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(ELECTRICITY BASICS )>-— / CELECERICTTY BASICS ( ( Funoamentan remas | Potential difference (V or 5): Charges interacting with each other to de ‘work by attraction oF repulsion * Units volt (Y) Electric charge (@ or Unit of electricity # Unit: coulomb (C) Electric current (I): Measure of electron flow Unit: ampere (A) Resistance (&) Measure of opposition to current flow S"Found fram Ohms Law, R= Vil + Unit! ohm @) Electric energy (6) E= Vit ~ Pt» Unit; joule (), electron-volt (eV) Electric power (P): Rate of electric energy * P = Vi, or P= V2/R, of P = FR Unit: watt QW) oF Is, horsepower mp Frequency (0) Cycles/second » #= 1/7 = Unit: hertz (Hz oF 5") Capacitance (©) Ability 10 store electric charge = Unit: fared (© Inductance (1) Ability of a conductor to induce voltage in itself when the current changes Units henry CH) Capacitive reactance (X¢: Opposition to flow of AC current due to capecitance in circut * X¢— T/(2afO) SGnit: ohm @ Inductive reactance (X,) Opposition to flow of AC current due to Inductance in circuit « X= 2041 Units ohm.) owms Law POWER TRIANGLE a spo ioviR sv=en eka ov MEMORY a10 Note: Some sources use £ in place of V ELECTRIC CIRCUITS + Conventional flow is used in North Armenia; current low is Used ia Europe @83 880 UT SYMBOLS FOR SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS. ia ea fore mal Garon) | tateeae P gereel 3 A = ~m of if ee snare fnenna POT Switch Grameord). Microphone “Wroncare) V —_ = =D if eae 4 ara asctame PST Swtich voter cacy ny a a yu) oS =e Cy ©) taney can | Fae moter@o NP) + A Mw) aff j- SSO battery fear (eed) Voimetar yy we < vp eistor buzzer Ct) Wattmeer 5ST SS Capacor ©) enertor | Lngle AND wees egy oS en Amos (connected \ ~ ~ — © ~~ + Capacitor TR ERRATIC (am) Ground ‘one Bide” cancsoneced) Oe oe}, toe ee + Crt resker Headphones Logic ORGate Switch Zener Diode a ob +f cannons row suscrie rove eneney ‘= Eneray between two point cherges seperated 2 cstence, 1(or d) Ujis electric sie potential energy, WORF TiS Coulomb constanc i gy 8 are point charges (For ldke charges, U, Is postive fora fate sistance RESISTOR COLORS Color 3 (Multiplier) Black 1 Brown 10 Red 102 Orange 103 Yellow 104 Green 105 Blue 106 Violet 107 Gray 108 White 10° Gold* 0.1 Silver* 0.01 None* *Band 4 tolerance values: Gold = 5%, Silver = 10%, None = 20% —_EETTEit ao Ns Band 1 Band 2 Band 3 Band 4 ELECTRIC METERS —_———- —~ VoLTMETER OWMMETER ANMETER Z R boa E v & v R b b + To measure voltage, * To measure resistance, + To measure current, connect connect leads in parallel disconnect (isolate) circuit _leads in series across points across points a and b at points a, b, or both aandb + Measure voltage drops * Then, connect leads +a and b may be any arbitrary (tesistive, capacitive, across a and b on points in circuit inductive, or a disconnected portion of —_« For series circuits with fixed combination) as well as circuit V, current decreases with source voltages + Resistance can be increasing resistance * Loads can be resistive, measured across * Loads may be resistive, capacitive, inductive or component or complete capacttve, inductive, or any any combination circuit combination Notes: Always start with the highest scale and work down # A multimeter consists of an ammeter, ohmmeter, and voltmeter ¢ First, decide what you want to measure (that is, current, voltage or resistance) + Second, set up the multimeter for either voltage, current or resistance measurement Follow voltmeter, ammeter or ohmmeter measurement procedures (above) SERIES & PARALLEL CIRCUITS No omen iow sees “tater fay resin wth igh carer | vocrice sens Veale ler Wye Kirchhoff Voge tow oop Apa ieee canemueew es HH He oe — tr pe eamraee Great) Int thyelyt tly irehnots Current Lave (KCL) + Apples to any number 43 (Ceuhlert Creat adel des [Tt TerGeGe ns eanmceun * Strigh pte refer to postive termina curved pte refers to ‘egathe’ teminalc eapactor ‘oveTANCE Pana [1 Fortwo mdutances = ipwaite a (ELECTROSTATICS > (( + tectrostats isthe study of ntracton between Soetboae show atacon or reper + Bec id a the ore Feld sarong charged bees conus eSB anon o fers snd 4 = 23063 10° N fomertary urge! or 8988 «10° N mie? (nda, we parcchrget (iy ris thecstancebeeween se eo point charges ‘Thee between 2 charged starts overly ropotons tothe sre ot the stance () one FAy pronertanal ttre proc of te ‘hoes tor ad MAGNETISM ‘+ Magnet the phenomenon asocated with maton Elec charges in stone oad mater ‘Armagnac fe can be ete by permanent magne, reer cument in acon or ng charge Quantity Symbol or ° Flux deny Field intensity nit wee) tea sperm (A) mperenuryeter oper tne ‘anon oF ron cance Behavior of Uke Chargss x ie = Z]\ iS Ws chavor of Oppose Charges 7 Flue deny Posie Charge Wc a Se of Incineration Ee 4 ‘Hectic if Negative Charge ‘ran aan ct {ena tepchion Magnet ines which flow rom nth Nl ofa mage Fx pr unt ara of section perpen tothe Potent permenty Permeity sree Prod of cet tes numb of ur of cot Comparison ta estre fcppesiion to precio o fx ‘ety of magnetic metro conearirate magnetic ux ‘Tendency of substance to stayin ay state o ‘magnet | + Graph shows elation etic maga hx deny (pind magnet tela seein telative pemetley Permeatiy imerioness + character of materia haw “rea traction song mogne® ‘Chute a mate tats vp at "he ange o nro agree td * Charactiti of moterals hel cote tong magnet since aariou tin, ‘manganese and chomim ‘+ Reatvepermeabity > 1 fradces 5 magnetic Fa he ee of fren Roving tagh ‘nce Bum, antineny, coppe, he, rmereuy and sve ‘etaivepermetity <1 Seaducters Gp) thumb ports in : {the let hand mutual pepencicur,pne ‘theforengern the decor of eld one Il ngrn the Section of the arent Recaro de conaetarted mene EFS MOTOR PARAMETERS ae ‘ q SAA Norval wig tvs ae — winding ih vor Shaded-Pole hp or less; low cost; lowe Fans, humidifiers Fiabe mt, se Ae titty ee poten sie Se Speed feoutens par minte (om) pate no ipemesm saning und ea pmen Frequency Supply voltage frequency given t8tque; high starting curren, furnace blowers, Inbene ‘medium efficiency fans, compressors, FeO trae ahaa eee Bei a eo Syermaecrpatnng Spt ne ee ee Ctacctore ates ere aes ne tc ‘Temperature rise Maximum rated temperature in % waraates = Nero ied ers Permanent Iygto 1 hp: high stating Fans, business a SSheintee gal hnittas Rat Servic Indication of how much over aa enemaen cor entre eal deste ch srg pes Yc ee, ony Senta"? 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