Appendix A

Conversion Factors
Table A.1 Conversion factors for commonly used quantities

Quantity SI to English English to SI

Area 1 m2 = 10.764 ft2 1 ft2 = 0.00929 m2

= 1550.0 in2 1 in2 = 6.452 × 10−4 m2
Density 1 kg/m3 = 0.06243 lbm/ft3 1 lbm /ft3 = 16.018 kg/m3
1 slug/ft3 = 515.379 kg/m3
Energy 1 J = 9.4787 × 10−4 Btu 1 Btu = 1055.056 J
1 cal = 4.1868 J
1 lbf ·ft = 1.3558 J
1 hp·h = 2.685 × 106 J
Energy per unit mass 1 J/kg = 4.2995 × 10−4 Btu/lbm 1 Btu/lbm = 2326 J/kg
Force 1 N = 0.22481 lbf 1 lbf = 4.448 N
1 pdl = 0.1382 N
Gravitation g = 9.80665 m/s2 g = 32.17405 ft/s2
Heat flux 1 W/m2 = 0.3171 Btu/h·ft2 1 Btu/h·ft2 = 3.1525 W/m2
1 kcal/h·m2 = 1.163 W/m2
1 cal/s·cm2 = 41870.0 W/m2
Heat generation (volum.) 1 W/m3 = 0.09665 Btu/h·ft3 1 Btu/h·ft3 = 10.343 W/m3
Heat transfer coefficient 1 W/m2 ·K = 0.1761 Btu/·ft2·◦ F 1 Btu/h·ft2 ·◦ F = 5.678 W/m2 ·K
1 kcal/h·m2 ·◦ C = 1.163 W/m2 ·K
1 cal/s·m2 ·◦ C = 41870.0 W/m2 ·K
Heat transfer rate 1 W = 3.4123 Btu/h 1 Btu/h = 0.2931 W
Length 1 m = 3.2808 ft 1 ft = 0.3048 m
= 39.370 in 1 in = 2.54 cm = 0.0254 m
1 km = 0.621371 mi 1 mi = 1.609344 km
1 yd = 0.9144 m
Mass 1 kg = 2.2046 lbm 1 lbm = 0.4536 kg
1 ton (metric) = 1000 kg 1slug = 14.594 kg
1 grain = 6.47989 × 10−5 kg
(continued overleaf )

Thermal Energy Storage: Systems and Applications, Second Edition İbrahim Dinçer and Marc A. Rosen
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-74706-3
586 Appendix A: Conversion Factors

Table A.1 (continued)

Quantity SI to English English to SI

Mass flow rate 1 kg/s = 7936.6 lbm /h 1 lbm/h = 0.000126 kg/s

= 2.2046 lbm /s
Power 1 W = 1 J/s = 3.4123 Btu/h
= 0.737562 Ibf ·ft/s
1 hp (metric) = 0.735499 kW
1 ton of refrig. = 3.51685 kW
Pressure and stress 1 Pa = 0.020886 lbf/ft2
(Pa = N/m2 ) = 1.4504 × 10−4 lbf/in2
= 4.015 × 10−3 in water
= 2.953 × 10−4 in Hg
Specific heat 1 J/kg·K = 2.3886 × 10−4 Btu/lbm ·◦ F
Surface tension 1 N/m = 0.06852 lbf /ft
Temperature T(K) = T(◦ C) + 273.15
= T(◦ R)/1.8
= [T(◦ F) + 459.67]/1.8
T(◦ C) = [T(◦ F) − 32]/1.8
Temperature difference 1 K = 1 ◦ C = 1.8 ◦ R = 1.8 ◦ F
Thermal conductivity 1 W/m·K = 0.57782 Btu/h·ft·◦ F
Thermal diffusivity 1 m2 /s = 10.7639 ft2 /s
Thermal resistance 1 K/W = 0.52750 ◦ F·h/Btu
Velocity 1 m/s = 3.2808 ft/s
1 km/s = 0.62137 mi/h
Viscosity (dynamic) 1 kg/m·s = 0.672 lbm /ft·s
(kg/m·s = N·s/m2 ) = 2419.1 lbm /fh·h
Viscosity (kinematic) 1 m2 /s = 10.7639 ft2 /s
= 1 × 104 stokes
Volume 1 m3 = 35.3134 ft3
1 L = 1 dm3 = 0.001 m3
Volumetric flow rate 1 m3 /s = 35.3134 ft3 /s
= 1.2713 × 105 ft3 /h
1 lbm/s = 0.4536 kg/s
1 Btu/h = 0.2931 W
1 Btu/s = 1055.1 W
1 lbf ·ft/s = 1.3558 W
1 hpUK = 745.7 W
1 lbf /ft2 = 47.88 Pa
1 lbf /in2 = 1 psi = 6894.8 Pa
1 stand. atm. = 1.0133 × 105 Pa
1 bar = 1 × 105 Pa
1 Btu/lbm ·◦ F = 4187 J/kg·K
1 lbf/ft = 14.594 N/m
1 dyn/cm = 1 × 10−3 N/m
T(◦ R) = 1.8 T(K)
= T(◦ F) + 459.67
= 1.8 T(◦ C) + 32
= 1.8[T(K) − 273.15] + 32
1 ◦ R = 1 ◦ F = 1 K/1.8 = 1 ◦ C/1.8
1 Btu/h·ft ·◦ F = 1.731 W/m·K
1 kcal/h·m ·◦ C = 1.163 W/m·K
1 cal/s·cm ·◦ C = 418.7 W/m·K
1 ft2 /s = 0.0929 m2 /s
1 ft2 /h = 2.581 × 10−5 m2 /s
1 ◦ F·h/Btu = 1.8958 K/W
1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s
1 ft/min = 5.08 × 10−3 m/s
1 lbm /ft·s = 1.4881 kg/m·s
1 lbm /ft·h = 4.133 × 10−4 kg/m·s
1 centipoise(cP) = 10−2 poise
= 1 × 10−3 kg/m·s
1 ft2 /s = 0.0929 m2 /s
1 ft2 /h = 2.581 × 10−5 m2 /s
1 stoke = 1 cm2 /s
1 ft3 = 0.02832 m3
1 in3 = 1.6387 × 10−5 m3
1 galUS = 0.003785 m3
1 galUK = 0.004546 m3
1 ft3 /s = 2.8317 × 10−2 m3 /s
1 ft3 /min = 4.72 × 10−4 m3 /s
1 ft3 /h = 7.8658 × 10−6 m3 /s
1 galUS /min = 6.309 × 10−5 m3 /s