EXPERIMENT NO 10. MEASUREMENT OF PARTICULATE CONTAMINANT SPM & RPM 10.1 Aim: To determine the concentration of suspended and respirable particulate matter in the air. 10.2 Theory: ‘Thecommontype of particulate matter, we find in atmosphere aredust, smoke and fly ash, Dust is made up of solid particulate over 20 pin diameter. although some are even smaller. Dust is produced ty ‘crushing, grinding etc. of organic and inorganic materials. fly ash from chimneys varies from 80-3 py cement from 150-10 pt. foundry dust 200-1 yu most of the dust particles settle to the ground as dust fall but particles 5 jor smaller tend to form stable suspensions. Smoke consists of finely divided particles produced by incomplete combustion of organic matter. It consists of carbon particles and other combustible materials. Generally, the size of the particles is less than | pl. The size of coal smokes particles ranges from 0.2-0.01 and oil particles from 1.0-0.03 p. Pollutants may enter the body by many ways. Certain particulate may swallow as a result of internal respiratory cleaning action or certain pollutants could even be ingested. But the primary mode of pollutant transfer into the human body is through the respiratory system. Particles above 10 pare almost ‘wholly retained in the nose. Those below the 10 j. escape entrapment. Higher concentration of particulate matter can result into asthma, lung puncture and other problems related with respiratory tract, Particulate matter also afYects properly, vegetation ete. 10.3 Principle of measurement: : ‘A blower is used to collect (suck) theair. A cyclone separator is used for fractionating the dust into two fractions, The fine PM10 dust (RPM) is accumulated on the fitter paper placed above the cyclone, while the coarse dust (SPM) is collected in the dust collection cup placed under thecyclone. The respirable dust concentration will be determined by a gravimetric analysis, requiring accurate estimation of the change in weight of the fiter on account ofthe dust deposited oni. Therefore, handling of the fier paper must be minimized and care should be taken that fiter paper does not get sheared or damaged during its handling. ‘Almost all the filter papers used in the high-volume samplers are made of binder free glass fibers and fre expected to be non-hygroscopic. However, they are required to be dried before weighing. 10.4 Method of sampling for particulate matter (and respirable particulate matter with RPM option): ‘A. Filter selection conditioning: ‘Glass micro fibres are particularly suitable for determination of particulate because of their high retention efficiency combined with low pressure drop high resistance to blocking and low affinity For moisture. Three types of fiters-GF/A, EPM-1000 and ERM-2000 are available for high volume sampling. The Whatman GF/A glass fibre filters has been in use commonly for ‘more than 20 years andcan be used safely where trace element analysis is not required. The EPM 2000 is recommended for special research analysis. B, Identification: ‘Assign a serial number to each fiter. Stamp this number in two diagonally opposite corners one stampon each side of the filter. Apply gentle pressure to avoid damaging the fier. The TEMP- 2000 comes numbered directly from the manufacturer.C. Weighing: (Clean fikers are usually processed in lots ie.. several at one time. Clean fitters must not be folded or creased prior to weighing or use. Before weighing the frst fiter. chock the balance by weighing a standard Class-S weight of between 3 and 5 grams. Record the actual and measured weights, the date. and the operator's iia. Check the follow ing points during fikration preparation : (Check for pinholes: inspect the fiers against a bright lamp or light for pinholes and micro Numbering: in case the fiter paper are pre numbered, mark the identification mumbers inta.o diagonally opposites comers-one stamp on each side of the fiter. Conditioning: place the fiter papers in desiccator to remove traces of moisture. Weighs te fier paper immediately afier they are taken out from the desiccator. 10.4 Installing the filter papers(for RPM): The filter paper is mounted on the backing screen at the top of the fter adaptor Assembly. The fiter is clamped down by the top cover held in place by the four wing nuts. 2s per the follow ing steps: wy + Loosen the four wing nuts. (Check that the fiter clamping gasket and backing acan. Gently place the Fiter paper on tile backing screen taking care to that tis placed centrally The top cover is polarized. alien the mounting slots to the eyebots and gently place it on the fiter adaptor pressing down the fiter paper. Avoid repositioning the cover. since t's Hels shift the fier away from its position on the backing screen. Uniformly tighten the wing nuts diagonally, maintaining almost equal pressure on ail sides of the cover. 10.5 Installing the dust collection eup (for SPM): 1. 2 3. 4 Remove the dust collection bottle at the bottom of the cyclone and clean t for weighing. Using a small paint brush andaclean tissue paper, clear and clean any dust residue at the botom hole outlet of the cyclone body. If the seal rings are dry. apply a fie silicone grease. Fit the dust collection cup at the bottom of the cyclone by pushing it upwards til rests firmiy against the bottom seal rings. The rubber 'O' rings must not be visible after iting the dus colection cup. 10.6 Installing the gaseous sampling attachment: ‘The high-volume sampler 5 provided with a suitable mounting hardware and a suction nozzie drawn out to the side panel to facilitate installation of the gaseous sampling attachment. While attaching the ‘gaseous sampling system, the ice-tray with impingers should be removed from the system to avoid any damage to the glass parts. 4 3. (Open the glass nuts covering the mounting screws. Align the picture hook mounting slots to the mounting screws and attach the gascous samp with a downward movement. Mount the nuts over the screw-heads to secure the gaseous samp to the main instrument. ‘Attach die manifold exhaust to the suction nozzle using the PVC pipe provided with the gas ‘manifold of the sampler. Place the ice-tray containing the impingers to the respective nozzkes of the gas manifold.10.7 Sampling procedure: The sampling is usually done at 1.5 m height: accordingly raise the Control Module on the platforn/stand. Ensure that the fiter is parallel to the ground. To obtain a representative sample, the sampler should not be placed under a tree, near @ wall or other obstruction that would prevent tree air {ow from the ambient atmosphere, 10.8 Operational Cheeks: Before connecting the instrument to the mains, see that all the switches of the equipment should be in OFF position, Reset the time totalizer. Now connect the instrument to the mains. Switch on the power wil the ep of vohage stailzer switch. Thestabilzer vologeoutp should bein the range 250 + SV AC. Set the timer (if required) by operating the time totalizer. 10.9 Removing the exposed filter: + Remove the faceplate, and lift the exposed fitter from the suppo! gently at the ends, not at the corners. ‘+ Fold the fier lengthwise at the middle with the exposed side in, if the collected sample is not ccantered on the filter (ie. the unexposed border is not uniform around the filter), fold so that ‘only the deposit touches the deposit © Inspect visually the gasket face to see if glass fibers from the fier are being left behind ducto over tightening of the Faceplate wing nuts and consequent cutting of the filter along the gasket interface. Ifitis so taking the pieces of filter carefully to weigh it. * Check the exposed fiter for physical damage that may have occurred during or after sampling. Physical damage after sampling would not invalidate the sample if all places of the filter were put in the folder; however, sample losses due to leakage during the sampling period or losses particulate after sampling (e.g. loss when folding the fier) would invalidate the sample, so ‘mark such samples void before forwarding them to the laboratory © Check the appearance of the particulate. Any changes from normal colour, for example, may indicate new emission sources or construction actively in the area. Note any change on the fiekd data form, along with any obvious reasons for the change. Place the fokled filter into a plastic bag for storage/shipping, 1g Screen by grasping 10.10 Gravimetric analysis Weigh the exposed filters to this nearest miligram (mg) on the analytical balance. Record the weight in the laboratory data log for the RPM option, the weighing papers with non- respirable fraction are weighted in the same manner as the exposed filters. 10.11 Laboratory Data for High Volume Air Sampler: 10.11.1 Field data for High Volume Station Name sr Merny Greet ir Sampler: Location : remner _UsivStudent's Detail :_19B clogs +r Identification No *_OPITP = 03x 284 mmm Start date and time 1__ Che Nlenl= Sao Finish Date and time = Nov- 2021 Elapsed time: Final hrs, min Initial hs, min Totaltime ;_| hrs, Qe min 10.12 Meteorological Observations: Pressure: * Initial "160 __mmof Hg Final 1 ho mm of Hg Average Tho mm of Hg Sky: ‘Clear/Cloudy/Partal Rain: From: brs. to hrs. ‘Temperature: (°C); 27 hourly record 10.13 Observations and calculation: Air sampling rate: Init Orin, :_1.L 00? Frying, After 15 min. :__Let After 30 min, :_Ist After 45 min, :__I.4 After 60min, :_1.) Que ei mimi V (volume of air sampled in m*)= Que time = 11x Bd = 88-7?9 For RPM Measurement: Priio Pry 2.8 Fier type and number Intattare weight of fiter before exposer,ingm(Fiy + 6F) 0. 14ue Final weight of filer paper with particles. in gm(F:) : & 4876 O.4yo 3.793. Therefore, 4 R=2 x00 : ; Con = 3.473 Concentratio MIS | cone nof RPM = vie = 2272164 RIV Where, R= [ Final weight of the fier paper (F:) Initial tare weight ofthe fier paper(F1)] For SPM Measurement: Mm Io PMs Cup type and number : ' InitiaVtare weight of cup before exposure GE Ne ©, 0806 ingm(Ci) :Final Weight of cup wit particles in gm (C2) YE"S87"| 0. 0808 there \2s9_ | 0,043 erefore, = 1 |. Concentration of S-$.12 x167 Ls=o, O19) particles mater =S/V Cone. = 8B x16] 12164 Where, ‘S= [Final weight of cup with particles (C2)- Initial weight of eup (C1)] PMIo Pm) Dppm ShttIo?® § 227x108 spem BB KS ea xiot QUESTION BANK What do you understand by “High Volume Air Sampler"? Discuss the national ambient air quality standards. ‘What precautions and operational check are required during the sampling? What is the composition of smoke? ‘Convert concentration limits (as per CPCB for residential area) of NOzand CO into ppm at 20 degree cekius.3: Anmoud Roo “6 7 Lg Zo, 20 bd 1 30 -Prcentet Ro. [ Se & Qu. Ips Bo le Spm Antal aver 3ho bye 70 ) 24h _— o loo RPA Aonuad cverg! tse Ibo do 24h lo the ad==? ae Salat Precouwtions croc operstioree checty Cpe. wean teed chan she Sern priay? Wine Te the con 3 Samp Settory hou i be Vocosrel che geecy Lps_Peict= pes son tion (PPM) Src Pres Pee Ayurficoy ppg eae