Chapter 01 Fundamentals of Computers

Computer Science - Syllabus
• Chapter 01: Fundamentals of operators

computers • Chapter 10: Control Statements
• Chapter 02: Input Output and Memory • Chapter 11: Arrays
devices • Chapter 12: Functions
• Chapter 03: Data representation • Chapter 13: Used Defined Functions
• Chapter 04: Software Concepts • Chapter 14: Structures
• Chapter 05: Problem Solving • Chapter 15: Word Processing
Methodology
• Chapter 16: Spread Sheets
• Chapter 06: Programming in C++
• Chapter 17: Web Designing
• Chapter 07: Introduction to C++
• Chapter 08: Data Types
• Chapter 09: Input and Output
Chapter 01 Fundamentals of Computers
Introduction:
Definition: Computer is an automatic electronic
machine that perform tasks or complex calculations
according to a set of instructions or programs.
INPUT → PROCESS → OUTPUT

Characteristics of Computers:
• Speed
• Memory
• Storage
• Accuracy
• Versatility
• Automation
• Diligence
• Cost effectiveness
• Data and Information
• Hardware
• Software
➢ System software
➢ Application software
• Functional components of a computer
• Evolution of computers
• 2500 BC- The Abacus: was the first calculating machine used for
counting.
it is made of beads strung on cords and used

for simple arithmetic calculations. The cords
corresponds to the position of decimal
digits. The beads represents digits. It was
used for addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division.
• 1614 AD Napier’s bones: it is invented by John Napier. A
scottish mathematician as an aid to
multiplication. A set of bones consisted of
nine rods, one for each digit 1 through 9
and a constant rod for the digit 0.
• 1633 AD The Slide Rule: it was inveted by William Oughtred.
Based on the principle that the
actual distance from the starting
point of the rule is directly
proportional to the logarithm of
the numbers printed on the rule.
• 1642 AD Adding Machine- Pascaline: - it is developed by a
French philosopher, Blaise Pascal in 1641.
- it had box with eight moveable wheels
called dials.
-The number for calculations were entered
with dials.
- It could add, subtract multiply, and divide
and multiply numbers as big as thousands.
- It was using simple components such as gears and levers.
• Leibniz Calculator: Mathematician Gottfried Leibniz built a
calculator in 1650 that could add, subtract, multiply and
divide the numbers
• 1801 Jacquard’s Loom: invented by Joseph Mary Jacquard in
1801.
- Powered loom that used punched
wooden cards to automatically weave

incredibly detailed patterns including
pictures and text.
- This can be taken as the first “Read
Only Memory” device.
• 1822 Charles Babbage: The Difference Engine
• - British Mathematician and engineer, Charles
Babbage designed an automatic calculating
machine in 1822. he called it difference engine.
• - Later thought of mechanical construction which
was known as a mechanical-digital computer.
Babbage called this analytical engine.
• - This analytical engine consisted five units which
became the basic principles for the development
of modern computer.
• - Charles Babbage is called “Father of Computers”
• 1833- First Programmer: Lady Ada Lovelace
• She started writing the first computer
algorithm.
• 1890 AD Hollerith Tabulating Machine: - Herman Hollerith, an
American invented a counting machine to count the
population of USA.
- This electronic machine was able to read
the information on the punched cards
and process it electronically.
- Herman was the founder of the
company that became famous as IBM.
• Generations of computers
First Generation 1940-1956: Vacuum Tubes
-Vacuum tubes for switching circuits and magnetic drums for memory
- They were large in size, occupied a lot of space and produced enormous amount
of heat.
- They were very expensive to operate and consumed large amount of electricity.
- Most of the times heat generated caused the computer to malfunction.
- Operated only on machine language.
- Input was based on punched cards, paper tapes and output was obtained as
printout.
- They could solve one only one problem at a time.
- ex ENIAC (Electrical Numerical and Computer), EDVAC (Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic Computer), UNIVAC (UNIVersal Automatic Computer).
Second Generation 1956-1963: Transistors
-Vacuum tubes are replaced by transistors.
- Transistors made computers become smaller, faster, economical, energy
efficient and more reliable.
- The transistors also generated considerable heat that sometimes caused the
computer to malfunction.
- Used punched cards for input and printouts for output.
- Moved from the use of machine language to assembly language.
- High level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such
as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN.
- Moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.
Third Generation 1964-1971: Integrated Circuits
-Transistors were made smaller in size and placed into silicon chip, which
increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
- In this generation keyboards and monitors were used instead of punched cards
and printouts.
- The computers were interfaced with an operating system which allowed to solve
many problems at a time
- some of the LSIC’s and VLSIC’s were used.
Fourth Generation 1971-Present: Microprocessors
-Thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a

single silicon chip.
- Computers became more powerful, they could be
linked together to form networks, which eventually
led to the development of the internet.
Fifth Generation Present and Beyond: Artificial
Intelligence (ROBOTICS)
- Computers are still in their developmental stage.

- Fifth generation computers will come close to
bridge the gap between computing and thinking.
• Classifications of computers
-Classification based on principles
of operation
- Analog computers
- Digital computers
- Hybrid computers
-Classification of computers based on configuration
- Micro computers
- Desktop computers
- Portable computers
- Handheld computers
- Mini computers
- Mainframe computers
- Super computers
-Classification based on principles of operation
- Analog computer works on continuous range of values
with a minimum value and maximum value.
- These computers give approximate results
- To represent an analog graph there must be two
quantities.
- Analog computers works on the principle of measuring.
- These computers deals with physical variables such as
voltage, pressure, temperature, speed etc.
- Digital computers are those operate with
information, numerical or represented in a digital
form.
- Computers process data into a digital value (in
0s and 1s).
- These computers give results with more
accuracy and at a faster rate.
- Hybrid computers are combination of both analog
and digital computers
- These computers are used for automatic operations
of complicated physical processes and machines.
- For example, in hospital’s automated intensive care
unit(ICU), analog devices might measure the patient’s
temperature , blood pressure and other vital signs.
- Micro computers introduced in 1970.
- The number of processor will be one or two.
- It consists of input output devices, storage
device, memory and processor.
- It is used by one person at a time.
- Ex PC and Apple Macintosh
- Micro computers
-Micro computers are further classified as,
- Desktop Computers
-Desktop model
- Tower model
- Portable computers
- Handheld computers
- Uses of microcomputers: Used in office, homes, business and
engineering application
- Mini computers introduced in 1960.
-It can execute 5 million instructions per second.
-It consists of two or more processors.
-It can serve up to 4000 connected users simultaneously.
-Examples of mini computers are VAX-8800, AS 400.
-Uses of Mini Computers: used by small and medium
sized companies to provide centralized store of
information.
- Mainframe computers introduced in 1975.
-It consists of multiple processors
-It can serve up to 50,000 users at the same time
-It can execute 16 million instructions per second
-Examples are NEC610, DEC 10
-Uses of mainframe computers are, used in large
organizations such as airlines use for ticket reservation
system
- Super computers introduced in 1980.
-Designed by the computer scientiest Seymour Cray
-Tata’s Eka supercomputer in Pune’s Computational
Research Laboratories(CRL) remains the fastest Indian
supercomputer.
-It has a very large storage capacity.
-It can process trillions of instructions in one second.
-Super computers are very expensive.
-Uses of super computer:
-Weather forecasting
-Animated graphics like in Hollywood movies
-Fluid dynamic calculations
-Nuclear energy research
-Space science
-Weapon and missile design
-Petroleum exploration etc.
• Applications of computers
-Schools and colleges
-Banks
-Office
-Stock control in business firms
-Stock exchange
-Research and developments
-Entertainment and NEWS
-Government office
-Satellite communications
-Publishing
-Travel
-Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
-Hospitals
THANK YOU!

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Computer Science - Syllabus

• Chapter 01: Fundamentals of operators

INPUT → PROCESS → OUTPUT

it is made of beads strung on cords and used

wooden cards to automatically weave

-Thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a

- Computers are still in their developmental stage.

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