Directorate of Education, GNCT of Delhi. Subject: SCIENCE Class: X ‘ame of the Student Name of the class teacher CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS CARBON: The element of om *Carbon isa versatile element that forms the basis ofall iving S newrons organisms and many of the things we use such as-food, clothes, medicines, books etc. *The earth crust has only 0.02% carbon in the form of minerals e e like coal, petroleum, carbonates, and hydrogen: carbonates. “The atmosphere has 0.03% of carbon di-oxide. @ electron — carbo jon-metal, *It’s Symbolis-C Atomic Number=6 6 Proten “Electron Configuratior Carbon atom @ reer *Carbon is tetravalent. 4 How does carbon attain noble gas configur: “It does not form ionic bond by either losing four electrons (C") or by gaining four electrons (C*).. It would require large amount of energy to remove four electrons ;And Itis difficult for the nucleus of carbon with six protons to hold on four extra ‘The bond formed by sharing electrons, of electrons between same or different atoms is called covalentbond. [ *Carbon overcomes this problem by sharing its valence electrons with other atoms of carbon or with atoms of other elements. —— Covalent . f other elements lke hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen , sulphur and 4} The atoms of ot like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulp 7 compounds chlorine also form bonds by sharing of electrons. electrons Fe poor are shared conductor and no of Ot {0 merem mz | char electricity. a Asa result, it bed particles has Low H-H aK eae (GB:).— melting & preformed. boiling point.Directorate of Education, GNCT of Delhi ClaysX Name of Student: Name of the Class Teacher: CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS ALLOTROPES OF CARBON: ALLOTROPES are different forms of the same element having different physical properties but same chemical properties. For example, Diamond and Graphite are two allotropes of carbon Basis of Difference Structure Graphite above the other, Hexagonal arrays placed in layers one Diamond 3-Dimensional hard structure. Bonding double bond. Each carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms, One of these bonds is a Each carbon atom is bonded to four other carbon atoms forming a rigid 3-Dimensional structure. ‘Smooth and slippery Hardest known substance. Good conductor because of free electrons. Bad conductor, Lubricant, pencil lead Cutting tools, Jewellery. © The structure of diamond Ones The structure of graphite VERSATILE NATURE OF CARBON ‘The nature of the covalent bond enables carbon to forma large number of compoundscalled organic compounds or carbon compounds. 1. Catenation - Carbon has the unique ability to form bonds with other atoms of earbon giving rise to large molecules. This property is called catenation. + Silicon forms compounds with hydrc which have chains of upto 7-8 atoms, but these compounds are very reactive + The carbon-carbon bond is very strong and stable. This gives us the large number of compounds with many carbon atoms linked to each other. Tetravalency - Carbon has four valence electrons. It can bond with tour carbon atoms monovalent atoms, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine ete + One reason for the formation of strong bonds by carbon is it small size. This enables the nucleus to hold onto the shared pair of electrons strongly. The bonds formed by elements having larger atoms are much weaker. The structure of C-60 Buckminsterfullerene Diamond can be synthesized by subjecting pure carbon to very high pressure and temperature, Synthetic diamonds are small but otherwise indistinguishable from natural diamonds. Fullerenes form another class of carbon allotropes. The first one to be identified was C-60 which has carbon atoms arranged in the shape of a football. Since this looked like the geodesic dome designed by the US architect Buckminster Fuller, the molecule was named fullerene. LET US PRACTICE NOW 1. Why carbon shows versatile nature ? 2. Why do carbon atoms forma large number of compounds ? 3. What is the minimum number ofearbon atoms in fullerenes and what is its shape ? 4..\ boy sharpens a pencil at both the ends and connects them to the poles of a battery. Will the current flow through the circuit ? Give reason.