialize in only one kind of merchandise. Some stores
sell only books or records; some sell only men’s or women’s clothing; others sell only
appliances or kitchen equipment. Nowadays, however, there are also department stores that
carry everything that people need in the way of furniture, clothing, appliances, and dozens of
other products. Department stores provide thier customers with the convenience of finding all
this merchandise under one roof. Supermarkets are another example of the recent trend toward
one stop shopping. People used to have to go first to the butcher, then to the Baker, and so on
to buy all the food that they needed. Now they can get all kinds of food at just one place. In
suburban area, the automobile has brought another kind of market, the shopping center. Several
stores that can take care of almost every need are located together. But the most important
feature of the typical shopping center is the parking lot that surround it.

All this activty of buying and selling is called merchandising. There are two different kinds of
merchandising, wholesale and retail. The whole sail merchant buys goods from
manufacturers and sell them to the retail merchant, who then sells them to the general
public. There is a very large number of products available today. The retail merchant would
not be able to keep up with all of them without the services that the wholesale merchant
provides.

The customer would not be able to keep up with all the products either without adverstising.
Advertising plays a vital part in modern merchandising. The manufacturers tell the public
about their new products, and the stores tell the public about what products are available at
what prices. Advertisement appear in newspapers, magazines, and on televisión every day of
the week. In addition, many more advertisements are mailed directly to customers’ homes.
This enormous businees of merchandising employs millions of white collar workers, from
clerks in the stores to top executives in the big deparment stores and the advertising agencies.
For most clerks, the salaries are low, but they are among the highest in the United States for top
executives.
 III.-Oral Practice.

C.-listen and repeat.

1.-When did shopping centers come in to existence?

They came in to existence when many car owners moved to the suburbs.

2.-What does the store sell?

It sells everything in the way of office supplies from pencils to office furniture.

3.-Do they have different buildings for the elementary school and the high school?
No, they don’t do. They’re both under one roof.

4.-Where do yo take your car for service?

I take it to a garage that really give one-stop sevice. They do everything from selling
Gasolina to making major repairs.

5.-Why does she always have so much information about what’s going on?
She keeps up with everyhting by reading newspapers, magazines, and books all the time.

6.-Why didn’t they finish all the work today?

They got started on it too late to finish all of it today.

7.-Do you want to look at this report now?

No, not now. Put it aside, and I’ll look it tomorrow.

8.-Why did that sales representetive get a promotion?

She brings in a lot of business that makes money for the company.

IV.-Dialogue
D.-listen and repeat.

Note: Claire and Eduardo work in the advertising Department of a big deparment store.

Claire: What have you got there?

Eduardo: Requests for advertising space from the different
departments.
Claire: There must be a couple of dozen of them!
Eduardo: Yes, every department in the store must be having a
sale this week.
Claire: How much space do we have available?
Eduardo: We’ve only got enough to meet half of these requests.
Calire: Then We’re going to have to make some decisions.
Eduardo: Yes, we certainly are. I suppose we should go
through all these request.
Claire: Yes, we should. Shall we get started?
Eduardo: Well, this one on top is from the children’s department.
But their sale doesn’t begin until next week.
Claire: you can’t put it aside then. What’s the next one?
Eduardo: From furniture, and their sale starts tomorrow.
They’ve got some really good bargains too.
Claire: What about women’s fashions?
Eduardo: There are half a dozen of them –women’s dresses,
 Young women’s sportwears, coats, shoes.-
Claire: those departments all bring in a lot of business, you know.
Eduardo: then let’s feature them in tomorrow’s ads. A full
page for the women’s department and a half page for furniture.

V.-Grammar.

Title: Use of the prepositions with the present participle.

1.-The present participle .-the ing form of the verb.- is used after all preposition except: to

Examples: a-He is reponsable for handling all the credit accounts in the store.

b.-The bank relies on lending out money to make more money.

c.-They’ve talked about installing a computer to handle all the accounting.

2.-Some verbs are always followed by the present participle rather than by an infinitive. Some
of them are: enjoy, finish, understand, and discuss.

Examles: d.-I haven’t finish working on the report yet.

e.-They have discuss making the work more interesting.

f.-It’s stopped raining.

Note: When the verb (to) stop, is followed by an infinitive, it is an infinitive of purpose.

Example: g.-They stopped to get gasoline. (they stopped for the purpose of getting gasoline)

3.-A few verbs can be followed by either the present participle or the present participle or the
infinitive. They include: begin, like, love, prefer, try, and start.

Examples: h.-It’s started to rain.

i.-it’s started raining.

j.-I’ve tried to figure out this problem.

k.-I’ve tried figuring out this problem.

4.-The “ing” form can also be used as the subject of a sentence.

Examples: l.-Trusting means believing that someone or something is hones and reliable.

m.-Eating the right kind of food is important for your health.

n.-Installing the computer isn’t going to be an easy job.

Title: Rules to conjugate the regular and irregular verbs in third person.

The irregular verbs have different forms with the present tense, in its conjugation with the third
persons, there are the following cases:
1.-Case: To verbs form a one sillable, that end in: “o”, we add “es” to its ending.
(to) go.

Examples: He goes,
She goes,
It goes.

2.-Case:With the verbs that end in “Y” preceded by a consonanr sound, we change the “y” for
“i” And we add “es”
(to) fly

Examples: He flies,
She flies,
It flies.

3.-For the verbs that end in “s, sh, ch, x, ss, or z” we add “es”, the ending “es” is pronunced as
A separated sillable.
(to) miss

Example: He misses,
She misses,
It misses.

4.-For the verbs that ends in: “ge, ce, or se” we add the ending “s”
(to) use.

Example: He uses
She uses
It uses.

VI.-Exercises.

E.-Complete each of these sentences with the present participle of the verb in parenthesis.

Example: He enjoys__________ (working) with the computer.

He enjoys working with the computer.

1.-they’ve started__________ (ship) thier products by truck.

2.-We’re thinking about__________ (move) to the suburbs.
3.-__________ (live) in the suburbswill be a big change for us.
4.-__________ (eat) in a restaurant every day is very expesive.
5.-You’ll have to try__________ (find) this informationfor me.
6.-He’s afraid of __________ (drive) in traffic.
7.-She’s responsable for__________ (operate) all the machinesin the office.
8.-They discussed __________ (deposite) their money in saving bank.
9.-__________ (try) out the program is necessary before you operate
the machines.
10.-He hasn’t finished__________ (balanced) his checkbook.
11.-They agreed on __________ (establish) an office in Atlanta.
12.-They are buying property instead of__________ (sell) it.
13.-__________ (have) all this information will help management a grat deal.
14.-They prefer__________ (give) their new employees on the job training.
15.-You can’t rely on__________ (speak) two languages to get a good job.

F.-Complete these sentences with both the present participle of the verb in parenthesis and the
appropriate preposition.
Example: I’m afraid__________(riding) my bike in the city traffic.
I’m afraid of riding my bike in the city traffic
1.-He’s responsable__________ (provide) management with all the information that they
Need.
2.-She never worries__________ (make) mistakes.
3.-He’s adding those cheks to his balance instead__________ (substract) them.
4.-They get tired__________ (do) the same task all the time on the assembly line
5.-They’re talking __________(give) the workers more benefits.
6.-He’s in charge __________ (write) programs for the computer.
7.-We’re not sure__________ (find) workers with the right kind of technical training.
8.-The conveyor belt it used __________ (move) the boxers in to the store.
9.-They couldn’t agree__________ (approve) new policies for the company.
10.-he doesn’t like the idea__________ (set) up his own business.

G.-Change the infinitive in each of these sentences to a present participle.

Example: He prefers to work in the computer section
He prefers working in the computer section.

1.-The typists don’t like to use the new machines.

_____________________________________________________________________.
2.-They began to operate the computer before the program were ready.
_____________________________________________________________________.
3.-They prefer to fill the job with worker who has experience.
____________________________________________________________________.
4.-She staterd to work on the report at nine o’clock.
____________________________________________________________________.
5.-They prefer to live in the city.
____________________________________________________________________.
6.-He should try to balance his checkbook.
____________________________________________________________________.
7.-It hasn’t begun to rain yet.
____________________________________________________________________.
8.-They’re trying to solve the problema with the help of the computer.
____________________________________________________________________.
9.-She loves to answer all the question.
____________________________________________________________________.
10.-They’ve startedto give all the new employees on-the-job-training.
____________________________________________________________________.

H.-Write the simple present tense of these irregular verb. (With the third persons)
Example: (to) put. He puts
She puts
It puts

1.-(to) go
2.-(to)do
3.-(to) fly
4.-(to) cry
5.-(to) reply
6.-(to) pay
7.-(to) buy
8.-(to) say
9.-(to) miss
10.-(to) pass
11.-(to)express
12.-(to)notice
13.-(to) pronounce

14.-(to)close
15.-(to)use
16.-(to)change
17.-(to) wash

H.-Pronunciation and Intonation Practice.

I.-repeat several times

1.-(a) as the “o” in not: not, cot, tot, rot, sod, cod, fond.
2.-(au) as the “ou” in bought: naught, caught, taught, wrought, sawed, cawed, awned.
3.-(o) as the “oa” in coat: note, coat, tote, wrote, sewed, code, phoned.

J.-listen and repeat.

1.-He taught the tot everything that he knows.

2.-The boat that she bought has not yet gotten out to sea.
3.-She had not taught me that I ought to stay still in the boat.
4.-He brought me a note the he wrote but no one that she wrote.
5.-She could not gett he cod that she caught in to the boat.
6.-That store is so expensive.
7.-The movie was so exciting.
8.-I’m so full!
9.-She’s so raliable.!