SLIDE 1: Hello everyone, today group 3 will introduce to you abt the topic animal

domestication
SLIDE 2: My group has 6 members..
SLIDE 3: So, our article was “Animal Domestication”, then, “Domestcation” could be
defined as:
SLIDE 4: My group take 3 animals that are pigeons, chickens and cats as specific
examples for animal domestication
SLIDE 5: First of all, I will talk abt domestic pigeons
SLIDE 6: Here is a summary abt domestic pigeons which have 7 items
SLIDE7: The domestic pigeon breeds descended from one ancestral species, the
Rock Dove (Columba livia).Pigeon breeding is a popular hobby worldwide, and over
350 different breeds are currently recognized.
SLIDE8: The first mention of the domestication of the rock dove was found in
Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets dating back over 5000 years.
SLIDE 9 :However, it is likely that rock doves were domesticated by Neolithic man as
far back as 10,000 years ago in and around the alluvial plains of the Tigris and
Euphrates. It was at this time that Neolithic man was starting to cultivate cereal crops
and domesticate animals for food." People then began domesticating and breeding
the birds for food, creating subspecies that led to the diversity of urban pigeons
known today.
SLIDE 10 Along the way, humans began to realize that pigeons were useful for much
more than their meat. As the birds grew more popular in the Middle East, North
Africa and Western Europe in the ensuing centuries, people began to tap into their
innate talent for navigation — the same skill that makes homing pigeons famous
today.
SLIDE 11 From there, humanity's appreciation for the animals only grew: Although
pigeons were initially domesticated as a food source, pigeons fell out of favor for
eating and people began breeding them as a hobby
SLIDE 12: The pigeon is probably best known for its ability to return ‘home’ from long
distances and has been used extensively by man for this purpose.But how do they
find their way home over such long distances? There are several theories that
experts believe explain at least part of the processes at work.
1. homing pigeons have both compass and map mechanisms that help them
navigate home. The compass mechanism helps them to fly in the right
direction, while the map mechanism allows them to compare where they are
to where they want to be (home).
2. Some researchers believe homing pigeons use magnetoreception, which
involves relying on Earth's magnetic fields for guidance
 3. More recent research, suggests that homing pigeons may instead rely upon
low-frequency infrasound to find their way home. They may listen to these
sounds until they recognize the signature sounds of their home roost
SLIDE 14: - On this slide, we discuss about the homing behavior of feral pigeons. We inferred
(ìn phơ: suy ra )multiple signatures of positive selection distributed across the genome of
racing pigeons.

- The strongest signature overlapped the CASK gene, a gene implicated in the formation of
neuromuscular junctions. However, no diagnostic alleles were found between racing pigeons
and other breeds, and only a small proportion of highly differentiated variants were
exclusively detected in racing pigeons. We can thus conclude that very few individual
genetic changes, if any, are either strictly necessary or sufficient for superior athletics (áth lé
tịc) and navigation. Gene expression analysis between racing and nonracing breeds
revealed modest differences in muscle (213) and brain (29).

- A esults show that the unique suite of traits that enable fast flight, long endurance (ìn dúa
rần /s/: sức chịu đựng), and accurate navigation in racing pigeons, do not result from few loci
acting as master switches but likely from a polygenic architecture that leveraged standing
genetic variation available at the onset of the breed formation.

SLIDE 15: - The following slide will be disscussed about the reason why Darwin value
domestic pigeons. Charles Darwin was a pigeon aficionado (ơ phi ci ná đồ) and used this
dramatic example of diversity within a species to convey his ideas about natural selection in
the book The Origin of Species. Based on his research about domestic pigeon and wild
pigeon, he noted that since antiquity (an ti quít đi), humans have selected for certain shapes,
sizes, peculiarities (péc ciu lé ri đís: hình dán đặc thù) of bill shapes, plumage (lú mịch : bộ
lông) characteristics, and distinct voice qualities, therefore, we enabled to trace the history of
several breeds of pigeons.

- And he proved his hypothesis about species, he decided to choose pigeons due to some
reasons:

1. First, the materials are better than in any other since they are easily to observe the
difference. Based on external morphology alone, some domestic pigeon breeds were as
distinct as different genera (chờ né rà: chi) of wild pigeons.

2. Second, one case fully described will in fact illustrate all others.

3. And finally, even highly divergent domestic breeds could be crossed to produce viable
offspring, and thus they belonged to the same species.

SLIDE 16: The next sector will provide you guys three examples about morphological
parallels between rock dove and domestic pigeon breeds.

Compared to wild Rock pigeons, some domestic breeds have several different morphology

We will look at the first examples:

The first one is about the size, The Rock Dove (on the left) weighs about 414 g, the Runt
(on the right) may weigh as much as two times than its ancestor.
SLIDE 17: The second is about the bill length. The bill in domestic pigeon breeds,
Scanderoon (right), is longer than that in the ancestral Columba livia (left). You can see it
clearly on the picture on the slide

SLIDE 18: And the finally is head crest in domestic pigeons. On the left we see uncrested
head and on the right we see crested head. The loci of the gene coding for the characteristic
"crest head" is EphB2

- EphB2 gene coding for salt bridge disrupted in kinase domain, reversed polarity of feather
placodes

- Some evolutionary relevance can be found are Avian head crests (hét rét /s/), sexual
selection, directionality of epidermal appendage outgrowth. In addition, cell migration, palate
development (phát triển vòm miệng), axon guidance (hướng dẫn sợi trục) , prostate (tuyến
tiền liệt)and colorectal (khố lô rác tồ) cancer (ung thư đại trực tràng)

- So that on about part 1. Domestic pigeons. I invite Kim for the next presentations about cat
domestications

CAT:

SLIDE 19: Next to Trang, I’ll talk about a pet that suggested to be domesticated around 8000
- 9500 years ago – cat. Cats are one of species that has the closest relationship with humans.
Cats are wild, by some way, they took into our house and nowaday, we keep them in our
house as pet, and of course, we pet them!

SLIDE 20: Have you ever curios about the difference between a domesticated cat and their
wild ancestors? It’s less than you'd think. Apparently, even though cats became
domesticated over time, they didn't change much, especially in their DNA, it likely a choice,
scientists suspect that cats chose to domesticate themselves.
About 8,000 years ago, cats probably started hanging out around humans. Cats hided near
farms to feed on the mice that were attracted to the crops. Humans noticed that cats were
helping keep the pests away, and thus, a relationship was formed. So humans and cats just
sort of learned to Co-inhabit and tolerate each other.

SLIDE 21: The earliest evidence we have comes from the island of Cyprus. Here the remains
of a cat were found close to a high-status human grave dated back to 9,500 years ago,
suggesting that people had a special feeling for cats even then. This could be considered as
the first example of a domesticated cat.

SLIDE 22: However cats weren't native to this island, plus, they don't like water so it
probably didn't swim there. Scientists believed that this cat must have been brought here by
humans from the Middle East. Egyptian paintings from roughly 4,000 years ago clearly show
people caring for cats. But, what happened in between is unclear.

SLIDE 23: However this animal itself came from the wild species known as the African wild
cat, which inhabited a
range centered from Africa. African wild cat native to places such as Iraq and Iran, is the
ancestors of today's cats.

SLIDE 24: Interestingly there is another evidence for another later separate domestication
event again coming from eastern Asia from around 5500 years BCE. This one involved with
the leopard cat, another wild cat but the DNA analysis didn’t matched with modern cats,
suggesting that domesticated leopard cats were entirely replaced by the domesticated
version of African.

Next to mine presentation, Vy would show up some information about the amount of
dosmestic cat and their differences comparing to their ancestors.
SLIDE 25: The number of cats through the history of domestication

THE NUMBER OF CATS

Through the history of domestication of cats, over the world. Today their estimated overall
population of 600 million. Cats have achieved world domination, but if it wasn’t for us, they might’ve
never.

SLIDE 26: Some differences from their ancestors

PHYSICALLY

Domestication has made house cats smaller than their ancestors, and resulted in new varieties in
coat color and patterning. These included new variations of the tabby coat, and the introduction of
black, orange, and white colors.

SLIDE 27: BEHAVIOR OF DOMESTIC CATS:

FRIENDLY WITH PEOPLE

A 2014 collaboration between a bunch of American universities took a close look at the domestic cat
genome, using 22 different breeds from different places, the study found recent changes in genes
that control the development of the cat's nervous system ⇾ these genes play an integral part in
behavior of cats like behave less defensively in new situations, and cats change their behavior in
response to reward. In other words, domestic cats are genetically more likely to walk up to you with
a friendly headbutt and beg for treats.

SLIDE 28: THE DIGESTIVE CAPACITY

Living with humans put other selective pressures on cats, including the addition of
vegetables to their diet. Carlos Driscoll, a researcher at the National Institutes of Health and
co-author of the study said "Wildcats are pretty unique in the mammal world because they
are hyper carnivores". "It's not just that they don't like eating non-protein foods, but it
doesn't seem to do them any good if they do." House cats, on the other hand, do eat some
plant matter, which probably came about from picking through our ancestors' rubbish. This
is reflected not only physiologically---house cats have a slightly longer large intestine than
wildcats---but also in genes that control the digestion of fatty plant matter, which are more
active in domesticated cats.
And then is the presentation of the domestication of chicken

Slide 29:

And now we will continue with the domestication of chicken, as known as Gallus
Domesticus. Chicken is one of the most important livestocks which provides a significant
amount of food for our daily meals and be also important meals in many festivities in our
world. And unlike many other birds, chicken is not a good flier.

Slide 30:
What we gonna discuss about the domestication of chicken will be divided into 3 parts: the
origin of domesticated chicken, the purpose for domesticating chicken and the evolution of
chicken alongside with their being domesticated.
Slide 31:

Let's start with the origin of chicken domestication. Modern day chickens are domesticated
from a bird called red junglefowl. This red jungle fowl is a wild bird living in tropical forests.
And there are still wild populations of junglefowl today.
The earliest evidence of chicken domestication is from Hebei province in China and would
have occurred around 7400 years ago.
Slide 32:
As you can see in the picture, the place of the first chicken domestication locating at east
China nowadays and fossilised chicken bones were found here as the evidence for the
domestication.
Slide 33:
We will continue with the purpose of chicken domestication. This may suprise you, but at
first, chicken was not domesticated for their meat but for cock fighting as a kind of
entertainment due to the aggressiveness of male chickens armed with natural leg spurs of
them. And it took about 5000 years before human started farming and consuming chicken
as a kind of food.
Slide 34:
The first evidence of domesticated chicken for food comes from 2300 years ago, in the
ancient Israeli city of Maresha. A large amount of over 1000 chicken bones were found here
and the 2 over 1 ratio of female to male chicken bones also indicating that chicken were
used as food not as some kind of rituals or cockfighting.
Until nowadays, chicken has became one of the main sources of livestock supplement with
about 45 kilograms of chicken consumed per capita yearly.
And now we gonna discuss about the evolution of chicken.
We are moving to the last part of chicken domestication which is the evolution.
Domesticating chicken leads to some differences between the ancestors and their
defenders.
In this presentation, I will introduce you 3 differences: the size, the ability to fly and the
connect with human.
Firstly,
SIZE:
The size of domesticated chickens is larger for human purposes and mostly for food. In
2004, a team of geneticists mapped the chicken genome, which provided an opportunity to
study how a millennia of domestication can alter a species.
The researchers’ findings include mutations in a gene designated TBC1D1, which regulates
glucose metabolism, and found that this gene could be manipulated causing chickens to
become unnaturally large.
As you can see in the picture, The modern farm chicken (left) grows twice the size of its
ancestor, the red jungle fowl (right).
Second is about their flying ability
ABILITY TO FLY

Unfortunately, Domestication of chicken drammatically reduced the chicken’s ability to fly.

As wild jungle fowl, these birds easily took flight to roost in trees.
There are 2 reasons which can explain for this situation. Firstly, Nowadays, as domestic
creatures, they are purposefully bred to have larger breasts for consumption. So, their
larger breast's weight becomes their flying barrier.
Additionally, chickens nowadays are mostly raised in small and narrow places likes cage or
small gadern. Under human control, unlike their ancestors, modern chicken are discouraged
from wandering or flying off , stunting the development of further flying techniques.

LESS AFRAID OF HUMANS

Chickens have never had a reputation as intellectual heavyweights and scientists at
Linköping University in Sweden may have found the reason why. This relating to their
smaller brains in comparison to their body weight. The shrinkage was especially pronounced
in the primitive brain stem, which is involved in handling reactions to stress.