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I wGuf yHak zmfjcif;

a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepfrsm;ESifh usm;rwef;wla&; cGJwrf;pepfwdk@.
taumif;qHk; tH0if*Gifusaom/ tv,ftvwf tH0if*GifusaomESifh tvm;tvmraumif;aom
aygif;pyfr_rsm;

Stina Larserud and Rita Taphorn

a&;om;ðypkonf?
Designing for Equality: Best-fit, medium-fit and non-favourable combinations
of electoral systems and gender quotas

International IDEA . yHkESdyfxkwfa0xm;aom pmtkyfrsm;onf oD;oefhtrsKd;om;a&; odk@r[kwf EdkifiHa&;

tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;rS rDckdr_ uif;ygonf? ,ckpmtkyfwGif azmfjyxm;aom tjrifrsm;onf
International IDEA/ ‚if;. bkwftzGJ@rsm; odk@r[kwf aumifpDtzGJ@0ifrsm;. tjrifrsm;udk udk,fpm;ðyjcif;
r[kwfyg? ,ckpmtkyfwGif jyoxm;aom ajryHktn$ef;rsm;onf rnfonhfe,fajr tydkif;tjcm;. Oya'qdkif&m
tqifhtwef;ay:odk@ ydkif;jcm;qHk;jzwfjcif;/ Institute . tpdwftydkif; odk@r[kwf xdkodk@ e,fpnf;jcm;
owfrSwfxm;jcif;wdk@tay:odk@ qdkvdkjcif; r[kwfyg? ae&mcsxm;r_/ rnfonfhEdkifiH odk@r[kwf
e,fajrtydkif;tjcm;. tus,ft0ef;udkr# Institute . EdkifiHa&;tjrifudk xif[yfaprnf r[kwfyg?
ajryHkrsm;onf pmom;rsm;udk ydkrdk&Sif;vif;oGm;ap&ef ,ckpmtkyfwGif xnfhoGif;ay;xm;jcif; jzpfonf?

© International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2007 (English version)
© International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2011 (Burmese version)

,ckpmtkyf. tydkif;vkdufjzpfap/ wtkyfvHk;udkjzpfap bmomjyef&ef odk@r[kwf jyefvnfxkwfa0&ef &Sdygu

atmufygvdyfpmodk@ cGifhðycsuf awmif;cHEdkifonf?

International IDEA
Strömsborg
SE -103 34 Stockholm
Sweden
E-mail: info@idea.int

International IDEA onf ‚if;. tm;xkwfxm;r_tm; xyfrHjzef@a0ay;jcif;udk tm;ay;ygonf?

,ckpmtkyfudk bmomjyef&ef odk@r[kwf jyefvnfxkwfa0&ef yef=um;vmygu csufcsif;
ta=umif;jyefay;rnfjzpfonf?

tzHk; - Anoli Perera

*&yfzpf 'DZdkif; - Trydells Form
ISBN – 978-91-86565-40-4

Tpmtkyo f nf a&G;aumufyJG pepfrsm;Y usm;r cGw J rf; tcsKd ;tpm; ysŒH ES@H aeyHu
k dk a&;om;xm;onfh “wef;wlnrD sS r_S
twGuf 'DZidk ;f yHpk H csjcif;” “Designing for Equality: Best-fit, medium-fit and non-favourable
combinations of electoral systems and gender quotas (International IDEA 2007)” tm;
wduk &f u
dk f bmomjyefxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? bmomjyef wdusrt _S wGuf International IDEA &JΠaxmufcH
twnfjyKjcif;ukrd l &,lxm;jcif; r&Syd g? tu,fI oHo, &Syd gu rlv t*Fvyd f bmomjzifh a&;om;xm;onfh
(ISBN: 978-91-85391-96-7) ESihf wku d qf idk o
f ;kH oyf =unfEh idk yf gonf? tdE, dN Ekid if H e,l;a'vDjrdKŒ&Sd rZPsrd
rD',D mrS bmomjyefxm;jcif; jzpfonf?
rmwdum
1? rdwq f ufEiS hf aemufct H ajctae 4
2? a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;pepf qdkonfrSm tb,fenf; 6
3? cGw
J rf;pepf qko d nfrmS tb,fenf; 11
4? trsKd;orD;rsm;. ukd,fpm;ðyr_tay:wGif oufa&mufapaom
a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufrp_ epf. ajymif;vJr_ ude;f &Sirf sm; 14
5? a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufr_pepfrsm;ESifh cGJwrf;pepfrsm;
aygi;f pyfr_ - &v'frsm; 17
6? trsKd;orD;rsm;. ukd,fpm;ðyr_tay:wGif
oufa&mufapaom tjcm; ajymif;vJr_ ude;f &Sirf sm; 25
7? ed*Hk;csKyfESifh t}uHðycsufrsm; 27
8? rSwpf rk sm; 29
9? xyfrHavhvm zwfp&mrsm; 31
10? pum;vHk; t"dy`m,frsm; 34
 1/ rdwfqufESifh aemufcHtajctae
EdkifiHwumygvDrefrsm;or*~ (Inter-Parliamentary Union)1 .
pm&if;Z,m;rsm;t& 2007 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvY wurBmvHk;&Sd EdkifiHawmf
tqifh Oya'ðyv$wfawmfrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;yg0ifr_ ysrf;r#tcsKd;tpm;rSm
17²2 &mE_ef;om &Sdygonf? xdktcsKd;tpm;rSm urBmw0Sef;&Sd EdkifiHrsm;rS
Edik if aH &;wGif trsK;d orD;rsm; ud, k pf m;ðyr_ edru
hf saeonfukd todrw S ðf yum
trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; EdkifiHawmftqifh Oya'ðyv$wfawmfrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;
wd@k wiG f ydrk 0kd ifa&mufvyk u f ikd v f mEdik af p&ef ulnaD y;Edik rf nfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk
pwifcsrw S af e+yD jzpfonf=h um;rS wnf&adS ejcif; jzpfonf? 1995 wGif yDuif;
vkyif ef;pOfukd pwifc+hJ y;D / Edik if aH wmftqifh Oya'ðyr_wiG f trsK;d orD; 30 &mE_e;f
uk d , f p m;ðy yg0if E d k i f a &;ES i f h xd k 30 &mE_ e f ; onf trsKd ; om;rsm;om
t"duv$rf;rdk;aernfh ae&mwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;rS t"dy`m,f&Sd&Sd yg0ifvm
Ed k i f a p&ef t wG u f r&S d r jzpf vd k t yf o nf h yrm%tjzpf jrif v map&ef
óud;pm;cJh=uonf? +yD;cJhonhf ESpfrsm;twGif;u wdk;wufr_ tenf;i,f
&Scd ahJ omfvnf; 2007 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D txdwiG rf l wurBmvH;k &Sd Edik if H 19 Edik if H
wGio f m Edik if aH wmftqifh ygvrD efrsm;wGif trsK;d orD;ud, k pf m;ðyr_ 30 &mE_e;f
2
&Sd&rnf[laom &nfrSef;csufudk jynfhrDEdkifcJhonf?
‚if;wdk@. vkyfazmfudkifbuf trsKd;om;rsm;eSifhpmv#if trsKd;orD;rsm;
onf EdkifiHa&;xJodk@ 0ifa&mufvkyfudkif=u&mwGif twm;tqD;rsm;ESifh
&ifqdkif=u&onf? “'Drdkua&pDESifh a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_qdkif&m ulnD
axmufyrhH t _ wGuf tjynfjynfqikd &f m tifpwDusKŒ”(“The International
Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International
IDEA)” rS 2005 ckESpf jyefvnfwnf;jzwfxkwfa0onhf “ygvDrefwGif
trsK;d orD;rsm;yg0ifr/_ ude;f *%ef;rsm; tvGe”f (“Women in Parliament:
Beyond Numbers”) qdo k nfh pmtkyw
f iG f xdpk ed af c:r_ twm;tqD;rsm;udk
twGi;f usus oH;k oyfxm;r_rsm;tm; azmfjyxm;um ‚if;wd@k ukd ausmv f m$ ;&ef
enf;vrf;rsm;udv k nf; wifjyxm;onf? trsK;d orD;rsm;twGuf cGw J rf;pepf
usio hf ;kH jcif;onf Edik if aH wmftqifh ygvrD efrsm;od@k vsiv f sijf refjref wufvrS ;f
Edkif&eftwGuf aocsmapaom enf;vrf;omv#if jzpfygonf?
trsK;d orD;rsm; Edik if aH &;od@k 0ifa&mufvyk u f ikd &f mwGif twm;tqD;rsm;
jzpfaponhf Edik if aH &;/ vlrp_ ;D yGm;a&;ESihf pdwyf nmqdik &f m ta=umif;jycsurf sm;
tjyif EdkifiHawmftqifh Oya'ðyv$wfawmftqifhodk@ trsKd;orD;rsm;
a&G;aumufwifajrm‡ ufc&H Edik &f ef jzpfEikd af jctay:wGif v$r;f rd;k aom ta&;}u;D onfh
ajymif ; vJ r _ u d e f ; &S i f w ck r S m Ed k i f i H w G i f toH k ; ðyaeaom a&G ; aumuf
wifajrm‡ ufrp_ epf jzpfygonf? International IDEA rS “a&G;cs,f wifajrm‡ ufr_
pepfypkH /H International IDEA vufppJG mtkyo f pf (2005)” (“Electoral System
Design: the New International IDEA Handbook (2005)” wGif

4
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepf trsKd;tpm; twdtusrsm;udk tao;pdwf
twGif;usus oHk;oyfjyxm;onf?
,ckpmtkyw f iG f txufazmfjycJah om International IDEA rS vufpJG
pmtkyEf pS tf yk w
f iG f azmfjyxm;onfh oH;k oyfwifjyxm;r_rsm;udk waygi;f wnf;
pkpnf;ay;xm;onf? ,ckpmtkyo f nf rwlnaD om cGw J rf;pepf trsK;d rsK;d ESihf
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepftrsKd;rsKd;wdk@. tH0if*Gifusr_ wdk@tay:wGif
òcHio
kH ;kH oyfxm;r_rsm;tm; wifjyxm;onht f jyif a&G;aumuf wifajr‡mufr_
pepfrsm;ESifh cGJwrf;pepfrsm;. rwlnDaom aygif;pyfr_rsm; atmufwGif
trsKd ; orD ; rsm;. uk d , f p m;ðyjcif ; atmif a tmif j rif j rif &S d v mr_
rnfodk@wdk;wufvmonfudkvnf; wygwnf; oHk;oyfwifjyxm;onf?
,ckkpmtkyfonf EdkifiHa&;wGif trsKd;orD;udk,fpm;ðyr_ wdk;wufvma&;
twG u f óud ; yrf ; vk y f a qmif a eol r sm;twG u f rD S j irf ; ud k ; um;p&m
wcktjzpfvnf; &nf&G,fygonf?

5
2 / a&G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; pepfqo
kd nfrmS tb,fenf;
Ttcef;wGif jzpfEdkifajc&Sdaom xdef;nd‡r_yHkpHrsm;. us,fjyef@vSaom
abmifrsm;tay: òcHiHkoHk;oyfr_rsm; ðyvkyfEdkif&eftwGuf rwlnDaom
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepftrsK;d rsK;d udk azmfjyxm;ygonf? Edik if w
H ckwiG f
toH;k ðy&ef a&G;cs,v f ukd af om a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufrp_ epfonf xdEk ikd if &H dS
trsKd;orD;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifr_udk wdkuf&dkufoufa&mufr_ &Sdygonf?

2.1? a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif; pepf. t"dym` ,fziG qhf ckd suf

a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepfESifh ywfoufonfh t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkcsuf
rsm;pGm&Sdygonf? tedrfhqHk; tkyfcsKyfa&; tao;pdwfav;rS tjrifhqHk;
Ed k i f i H a &;ud p P r sm;txd t&m&monf tcsd e f a wmf a wmf r sm;rsm;wG i f
EdkifiHwck. a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepftjzpf &nfn$ef;Edkifygonf?
Tae&mwGif udk,fpm;ðyr_tay:wGif oufa&mufr_rsm;tm; ydkrdkxif&Sm;
aprnfh a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_. t"dy`m,f zGifhqdkcsufrSm qENrJrsm;udk
jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f ae&mrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJay;onfh
enf;vrf; [lIyif jzpfygonf?
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufrp_ epf. t"du t&m 3 ckrmS

* c±kdifa'oyrm% - a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufrnfh c±kdifa'owckwGif

ukd,fpm;vS,f rnfr#udk a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf&ef[k qHk;jzwfjcif;/
* yHkaoenf; - v$wfawmfae&mtwGuf tEdkif&oludk rnfodk@a&G;cs,f
rnfudk qHk;jzwfjcif;/
* qENrJjym;rsm;. zGJ@pnf;r_yHkpH - rJay;olrsm;rS ,SOf+ydKifolukd,fpm;
vS,favmif;udk rJxnfh&onfvm; odk@r[kwf ,SOf+ydKifonfhygwDudk
rJxnfh&onfvm;ESifh rJay;olrsm;rS wckudkyJ a&G;cs,fcGifh &Sdonfvm;
odk@r[kwf óudufESpfoufonfwdk@udk tpOfvkduf azmfjyEkdifonfvm;
wdk@udk qHk;jzwfjcif;/

rJqENrsm;udk v$waf wmfae&mrsm;tjzpf rnfo@dk ajymif;vJonfqakd om

vkyif ef;pOfrsm;tay: tajccHI a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ yHpk rH sm;udk tkypf ck JG
Edik yf gonf? International IDEA rS t"du tkypf k 3 ck cGjJ cm;owfrw S f ygonf?
(plurality/majority, mixed and proportional systems) trsm;pk
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepf/ a&maESma&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfESifh
tcsK;d us a&G;aumufwifajrm‡ ufr_ pepfw@kd jzpfum pwkwt ˆ yk pf rk mS rl txufyg
t"du tkypf k 3 pkeiS hf vG,v f ,
G u
f ul l tH0if*iG u
f s r&Sad om tkypf jk zpfygonf?
xkt d yk pf k 4 pkxw
J iG f oD;jcm;pepf 12 ck tjzpf xyfro H wfrw S Ef ikd yf gonf?

6
2 .2? a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufrp+ epf yHok ¿mefrsm;
tcsK;d us ud,k pf m;ðyr_pm&if; (List PR)
tcsKd;us udk,fpm;ðyr_ pepftwGuf tzGJ@0ifwa,mufxufydkaom
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c±dkifa'orsm;tm; toHk;ðy&ef vdktyfygonf?
(List PR) pepfatmufwGif ygwDwckpD odk@r[kwf tkyfpkwckpDrS tzGJ@0if
trsm;pepf a&G;aumufwifajrm‡ ufr_ c±kid fa'otwGuf uk, d pf m;vS,af vmif;
pm&if;udk wifjy&onf? rJqEN&Sifrsm;rS ygwDwcktwGuf rJay;=u&um/
ygwDrsm;onf rJtm;vHk;rS olwdk@a0pk. tcsKd;ustwdkif; v$wfawmfwGif
ud,
k pf m;vS,af e&mrsm; &&Srd nfjzpfonf? tcsKŒd (pm&if;ydw)f pepfrsm;wGif
tEd k i f & aom ud k , f p m;vS , f r sm;ud k ol w d k @ . ae&mtpD t pOf r sm;rS
xk w f , l y gonf ? pm&if ; rsm;onf vG w f v yf I zG i f h x m;onf q d k y gu
rJqEN&Sifrsm;onf óudufESpfoufonfh wOD;csif;pDudk a&G;cs,fjcif;jzifh
ud,
k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm; &&So d nfh ae&mtpDtpOfukd v$r;f rd;k xm;Edik o f nf?

yxr&ol tedik pf epf First Past The Post (FPTP)

First Past The Post (FPTP) pepfonf trsm;pk a&G;aumuf
wifajr‡mufr_pepf. t&dk;pif;qHk; yHkpHjzpfonf? tEdkif&aom udk,fpm;vS,f
avmif ; onf tjcm;ud k , f p m;vS , f a vmif ; rsm;xuf rJ y d k & ol j zpf u m
(Valid Votes) tusK;H 0ifrrJ sm;. vH;k 0O\Hk trsm;pk (50 µ ausm)f r[kwf
onhwf idk f tEkid &f olom jzpfygonf? xdpk epfonf tzG@J 0ifwOD; a&G;aumuf
wifajrm‡ ufr_ c±kdiaf 'orsm;udk toH;k ðyum rJqEN&iS rf sm;onf Edik if aH &; ygwx
D uf
ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;udk =unhfum rJay;=uonf?

ESp}f udraf &G;cs,pf epf (Two Round System -TRS)

ESp}f urd af &G;cs,pf epfonf trsm;pk a&G;aumufwifajrm‡ ufonfh pepfjzpfum
,SOf+ydKifonhf ukd,fpm;vS,f odk@r[kwf ygwDwdk@rS owfrSwfay;xm;onhf
rJta&twGut f qifh (trsm;tm;jzifh vH;k 0O\Hk trsm;pkrJ (50µausm)f udk
yxra&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_wGif r&&SdcJhygu 'kwd,t}udrf a&G;aumuf
wifajr‡mufr_udk xyfrHðyvkyfay;&onfh pepfjzpfonf? ESpf}udrfa&G;cs,fpepf
onf trsm;pk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepf yHkpHudk ,lI vkyfEdkifygonf?
xdkokd@ðyvkyf&mY 'kwd,t}udrf a&G;aumuf&mwGif ukd,fpm;vS,f 2 OD;
txuf yg0if,SOf+ydKifI rJydk&aomolu vHk;0O\Hk trsm;pkrJ &&Sd&ef
rvdkawmhbJ tEdkif&&Sdygonf? odk@r[kwfygu yxrt}udrfwGif rJtrsm;
qHk;&aom xdyfqHk;rS ESpfa,mufom 'kwd,t}udrf jyefvnf,SOf+ydKif
&aom trsm;pk aemufqHk;a&G;cs,fr_yHkpH (Majority run-off) udkvnf;
oHk;Edkifygonf?

7
 t+ydKifpepf (Parallel Systems)
t+yKd ipf epfonf a&maESmpepfjzpfI ‚if;onf rJqEN&iS rf sm;rS qENðyvku d af om
a&G ; cs,f r _ r sm;ud k tcsKd ; us a&G ; aumuf w if a jr‡ m uf r _ pepf E S i f h trsm;pk
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepf enf;vrf; 2 cktm; toHk;ðyI ukd,fpm;vS,f
rsm;udk a&G;cs,fygonf? odk@aomf trsm;pk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepf
atmufwGif cGifhðyxm;onfh ,SOf+ydKif&rnfh udk,fpm;vS,fae&mrsm;udkrl
tcsK;d us a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufrp_ epfjzifh &v'fwu G o f nht f cg xnho f iG ;f pOf;
pm;rnf r[kwfay?

tzGJ@0ifa&maESmI tcsKd;uspepf (MMP)

tzGJ@0ifa&maESmI tcsKd;us pepfonf a&maESmpepfyifjzpfum ‚if;onf
rJqEN&iS rf sm;rS qENðyvku
d af om a&G;cs,rf r_ sm;udk enf;vrf; 2 cktm; toH;k ðyI
ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;udk a&G;cs,fygonf? wckrSm tzGJ@0ifwOD; a&G;aumuf
wifajr‡mufr_ c±dik af 'owGif &Hzef&cH g tawmfrsm;rsm;Y toH;k ðyaom trsm;pk
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfjzpfI 'kwd,wrsKd;rSm tcsKd;us a&G;aumuf
wifajr‡mufrp_ epf jzpfygonf? tcsK;d us a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ ud, k pf m;vS,f
ae&mrsm;rS m trsm;pk a&G ; aumuf w if a jr‡ m uf r _ pepf r S tcsKd ; rusbJ
&vmaom &v'f[lor#wdk@udk tpm;jznfhay;jcif; jzpfonf?

tpkta0; rJay;r_ (Block Vote – BV)

xdkpepfonf trsm;pk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfyifjzpfum tzGJ@0if
wOD;xufydkaom a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c¶d kifa'orsm;wGif toHk;ðyonf?
a&G;cs,f&ef udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;avav a&G;cs,folrsm;wGif rJay;cGifh
ydkrsm;avav jzpfonf? rJpkpkaygif; trsm;qHk;&&Sdonfh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;
rsm;u tEkid &f ygonf? rJqEN&iS rf sm;u ygwx
D uf ud,
k pf m;vS,f avmif;rsm;udk
t+rJwrf; rJay;=uonf? pepfawmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif olwdk@onf olwdk@.
qENrJrsm;udk olwdk@pdwfóuduf tenf;trsm; toHk;ðy=uonf?

uef@owfraJ y;r_ (Limited Vote – LV)

xkdpepfonf udk,fpm;vS,favmif; A[dkjyKpepfjzpfum tzGJ@0ifwOD;
xufydkaom a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c±dkifa'orsm;wGif toHk;ðy=uonf?
xdkpepfwGif a&G;cs,folrsm;onf rJay;cGifh w}udrfxuf ydkrdk&&Sdaomfvnf;
udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;xuf rJay;a&G;cs,fr_u ydkenf;ygonf? rJpkpkaygif;
trsm;qHk;&&Sdonfh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;u tEdkif&&Sd=uygonf?

w}udrfajymif;vJcGifhr&Sdaom rJay;r_ (Single Non-Transferable Vote-SNTV)

xd k p epf a tmuf w G i f rJ q EN & S i f r sm;onf tzG J @ 0if wOD ; xuf y d k a om

8
a&G;aumufwifajrm‡ ufr_ c±dik af 'orsm;wGif rJay;r_ w}urd o f m ðyvky&f onf?
rJpkpkaygif; trsm;qHk;&&Sdonfh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;udk ta&G;cs,f
cH & onf [ k a=unmonf ? rJ q EN & S i f r sm;u Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD r sm;xuf
ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;udk rJay;=uonf?

ygwpD k rJay;r_ Party Block Vote (PBV)

xdkpepfonf tzGJ@0ifwOD;xufydkaom a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c±kdif
a'orsm;wGif ðyvkyfonhf trsm;pkpepf jzpfonf? xdkpepfwGif rJqEN&Sif
rsm;onf rdrw d @kd óuduEf pS o
f ufaom ygwu D kd A[dðk yrJay;r_ w}udrof m ðyvkyf
=u+yD; udkf,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;t=um;wGif a&G;cs,f&ef rvdkyg? rJtrsm;
qH;k &onfh ygwt D Edik &f rnfjzpf+yD; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ ðyvkyo f nfh a'o
wGif;&Sd udk,fpm;vS,fae&m tm;vHk;udk tEdkif&rnfjzpfonf?

tjcm;enf;rJay;r_ Alternative Vote (AV)

xdpk epfonf tzG@J 0ifwOD; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c±dik af 'orsm;wGif
ðyvk y f o nh f óud u f E S p f o uf r _ j y trsm;pk a&G ; aumuf w if a jr‡ m uf r _
pepf j zpf y gonf ? rJ q EN & S i f r sm;onf rJ j ym;rsm;ay:wG i f ol w d k @ .
óudufESpfoufr_rsm;tm; *%ef;rsm;udk toHk;ðyI rSwfom;jy=uonf?
tusK;H 0ifaom yxrtqifh óuduEf pS o f ufrj_ y rJrsm;. vH;k 0O\Hk trsm;pkrJ
(50 µ ausmf) &&Sdoludk ta&G;cs,fcH&ol[k owfrSwfygonf? tu,fI
rnfonhfudk,fpm;vS,fur# yxrtqifh óudufESpfoufr_jy rJrsm;.
vH;k 0O\Hk trsm;pkrJ (50 µ ausm)f udk r&&Scd yhJ gu tenf;qH;k &&So d rl sm;udk
z,fum olwdk@&cJhaom rJrsm;rS 'kwd,tqifh óudufESpfoufr_rsm;t&
xdrk rJ sm;udk aemufq;kH vH;k 0O\Hk trsm;pkrJ (50 µ ausm)f &&So d l ay:xGuf
vmonftxd jyefvnfae&mcsay;&onf? rJqEN&iS rf sm;u Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;
xuf ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;udk rJay;=uonf?

w}urd af jymif;vJciG &hf adS om rJay;r_ Single Transferable Vote (STV)

xd k p epf o nf tzG J @ 0if w OD ; xuf y d k a om a&G ; aumuf w if a jr‡ m uf r _
c±dkifa'orsm;wGif rJqEN&Sifrsm;rS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;udk tqifhcGJay;aom
óudufESpfoufr_jy pepfyifjzpfum yxrtqifh óudufESpfoufr_jy rJrsm;.
owfrSwfxm;aom a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufr_ cGJwrf;ud3k ausmfvGefoGm;oludk
csufcsif; a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufygonf? qufvufðyvkyfonhf a&wGufr_rsm;
wGif tenf;qHk;&ojzifh tz,fcH&onfh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;xHrS rJrsm;ESifh
owfrSwfxm;aom cGJwrf;udk ausmfvGefoGm;ojzifh tEdkif&oGm;aom
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;xHrS rJrsm;udk 'kwd,ESifh tenf;qHk; óudufESpfouf
r_ r sm;tay: tajccH I jyef v nf u m ae&mcsay;jcif ; ud k vd k t yf a om

9
ta&G;cs,fcH udk,fpm;vS,f ta&twGuf&onftxd ðyvkyf&onf? ygwD
tvkduf tqifhcGJay;vdku ay;Edkifaomfvnf; yHkrSeftm;jzifh rJqEN&Sifrsm;onf
EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;xuf udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;udk rJay;=uonf?

bd'k g rJa&wGurf _ (Borda Count – BC)

xdkpepfonf ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;A[dkðy óudufESpfoufr_jy pepfjzpfum
tzGJ@0ifwOD; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c±kdifa'orsm;wGifaum/ tzGJ@0if
wa,mufxufyakd om a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c&dik af 'orsm;wGiyf g toH;k ðy
ygonf? rJqEN&iS rf sm;onf rJjym;rsm;ay:wGif olw@kd . óuduEf pS o
f ufr_ rsm;udk
rSwo
f m;ay;&um/ +yD;aemuf xdrk w S of m;r_ wckpt
D m; nDr#aomtqifrh sm;udk
toHk;ðyI wefzdk;owfrSwfay;&onf? ‚if;wdk@udk aygif;vkduf+yD; pkpkaygif;
trsm;qHk;&aom ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;udk tEdkif&onf[k a=unmay;onf?

10
3/ cGJwrf;pepf qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;
trsK;d orD;rsm;twGuf cGw J rf;pepfqo kd nfrmS olw@kd . vkyaf zmfuikd b
f uf
trsK;d om;rsm; vkyo f uJo
h @kd Edik if aH &;udk 0ifa&mufvyk u
f ikd o
f nft
h cg olw@kd tm;
umqD;xm;onfh twm;tqD;rsm;udk ulnDausmfv$m;Edkif&eftwGuf
rjzpfrae vkyfaqmif&rnfh tðyoabmvkyfaqmifcsuf yHkpHwckyifjzpf
ygonf? ,cktydkif;wGif cGJwrf;pepfyHkpHrsm;tay: òcHiHkoHk;oyfxm;um
‚if;wd@k tm; toH;k ðyonhf enf;vrf;rsm;udv k nf; azmfjyxm;ygonf? cGw J rf;
yHkpH trsm;tjym;ESifh toHk;ðyyHkenf;vrf; trsm;tjym; &Sd=uygonf? EdkifiH
a&;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm; yg0ifr_udk jr‡ifhwifay;r_ atmifjrifap&ef[laom
&nf&G,fcsufudk vkyfaqmif&ef cGJwrf;pepf rnfodk@tvkyfvkyfonfudk
aumif;aumif; em;vnfxm;&ef vdktyfygonf?

3. 1? w&m;0ifcwJG rf;pepfEiS hf rdrod abmt& cGwJ rf;pepfrsm;

cGwJ rf;pepf rsm;pGm&S=d uum rdryd gwo D abmt& cGw J rf;pepfEiS hf wbufrS
tajccHOya't&ESihf Oya'ðyr_t& cGw J rf;pepfw@kd t=um;&Sd t"du jcm;em;r_
rsm;rSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf?
tajccHOya't& cGJwrf;pepfrSm EdkifiHwck. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'
xJwiG f aoaocsmcsm xnfo h iG ;f jyÏmef;ay;xm;um Oya'ðyr_t& cGw J rf;
pepfrmS a&G;aumufyOJG ya'/ Edik if aH &; ygwOD ya' od@k r[kwf Edik if . H tjcm;
E_dif;,SOfp&m Oya'xJwGif xnhfoGif;jyÏmef;ay;xm;ygonf? t"dy`m,f
zGifhqdkr_t& xdkESpfckpvHk;rSm Oya'taxmuftyHhudk tajccHxm;=uum
a&G;aumufyGJwGif yg0ifaom EdkifiHa&; tkyfpktm;vHk;u ‚if;wdk@udk nDr#pGm
toH;k ðy&efwm0ef &Syd gonf? tajccHOya't&ESihf Oya'ðyr_t& cGw J rf;pepf
wd@k ukd rvkud ef mbJ ‚if;wd@k ukd toH;k rðyaom Edik if aH &;tkypf rk sm;onf jypf'%f
tay;cH=u&rnf jzpfonf? EdkifiH. Oya'tm%mydkifrsm;rS jypf'%fay;r_
Oyrmrsm;wGif ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;tjzpf y,fzsufjcif;rS aiG'%fcsjcif;
tjyif tjrifq h ;kH taeESihf ygwwD ckv;kH udyk g y,fzsujf cif;txd yg0if=uonf?
rdro d abmt& cGw J rf;pepfonf Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;rS rdrw d @kd oabmt&
csrS w f j cif ; jzpf o nf ? trsKd ; orD ; yg0if r _ tcsKd ; / ta&twG u f w d k @ tm;
wifoGif;r_wdk@udk tmrcHay;Ekdif&ef EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS olwdk@bmomolwdk@
owfrSwfxm;=ujcif; jzpfonf? azmfjyxm;ouJhodk@yif rdrdoabmt&
cGJwrf;pepfonf w&m;Oya't& xdef;nd‡xm;r_r&Sdaoma=umifh ‚if;wdk@udk
w&m;0ifvkyfaqmifap&ef tjypf'%fay;r_vnf; r&Sdyg?

3 .2 cGwJ rf;pepfrsm;udk toH;k ðyyHk

cGJwrf;pepfudk udk,fpm;vS,favmif; wifoGif;onfh vkyfief;pOfxJwGif

11
toHk;ðyEdkifjcif; okd@r[kwf xdkpepfonf&v'f tajccHonfh pepfvnf;
jzpfEdkifonf?

emrnfpm&if;wifoiG ;f onfh vkyif ef;pOfwiG t f oH;k ðyaom cGwJ rf;pepf

emrnfpm&if;wifoiG ;f onfh vkyif ef;pOfwiG f cGw J rf;pepfukd toH;k ðyonfh
&nf&G,fcsufrSm Oya'ðytzGJ@wGif ta&G;cs,fcHydkifcGifh tcGifhtvrf;ESifh
omwlnDr#vkeD;yg; odk@r[kwf omwlnDr# jzpfaprnfh enf;vrf;tm;jzifh
ygwD w ck . ud k , f p m;vS , f p m&if ; wG i f trsKd ; orD ; rsm; ae&m&Ek d i f & ef
(od@k r[kwf ta&G;cs,cf aH 'owckwiG f emrnfpm&if; wifoiG ;f cHEidk &f ef) ydrk kd
vG,fulap&eftwGuf jzpfygonf?
Oya'a=umif ; t& xd e f ; nd ‡ r _ r sm;onf trsKd ; orD ; rsm;tm;
toifhawmfqHk;yHkpHESifh emrnfwifoGif;&ef xdef;nd‡r_ tenf;i,fom
csrSwfxm;wwfonfh avsmhavsmh&J&J tqifhrS (Oyrm - wifoGif;aom
ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;. 20 µ onf trsK;d orD;rsm; jzpf&rnf[k qdx k m;
aomfvnf; olwdk@tm; rnfonfhae&mwGif xm;&rnf[k aoaocsmcsm
razmf j yxm;ygu pm&if ; tvd k u f p epf u d k toH k ; ðyaom a&G ; aumuf
wifajr‡mufr_ yHpk w H iG f pm&if;. atmufajcrsm;wGif xnfx h m;cH&Edik +f yD; olw@kd
. a&G;cs,fcH&&ef tcGifhtvrf;rSm enf;yg;oGm;&onf?) trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh
ykcHk;csif; ,SOfedkif&ef azmfjyxm;onhf wdwdusus owfrSwfay;xm;aom
wif;usyfonfh pnf;rsOf;rsm;txd &Sdwwfonf? wif;usyfonfh yHkpHwGif
“tqift h pOfvukd pf nf;rsO;f ” rank-order rules rsm;udk toH;k ðyI ‚if;wGif
tjcm;ukd,fpm;vS,favmif; tm;vHk;onf trsKd;orD; jzpf&rnfqdkonfh
‘zipper system’ odk@r[kwf ‘zebra system’ pepfrsm; yg0ifygonf?
aemufjzpfEdkifajcwckrSm &mckdifE_ef;tqifhwck owfrSwfay;jcif; jzpfonf?
Oyrm - uk d , f p m;vS , f a vmif ; pm&if ; yxrw0uf w G i f trsKd ; om;/
trsK;d orD; wrsK;d pD. tenf;qH;k yg0ifro _ nf ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif; tm;vH;k
ta&twGu. f 3 yHyk kH wyHjk zpf&rnf qdok nfrsK;d jzpfonf?
trnfpm&if; wifoGif;jcif; vkyfief;pOfwGif cGJwrf;pepfudk ygwDrsm;rS
rdrdoabmqENtavsmuf toHk;ðyedkifovdk a&G;aumufyGJOya' odk@r[kwf
zG@J pnf;yktH ajccHOya' uJo h @kd aom Oya'rsm;jzifh w&m;0if xde;f ndx ‡ m;ay;
&rnf?

&v'f tajcðy cGwJ rf;pepf (Results-based quotas)

xdkpepfonf Oya'ðyolae&mrsm;wGif tcsKd@&mE_ef; (Oyrm 20 µ)/
tcsKd@udef;*%ef; (Oyrm 100 wGif 20) wdk@onf trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf
oD;oef@ðyvkyfay;xm;&rnf qdkovdkrsKd; aocsmaponf? 4 &v'ftajcðy
cGJwrf;pepf yHkpHwrsKd;rSm “oD;jcm; trsKd;orD; oD;oef@pm&if; odk@r[kwf

12
a&G;aumufwifajrm‡ uf&ma'o” od@k r[kwf “trsK;d orD; oD;oef@owfrw S rf ”_
jzpfum trsK;d orD;rsm;udk }udKwifq;kH jzwfxm;aom ae&mta& twGujf zifh
a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufay;ygonf? xdkyHkpHonf a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf&ma'o
od@k r[kwf owfrw S x f m;r_xw J iG f trsK;d orD;rsm;udo
k m ud,
k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;
tjzpf owfrw S af y;xm;um t}uHðyxm;onfh emrnfrsm; vdt k yfygonf?
tjcm; &v'ftajcðycGJwrf;pepf yHkpHwrsKd;rSm “taumif;qHk; t&_H;
orm;” pepf jzpfygonf? t"dy`m,frSm trsKd;orD; udk,fpm;vS,favmif;
rsm;xJrS cGw J rf;t& owfrw S x f m;aom ta&twGurf sm;xuf ausmv f eG I f
rJtrsm;qHk; &aeaom trsKd;orD;rsm;udk trsKd;om;rsm;u rJydk&aeEdkif
aomfjim;vnf; tEdkifay;jcif; jzpfonf?
rnfonhf &v'ftajcðy cGJwrf;pepfudkrqdk xdkpepftm; toHk;ðyrðy/
Oya'ðyr_wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf qHk;jzwfowfrSwfxm;aom &mE_ef;
odk@r[kwf owfrSwfxm;aom ae&mrsm;udk trSwfwu,f w&m;0if
csefxm;/ rxm;wdk@udk aocsmap&efESifh tjcm;,SOf+ydKifaom ygwDrsm;rS
uef @ uG u f r _ r sm; vk y f r vmEd k i f a p&ef t wG u f zG J @ pnf ; yH k t ajccH O ya'/
a&G;aumufyGJOya'/ EdkifiHa&; ygwDOya' odk@r[kwf tjcm; Edkif;,SOfp&m
Oya' rsm;xJwGif xnfhoGif;xm;&rnf? “taumif;qHk; t±_H;orm;”
pepfwGif a&G;aumufyGJt+yD; tEdkif&aom udk,fpm;vS,f tajymif;tvJ
vky&f ef udpu P kd (trsK;d om; ud, k pf m;vS,af e&mwGif trsK;d orD; uk, d pf m;vS,u f kd
tpm;xkd;ay;&ef) ygwDrsm;rS cGifhðyEdkif&eftwGuf Oya'jzifh aoaocsmcsm
tumtuG,f ay;xm;&efrSmvnf; ta&;}uD;ygonf?
azmfjyyg a&G;aumufyv JG yk if ef;pOfEiS hf oufqidk o
f nf@ enf;vrf;oG,rf sm;
tjyif Oya'ðyvGwaf wmfrsm;od@k trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; wdu k &f u
kd cf ef@tyfrv _ nf;
ðyvkyk Ef ikd o
f nf (Oyrm -Edik if . H t}uD;tuJr)S ?
tb,fah =umifq h akd om ‚if;onf a&G;aumufyOJG ya' jyifyrSupd jP zpfum
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh pepfEiS hf usm;/r wef;wla&; cGw J rf;pepf qufpyf
r_. cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmr_udk pOf;pm;Edkifrnf r[kwfaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?

13
 4/ trsKd;orD;rsm;\ uk, d pf m;ûyrItay:wGif oufa&mufapaom a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufrI pepf\
ajymif;vJrI ude;f &Sirf sm;
cGJwrf;pepfudk toHk;rðycJhv#ifvnf; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfhpepf
trsK;d rsKd ;onf trsK;d orD;rsm; ud, k pf m;ðyr_upd uP kd a&mufv#if olw@kd bmom
ol w d k @ uG J j ym;pG m aqmif & G u f o G m ;=urnf j zpf u m (tao; pd w f u d k
,ck p mtk y f a emuf y d k i f ; wG i f wG J a y;xm;onf h Z,m;uG u f . yxrqH k ;
twef ; wG i f =unh f ± _ E d k i f ygonf ? ) cG J w rf ; pepf u d k pwif r d w f q uf & ef
jzpfEdkifajcESifh xdkpepfudk pwifvkdufonfESifh &&Sdrnfh tusKd;oufa&mufr_
wdk@udkvnf; wpHkw&m xdckdufr_&SdEdkifygonf?
avhvmr_rsm;t& tcsK;d us a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufrp_ epf (List PR)
5
onf trsKd;orD;rsm; udk,fpm;ðyr_udpPtwGuf ydkrdkIaumif;rGefygonf?
odk@aomf vufawG@vkyfaqmif&onfh tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk awG@jrifEdkif
ap&efESifh ta&;}uD;aom tcsuftvufrsm;u bmjzpfonfudk ydkrdk
xif&Sm;pGm em;vnfr_ &&SdEdkifap&eftwGuf pepfrsm;udk tpdwftydkif;
rsm;tjzpf cJjG crf;pdwjf zm&efEiS hf txufwiG f azmfjycJ+h yD;aom tcef; 2 wGif
rdwq f ufay;xm;onfh t"du 3 csuu f kd jyef=unh&f ef ta&;}uD;ygonf?

4.1 c±kid af 'o. yrm% (District magnitude)

a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh c±dik af 'o. yrm% od@k r[kwf tus,f
t0ef;onf trsKd;orD;rsm; trnfpm&if; wifoGif;cH&&efESifh ta&G;cs,f
cH&&ef jzpfEdkifajcudk wdkuf±kdufoufa&mufr_ &Sdygonf? ygwDrsm;onf
wOD ; xuf y d k I trnf p m&if ; wif o G i f ; Ed k i f v #if c±k d i f a 'owck t wG u f
ud k , f p m;vS , f w OD ; om trnf p m&if ; wif c G i f h & onf x uf nD r #aom
udk,fpm;vS,favmif;pm&if;udk wifoGif;Edkif&ef jzpfEdkifajc ydk&Sdygonf?
tu,f I uk d , f p m;vS , f w OD ; om trnf w if o G i f ; cG i f h & v#if t}ud r f
awmfawmf rsm;rsm;wGif &Sd&if;pGJ trsKd;om;om jzpfaewwfI trsKd;orD;
ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif; wOD;tm; ol@ae&mtwGuf pdeaf c:r_ðyjcif;onf ygwD
wGi;f wGif wif;rmr_ukd zefw;D ovdk jzpfwwfygonf? xdo k @kd tajctaersK;d wGif
ygwrD q S ;kH jzwf&onfh tcgrsK;d wGiv
f nf; ygwrD sm;onf trsK;d om;udk ydrk u kd s,f
jyef@pGm vufcHjcif;cH&ol[lonfhtjrifESifh r=umc%qdkovdk trsKd;om;
udo k m a&G;cs,w f wf onf? tu,fI c±dik af 'o. yrm%onf ydrk }kd uD;rm;
ygu xd k j y\emrsKd ; ud k enf ; apEd k i f u m ygwD w ck w nf ; rS awmf a wmf
rsm;rsm;udk trnfpm&if;vnf; wifoiG ;f Ekid o f vdk ta&G;cs,v f cJ EH ikd yf gonf?
xd@k a=umifh trsK;d om;rsm;. ae&mudk rxdcu dk af pbJ ud, k pf m;vS,f ae&mrsm;
&&Sad p&ef trsK;d orD;rsm;udk ygwrD S trnfpm&if; wifoiG ;f Edik rf _ jzpfEikd af jcudk
ydkrdkrsm;vmaponf?

14
 ygw. D yrm% (Party Magnitude)
c&dik af 'o. yrm%ESihf qufpyfaeonfh aemufwckrmS ygw. D yrm%
jzpf y gonf ? ygwD w ck r S a&G ; aumuf y G J e,f a jra'o wck w G i f ta&G ;
aumufcHrnfh udk,fpm;vS,f ta&twGufudk qdkvdkjcif; jzpfygonf?
ud k , f p m;vS , f a vmif ; pm&if ; . yxrae&mrsm; od k @ r[k w f ygwD .
xdyfydkif;rsm;rSm (ygwDacgif;aqmifESifh tjcm;olrsm;) trsKd;om;rsm;om
jzpfae wwf=uum ygwrD sm;onf ‚if;wd@k . 'kw, d wef;ESihf aemufqufwJG
ukd,fpm;vS,fae&mrsm;twGuf olwdk@. ygwDxdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;rS
tytjcm;ol r sm;ud k jznh f w wf o jzif h ygwD . yrm%}uD ; rm;av/
trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf tcGifhta&; ydk&av jzpfygonf? ,SOf+ydKif&rnfh
c±dkifa'o}uD;v#ifESifh a&G;aumufyGJtEdkif&onfh ygwDta&twGufonf
E_id ;f ,SOcf sut f & edrahf eygu ygw. D yrm%onfvnf; yd}k uD;wwfygonf?
ygwDyrm%onf yHkazmfonhf vkyfief;pOfESifhvnf; csdwfqufr_ &Sdygonf?
odk@aomf a&G;aumufyGJrS &vmonfhwu,f &v'frsm;ESifhom wGufcsuf
Edik yf gonf? tEdik &f aom ygwt D a&twGuu f kd uef@owfEikd yf gonf? Oyrm
- Oya'ðyr_wiG f ud, k pf m;ðycGihf &&SEd ikd af &;twGuf vdt k yfaom axmufcrH . _
w&m;0if owfrw S cf sujf zifh uef@owfvu kd jf cif;rsK;d jzpfonf (Oyrm - rJ. 5 &mE_e;f )?
‚if ; onf tao;qH k ; ygwD r sm;ud k Oya'ðyr_ r S z,f & S m ;ypf v d k u f o nf ?
ygwyD rm%i,fv#if trsK;d orD;rsm;udk trnfpm&if; wifoiG ;f v#iaf wmifrS
olw@kd onf xdyo f ;D ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm; t=um;wGif r[kwv f #if ‚if;Y
tuef@towfEiS hf ok@d r[kwf r&So d avmuf oufa&mufro _ m &Sad yvdrrhf nf?

4.2 c±kid af 'o. yrm% (The formula)

EdkifiHawmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif ygwDrsm;rS rJqEN&Sifrsm;udk us,fus,f
jyef@jyef@ qGaJ qmifEikd af p&eftwGuf aemufcH trsK;d rsK;d ESihf ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;
trsK;d rsK;d udk wifoiG ;f Edik &f efrmS ta&;}u;D vSygonf? (Oyrm - usm;/ r uGjJ ym;r_/
wkdif;&if;om;/ yx0Da'o/ touf ponfwdk@udk tajccHI)? olwdk@onf
,SOf+ydKif&rnfh ygwDu }uD;rm;um udk,fpm;vS,f ae&mrsm;udk ±H_;edrfh&ef
+cd r f ; ajcmuf r _ yd k r sm;aom pepf r sKd ; wG i f xd k o d k @ yd k r d k v k y f a qmif = uonf ?
xdk+cdrf;ajcmufr_rsKd;onf yHkaoenf;rS atmufygwdk@udk toHk;ðyv#if ydkrdk
}uD;rm;wwfygonf?

(u) ygwrD sm;onf wckEiS w hf ck ydrk ekd ;D uyfEikd af jcydrk sm;um rJqEN&iS rf sm;rS
ygwDrsm;udk ydkrdkvG,fulpGm ajymif;vJEkdifonfhtwGuf Oya'ðyr_wGif ygwD
rsm;pGm yg0if&ef vkyfxm;ygonf? ‚if;onf olwdk@ESifh ay:vpD eD;uyfpGm
wlnDonfh tjcm; rnfonfhygwDrsm;udkrS rJr±_H;edrfh&eftwGuf usm;/r
wef;wla&;ESifh w&m;r#wr_ &Sda&;wdk@&Sd&ef óud;yrf;apovdk jzpfapygonf?

15
od@k aomf Oya'ðyr_wiG f ygwt
D a&twGuf tvGerf sm;jcif;onf ygwyD rm%udk
usqif;aponft h wGuf trsK;d orD; ud,
k pf m;ðyr_ukd qef@usirf _ jzpfapygonf?
(ygwD yrm%wGif =unhfyg) ESifh§odk@r[kwf

(c) tv[\ jzpfoGm;&&onfhrJrsm; r&Sdatmif vkyfxm;ygonf?

Oyrm - udk,fpm;vS,fae&mwck &&eftwGuf trsm;pk a&G;aumuf
wifajr‡mufrp_ epfukd vdt k yfygonf? trsm;pk jzpf±x
kH ufyakd om rJrsm;twGuf
ygwD r sm;ud k tyd k q k a y;rnf r[k w f u m (tyd k r J r sm;onf tv[\
jzpf&ygonf?) tEkdif&ygwDxuf rJta&twGufenf;onhf ygwDonfvnf;
udk,fpm;ðycGifh vHk;0&rnf r[kwfyg (t"dy`m,frSm xkdygwDtwGuf&aom
rJrsm;rSmvnf; tv[\ jzpf&ygonf?) ygwrD sm;onf trmcH rJqEN&iS f
rsm;udkom ydkrdkI OD;pm;ay;vm=uum xdkolrsm;tjyifrS rJqEN&Sifrsm;udk
rJxnhf&ef yef=um;zdk@ óud;pm;onhf rufvHk;ay;r_rsKd; enf;vm=uygonf?
rJa&wGurf o_ nf aemufxyf ud, k pf m;vS,af e&m &&S&d eftwGuf jzpfEikd o
f nfh
pepfrsm;wGif ygwrD sm;onf c±dik af 'owGi;f &Sd rJqEN&iS t f m;vH;k udk olw@kd tm;
rJxnfh&ef yef=um;r_rsKd;udk ydkrdkvkyfvmEkdifygonf?

4.3 rJjym;ðyvkyxf m;onfh yHpk H (The ballot structure)

rJjym;ðyvkyfxm;onfh yHkpHonf rJqEN&Sifrsm;. a&G;cs,fr_rsm;udk
azmfjy&ef rnfo@kd ciG ðhf yonfukd owfrw S yf gonf? a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_
yHkpHrsm;onf ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;A[dkðy (Oyrm - yxr&ol tEkdifpepf
FPTP ) od k @ r[k w f ygwD A [d k ð ypepf (Oyrm - pm&if ; yd w f tcsKd ; us
uk d , f p m;ðyr_ p epf closed List PR systems) wd k @ jzpf e d k i f y gonf ?
ygwDA[dkðyonfh a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepfwGif cGJwrf;pepfrsm;udk
toH;k ðy&ef ydrk v kd ,
G u
f yl gonf? ygww D ckprD S a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufc&H onfh
uk d , f p m;vS , f a vmif ; rsm;tm; rJ q EN & S i f r sm;rS a&G ; aumuf y G J a e@wG i f
a&G;cs,fjcif;xuf trnfpm&if; wifoGif;csdefwGif oufqkdif&mygwDu
qkH;jzwfwifoGif;ay;&aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? odk@aomf rJqEN&Sifrsm;.
oabmqENonf trsK;d orD; ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;udk ydrk ókd uduEf pS o f uf
onfh/ rJqEN&Sifrsm;onf ygwDrsm;u vdkvm;onfxuf trsKd;orD;rsm;udk
ydkrdkvdkvm;onfh EdkifiHrsm;wGifrl ukd,fpm;vS,favmif; A[dkðypepfrsm;
(pm&if;zGifh tcsKd;uspepf tygt0if) u cGJwrf;pepfrsm; toHk;ðyr_ ygyg/
rygyg trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; a&G;cs,fr_udk ulnDyHhydk;ay;Edkifonf?

16
5/ a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufrI pepfrsm;ESihf cGw
J rf;pepfrsm; aygif;pyfr-
I &v'frsm;
,ckpmtkyw f iG f yl;wGyJ g&o dS nfh Z,m;uGuo f nf rnfonhcf w JG rf;pepfukd
rnfonhaf &G;aumuf wifajr‡mufonfh pepfatmufwiG f toH;k ðyvku d yf gu
rnf o nh f t usKd ; quf u d k ar#mf v if h E d k i f r nf u d k o±k y f a zmf j yay;jcif ; jzif h
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh pepftrsKd;rsKd;ESifh owfrSwfxm;aom cGJwrf;
pepfrsm; aygif;pyfjcif;wdk@. òcHiHkoHk;oyfr_ tjrifrsm;udk wifjyxm;onf?
oufqdkif&m aygif;pyfr_rsm;. E_dif;,SOf& atmifjrifr_ jzpfEdkifajcrsm;udk
ta&mifcs,frsm;jzifh jyoxm;onf?

tpdrf;a&mif - a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh pepfESifh cGJwrf;pepf

aygi;f pyfro _ nf jzpfEikd u
f m trsK;d orD; ud,
k pf m;ðyr_twGuf tusK;d jzpf
Edik af jc &So
d nf?

t0ga&mif - a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh pepfESifh cGJwrf;pepf

aygif;pyfr_onfjzpfedkifum tu,fI a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh
pepf§ cGJwrf;pepf aygif;pyfr_u owfrSwfxm;aom pHE_ef;rsm;udk
jynfhrDrnfqdkygu trsKd;orD; udk,fpm;ðyr_twGuf jzpfEdkifajc&Sdonf?

teDa&mif - a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh pepfESifh cGJwrf;pepf

aygif;pyfr_onf jzpfvnf; rjzpfEdkifovdk trsKd;orD; udk,fpm;ðyr_
wdk;wufvm&efvnf; jzpfEdkifajcr&Sdyg?

xdkòcHiHkoHk;oyfcsufrsm;onf aygif;pyfr_rsm; vufawG@wGif rnfokd@

tvkyv f yk o
f nfEiS hf ywfoufonhf vufawG@prf;oyf oufaojy xm;onhf
tcsuftvufrsm;xuf a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh pepfESifh cGJwrf;
pepfwdk@t=um; tjyeftvSef qufoG,fr_ jzpfpOfrsm;udk ydkrdk tav;
xm;xm;onf? xd@k a=umifh atmifjrifpmG toH;k ðyr_ukd azmfjy&ef rnfonhf
pm&if;Z,m; tcsut f vufrsm;udrk S ok@d r[kwf xdak bmiftwGi;f rS wjcm;
yrm%jy tcsuftvufrsm;udkrS qufpyfpOf;pm;&ef rjzpfEkdifay?
Z,m;onf trsK;d orD;rsm; Edik if aH &;wGif yg0ifr_ ta&twGuf jrifw h uf
vmapEdkifrnfh oD;oef@ a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh pepfESifh cGJwrf;
pepfw@kd . jzpfEikd af jc&Sad om aygi;f pyfr_ trsK;d rsK;d wd@k ukd o&kyaf zmfjy xm;onf?
tjzpfEkdifqHk; aygif;pyfr_rsm;udk tpdrf;a&mifESifh jyxm;onf? xdkodk@aom
aygif ; pyf r _ tawmf r sm;rsm;ud k owf r S w f a y; Ed k i f y gonf ? ‚if ; wd k @ .
atmufwGif trsKd;orD;rsm; a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcH&r_udk ydkrdkjzpfapEdkifonfh
aygif ; pyf r _ r sm;ES i f h tajctaersm;ud k atmuf y gtwd k i f ; tusOf ; csKyf
=unhfEdkifonf?6

17
5.1 taumif;qH;k tH0if*iG uf saom aygif;pyfrr+ sm; (Best-fit combinations)
'kwd, ae&mtqifh š csefvyfowfrSwfay;xm;aom ae&mrsm; -
trsK;d orD; ud,
k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm; twGuo f m jzpfaom ae&mtqifw h @kd
yg0ifonfh pepfrsm;
pepftm;vHk;onf &Sdae+yD; ae&mtqifhrsm;udk trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf
omjzpfonfh ae&mtqifrh sm;tjzpf ajymif;vJypfEikd o f nf od@k r[kwf trsK;d
orD;rsm;twGufom ae&mtqifhrsm;udk tvSnfhus xyfrHxnhfoGif;Ekdif
ygonf? ‚if;onf owfrw S af y;xm;aom cGw
J rf;twkid ;f trsK;d orD;rsm;udk
a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufEdkifap&ef tmrcHay;ygonf? xdkaygif;pyfr_. Oyrmwck
taejzifh - ygupPwef

tcsKd;us udk,fpm;ðyr_pm&if; pepfESifh ao;i,faom c±dkifa'orsm; š

trnfpm&if;wifoGif;r_ - ae&mcsr_ vkyfydkifcGifh§tqifhtwef; tpOf
pnf;rsO;f rsm;ESihf &mE_e;f xde;f nda‡ y;jcif;rsm; (Oyrm - zipper cGw J rf;pepf)
pm&if;rsm;onf tydwrf sm;jzpfygu xdak ygi;f pyfro _ nf tvkyjf zpfap&ef
tmrcHygonf? pm&if;rsm;onf tyGifhrsm;jzpfygu tpOfrsm; ajymif;vJ
ukeu f m }udKwifq;kH jzwf owfrw S x
f m;onhf tqift h wef;rsm;udk ysujf ym;
apEkid of nf? tcsK;d us uk, d pf m;ðyr_ pm&if;ESihf }u;D rm;aom c±kdiaf 'orsm;xuf
tcsKd ; us uk d , f p m;ðyr_ pm&if ; ES i f h ao;i,f a om c±k d i f a 'orsm;u
tusKd;oufa&mufrS tenf;i,f enf;Edkifajc&Sdygonf? tb,fa=umifh
qkdaomf ygwDyrm%onf ydki,fEdkifI trsKd;om;rsm;onf (‚if;wdk@onf
t+rJwrf; xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfygonf)? zipper cGJwrf;pepf
atmufwiG yf if ydrk I kd ta&G;cs,cf &H Edik af oma=umifh jzpfygonf? ‚if;udpu P kd
ygww D iG ;f Y pm&if;xJrS eHygwf 1 ae&mudk tcsK@d pm&if;rsm;wGif trsK;d orD;rsm;
tm;vnf;aumif;/ tcsKd@pm&if;rsm;wGif trsKd;om;rsm;tm; ay;jcif;
jzifv
h nf;aumif; tvSnu hf s ðyvkyaf y;jcif;jzifh udik wf ,G af jz&Si;f Edik yf gonf?
xdak ygi;f pyfr. _ Oyrm taejzifh - 'drk ed u D ef orRwEkid if EH iS hf tDauGa'g

tcsKd;usukd,fpm;ðyr_pm&if; pepfESifh }uD;rm;aom c±kdifa'orsm; š

trnfpm&if; wifoGif;jcif; - ae&mcsr_ vkyfydkifcGifh§tqifhtwef; tpOf
pnf;rsOf;rsm; rygaom &mE_ef;xdef;nd‡ay;jcif;rsm;
xdak ygi;f pyfro
_ nf trsK;d orD;rsm; ta&G;cs,cf &H Edik rf u
_ kd xifxif&mS ;&Sm;
wdk;wufapEdkifygonf? txl;ojzifh ygwDyrm%}uD;v#if jzpfygonf?
tb,fha=umifhqkdaomf pm&if;. atmufbufydkif;rS trsKd;orD;rsm;yif
ta&G;cs,fcH=u&aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? xdkaygif;pyfr_. Oyrmtaejzifh
- rufqD'kd;eD;,m

18
 tcsKd;us ukd,fpm;ðyr_pm&if; pepfESifh }uD;rm;aom c±k d ifa'orsm;š
trnfpm&if; wifoiG ;f jcif; - ae&mcsr_ vkyyf ikd cf iG §hf tqift h wef; tpOf
pnf;rsO;f rsm;ESihf &mE_e;f xde;f nda‡ y;jcif;rsm; (Oyrm - zipper cGw J rf;pepf)
pm&if;rsm;onf tydwfrsm;jzpfygu xdkaygif;pyfr_onf tvkyfjzpf
ap&ef tmrcH y gonf ? pm&if ; rsm;onf tyG i f h r sm;jzpf y gu tpOf r sm;
ajymif;vJukefum }udKwifqHk;jzwf owfrSwfxm;onhf tqifhtwef;
rsm;udk ysufjym;apEdkifonf? tcsKd;us ukd,fpm;ðyr_ pm&if;ESifh }uD;rm;aom
c&dkifa'orsm;xuf tcsKd;us ukd,fpm;ðyr_pm&if;ESifh ao;i,faom c±dkif
a'orsm;u tusKd ; ouf a &muf r S tenf ; i,f enf ; Ed k i f a jc&S d y gonf ?
tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf ygwDyrm%onf ydki,fEdkifI trsKd;om;rsm;onf
(‚if;wdk@onf t+rJwrf; xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfygonf? zipper
cG J w rf ; pepf atmuf w G i f y if yd k r d k I ta&G ; cs,f c H & Ed k i f a oma=umif h j zpf
ygonf ? xd k a ygif ; pyf r _ . Oyrmrsm; taejzif h - tm*sif w D ; em;/
b,fvf*sD,rf/ udkpfwm&DumESifh tD&wf (2005 a&G;aumufyGJ)

tpkta0;rJay;r_ (Block Vote – BV) š uef@owfrJay;r_ Limited

Vote – LV ESifh w}udrf ajymif;vJcGifh r&Sdaom rJay;r_ Single Non-
Transferable Vote (SNTV) š csefvSyfowfrSwfxm;aom ae&mrsm; -
taumif;qHk; t±_H;orm; pepf
vH k a vmuf a om trsKd ; orD ; ud k , f p m;vS , f a vmif ; r&S d c J h v #if y if
7
xdkpepfonf jzpfEdkifum tvkyfvnf;jzpfygvdrfhrnf? ‚if;onf +ydKifbuf
ygwDrsm;tm; rnfonfhae&mtwGufrS r±_H;ap&eftwGuf trsKd;orD;
ud k , f p m;vS , f a vmif ; rsm;tm; owf r S w f a y;&ef ruf v H k ; ud k a y;Ek d i f
ygonf? xdkaygif;pyfr_. Oyrm - a*smf'ef

ygwDpk rJay;r_ Party Block Vote (PBV) š trnfwifoGif;jcif; -

ae&mcs r_ v k y f y d k i f c G i f h § tqif h t wef ; tpOf pnf ; rsOf ; rsm; rygaom
&mE_ e f ; xd e f ; nd ‡ a y;jcif ; rsm;
rJta&twGuf trsm;qHk; &cJhygu pm&if;&Sd tm;vHk; ta&G;cs,f
cH&EdkifonfhtwGuf xdkaygif;pyfr_onf tvkyfjzpf&ef tmrcHygonf?
cGJwrf;pepf. oufa&mufr_udk avsmhusapEdkifaom vGwfvyfonfh
udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm; (woD;yk*~v udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;) rSm
ol w d k @ . tEd k i f & Ed k i f r _ o nf tvG e f e nf ; onf h t wG u f }uD ; rm;aom
yrm%txd tEdkif&Edkifr_awmh r&Sday? xdkaygif;pyfr_. Oyrmrsm; -
uif r &G e f ; (t}uD ; qH k ; ygwD 2 ck r S csrS w f o nh f rd r d o abmqEN t &
ðyvkyfaom ygwDcGJwrf;pepf) ESifh *sbl'D (Djibouti)

19
 ygwpD k rJay;r_ Party Block Vote (PBV) š trnfwifoiG ;f jcif; - ae&mcs
r_ v k y f y d k i f c G i f h § tqif h t wef ; tpOf pnf ; rsOf ; rsm;ES i f h &mE_ e f ;
xdef;nd‡ay;jcif;rsm;
rJ t a&twG u f trsm;qH k ; &cJ h y gu pm&if ; &S d tm;vH k ; ta&G ;
cs,f c H & Ek d i f o nf h t wG u f ae&mcsr_ vk y f y d k i f c G i f h § tqif h t wef ; tpOf
pnf;rsO;f rsm; r&Sv d #iv
f nf; xdak ygi;f pyfro
_ nf tvkyjf zpf&ef tmrcHygonf?

w}udrfajymif;vJcGifh&Sdaom rJay;r_ Single Transferable Vote (STV) š

csefvSyfowfrSwfxm;aom ae&mrsm; - taumif;qHk; t±_H;orm; pepf
xdak ygi;f pyfro
_ nf tpkta0;rJay;r_ (Block Vote – BV) / uef@owfrJ
ay;r_ Limited Vote – LV ESihf w}udrf ajymif;vJciG hf r&Sad om rJay;r_ Single
Non-Transferable Vote (SNTV) wdk@ pOf;pm;ouJhodk@yif jzpfedkifygonf?
trsKd;orD;rsm; a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcH&jcif; r&SdcJhbJ c±dkifa'owckpDwGif
csefvSyfowfrSwfxm;aom ae&mrsm;rSty tm;vHk; jynhfoGm;onhftcg
rJtrsm;qHk; tay;cH&onfh trsKd;orD;rsm;udk a&G;cs,f=uonf?

a&maESmtzGJ@0iftcsKd;us š csefvSyfowfrSwfae&mrsm; - trsKd;orD;

ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;twGufom tqifhae&m
xdkaygif;pyfr_onf owfrSwfay;xm;aom cGJwrf;twkdif; trsKd;orD;
rsm;udk a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufEdkifap&ef tmrcHay;ygonf?

bdk'g rJa&wGufr_ (Borda Count) š csefvSyfowfrSwfxm;aom

ae&mrsm; - taumif;qHk; t±_H;orm;pepf
xd k a ygif ; pyf r _ o nf tpk t a0;rJ a y;r_ (Block Vote – BV) /
uef@owfraJ y;r_ Limited Vote – LV w}udrf ajymif;vJciG hf r&Sad om rJay;r_
Single Non-Transferable Vote (SNTV) ESifh w}udrf ajymif;vJcGifh&Sdaom
rJay;r_ Single Transferable Vote (STV) wd@k wiG f pOf;pm;ovdyk if jzpfEikd af jc
&Sdygonf? odk@aomf tzGJ@0iftrsm; c±dkifa'orsm;wGifom jzpfygonf?

5 .2 aumif;rGepf mG tvkyjf zpfaomfvnf; txl;tm&Hpk ukd &f ef vdtk yfonfh tv,ftvwf tH0if*iG uf saom
aygif;pyfr+rsm;
oD ; oef @ ouf a &muf r _ ud e f ; &S i f r sm;tm; xnf h o G i f ; pOf ; pm;ygu
taumif;qH;k tH0if*iG u f saom aygi;f pyfrr_ sm; (Best-fit combinations)
tjyif tjcm;aygif;pyfr_ awmfawmfrsm;rsm;onfvnf; tqifhwcktxd
tvkyfjzpfEdkifygonf? xdktxJrS tcsKdŒudk atmufwGif azmfjyxm;onf?
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepf. enf;ynmydkif;t& cGJwrf;pepf pDpOfr_udk

20
ysufjy,foGm;atmif vkyfEdkifaoma=umifh trsKd;orD;rsm;. EkdifiHa&;wGif
yg0ifr_ jr‡iw hf ifjcif; &nf&, G cf suu f kd rxdcu dk af p&eftwGuf xdu k pd rP sm;onf
Oya'ðya&;wGif trsKd;orD;yg0ifr_ jrifhrm;a&; atmifjrifap&ef &nf&G,f
vkyaf qmifaeaom tpktzG@J qikd &f m yHak zmfo. l tao;pdwf tm&Hpk u kd rf u _ kd
vdktyfygonf?
xdu k pd . P OyrmwckrmS rnfonhcf w JG rf;pepfrS roH;k aom us,jf yef@onfh
c±dkifa'orsm;ESifh tcsKd;us ukd,fpm;ðypm&if; pepfjzpfonf? tcsKd;us
ud k , f p m;ðyr_ p m&if ; pepf r sm;onf trsKd ; orD ; rsm; trnf p m&if ;
wifoGif;cH&&ef rufvHk;rsm; ay;Edkifum rwlnDaom enf;vrf;rsm;rS
trsKd;orD;rsm; ta&G;cs,fcH&Edkifajcudk jr‡ifhwifay;onf? trsKd;orD;rsm;udk
vnf; trsKd;om;rsm;ESifhtwl trnfpm&if; wifoGif;EdkifonhftwGuf
vuf&t dS rsK;d om; ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk txl;rxdcu dk af pawmhyg? rJawmfawmf
rsm;rsm;onf ygwDtwGuf aemufxyf udk,fpm;vS,fae&m &&Sda&;odk@
a&S;&_oGm;=uonf? t"dy`m,frSm ygwDonf owfrSwfxm;onfh tydkifrJ
qEN&Sifrsm; tkyfpk. tjyifbufodk@xGufI rJqG,fr_ ðyvkyf&ef ta&;}uD;
ygonf[k qdv k jkd cif;jzpfonf? ygwrD sm;onf rsm;jym;vS+yD; ay:vpDt&vnf;
rwdrf;r,drf; &Sd=uaoma=umifh trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf r#wr_udk oabm
raygufaom ygwDrsm;onf rJqEN&Sifrsm;udk qHk;&_H;&onhf tE W&m,fESifh
&ifqidk &f wwfygonf? ygwyD rm%ESihf e,fajra'o }uD;rm;avav trsK;d
orD;rsm; ta&G;cs,cf &H Edik rf _ rsm;vmavav jzpfonf? od@k aomf cGw J rf;pepf
rsm; rygonhf tcsKd;us ukd,fpm;ðyr_ pm&if;udkyif toHk;ðyr_onfrl trsKd;
orD;rsm; udk,fpm;ðyr_ jrifhrm;vmrnf[k tmrrcHEkdifyg?
tjcm;Oyrmwck r S m “csef v S y f o wf r S w f x m;aom ae&mrsm;ES i f h
rnfonhpf epfrqdk (wEkid if v H ;kH twdik ;f twm e,fajra'owckEiS hf tcsK;d us
uk, d pf m;ðyr_pm&if; pepfrv S IJG ) - trsK;d orD; ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; twGuo f m
e,f a jra'otcsKd Œ ” ud k toH k ; ðyr_ jzpf y gonf ? xd k a ygif ; pyf r _ o nf
oDt&kd t D &om tvkyjf zpfI wu,f tusK;d jzpfxeG ;f ap&eftwGuf ‚if;onf
trsK;d orD;rsm;om a&G;aumufy0JG if&ef cGiðhf yaom yx0De,fajrrsm; vdt k yf
ygonf? ‚if;udk rnfonhaf &G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ e,fajrwGif toH;k ðyrnf[k
qH;k jzwf&ef cufcEJ ikd o f vdk rJqEN&iS rf sm;aum/ ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;rSyg
olw@kd . a&G;cs,rf _ od@k r[kwf Edik if aH &; vGwv f yfciG rhf sm;udk xdyg;cH&onf[k
cHpm;vm&Edkifygonf? c±dkifa'owckxJrS tcsdefwdkif;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;
csn;f a&G;aumufy0JG if&ef cGiðhf yxm;ovdk rjzpfap&eftwGuf xdu k o hJ @kd aom
c±dik af 'orsm;udk a&G;aumufyw JG ckeiS hf wck=um;wGif vSnv fh nfowfrw S Ef ikd f
ygonf? od@k aomf trsK;d orD;rsm;om a&G;aumufy0JG if&ef[k ajymif;vJowfrw S f
vk d u f o nf h e,f a jra'orsm;wG i f vuf & S d t rsKd ; om;rsm;ud k jyef v nf
,SOf+ydKifcGifh rðyawmhaoma=umifh a&G;aumufyGJ Oya'ðyr_wGif tjynfht0

21
ryg0if b J E S i f h y if v #if trsKd ; om;rsm;twG u f a&G ; cs,f c H o uf w rf ; ud k
uef@owfvdkufovdk tusKd;oufa&mufwwfygonf? xdktrsKd;om;rsm;udk
tjcm;e,fajrrsm;wGif ta&G;cs,cf cH iG hf ðycJv h #iv f nf; olw@k d. ae&mr[kwo f nfh
e,fajrpdrf;wckwGif ta&G;cH&jcif;jzpfaoma=umifh vufawG@wGifatmifjrif
tEkdif&Edkif&ef rjzpfEdkifoavmuf jzpf&ygonf?
tjcm;Oyrmrsm;rSm “t+ydKif okd@r[kwf tzGJ@0if a&maESmI tcsKd;us
pepfEiS hf trnfpm&if;wifoiG ;f r_rsm; - ae&mcsr_ vkyyf ikd cf iG §hf tqift h wef;
tpOf pnf;rsO;f rsm; rygaom &mE_e;f xde;f nda‡ y;jcif;rsm; od@k r[kwf ae&mcsr_
vkyyf ikd cf iG §hf tqift h wef;tpOf pnf;rsO;f rsm;ESihf &mE_e;f xde;f nda‡ y;jcif;rsm;
(Oyrm - zipper cGw J rf;pepf)” toH;k ðyr_ jzpfonf? xdck w JG rf;pepfrsm;onf
pepf. tcsKd;us ukd,fpm;ðypm&if; tydkif;twGufom tvkyfjzpfygonf
(tu,fI udpaP wmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif e,fajra'o. pepfrmS yxr&ol
tEd k i f p epf (FPTP) jzpf v #if - aoma=umif h ) ? cG J w rf ; pepf r sm;.
tusKd ; &S d r _ o nf pm&if ; . zG i f h j cif ; yd w f j cif ; wd k @ ES i f h ygwD . yrm%.
oufa&mufr&_ o dS nf? xyfajym&v#if pnf;rsO;f t& ygwyD rm% }uD;vmav/
trsKd;orD; udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;twGuf ydkrdkjzpfEdkifvmav jzpfonf?
Oyrm - tmar;eD;,m; (5 µ om csefvSyfowfrSwfxm;aomfvnf;)

5.3 rjzpfeikd af om odŒk r[kwf tvm;tvm raumif;aom aygif;pyfrr+ sm;

,ckpmtkyfY EdkifiHa&;wGif trsKd;orD;yg0ifcGifh jrifhrm;vmapa&;
atmifjrifap&ef rjzpfEikd af om od@k r[kwf jzpfEikd af jcenf;aom a&G;aumuf
wifajr‡mufr_ pepfrsm;ESihf cGw J rf;pepfrsm;. aygi;f pyfr_ 16 ckukd azmfjyxm;
onf? xdkpm&if;xJwGif azmfjyxm;aom trsKd;orD;rsm; EdkifiHa&;wGif
yg0if r _ u d k jr‡ i f h w if & ef &nf & G , f o nf h Ek d i f i H r sm;onf trsKd ; orD ; rsm;.
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_udk toHk;ðyaeaom a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_
pepfukd jyefvnfo;kH oyfjcif;tm;jzifv h nf;aumif; od@k r[kwf tvm;tvm
raumif;aom aygif;pyfr_ tqifhrS tjcm;acgif;pOfwckodk@ ajymif;vJoGm;
apEkid af om cGw J rf;pepfrsm;udk rdwq f ufay;jcif; od@k r[kwf jyefvnf pOf;pm;jcif;
tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; axmufcHyHhydk;ay;Edkifonf? ‚if;onf trsKd;orD;
udk,fpm;ðyr_udk jrifhrm;ap&HkwifrubJ a&G;aumufyGJ. &v'fudkvnf;
xifxif&Sm;&Sm; ajymif;vJoGm;apum tjcm;us,fjyef@aom EkdifiHa&;
ouf a &muf r _ r sm;ud k v nf ; jzpf a paoma=umif h jiif ; ck H p &mawmh
jzpfaeygonf? xd@k a=umifh a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepf. jzpfvmEdik af om
tajymif;tvJrsm;udk aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;xm;&ygrnf? ajymif;vJr_
twGuf EkdifiHa&;pdwfxm;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJ tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh Oya'ðyr_
tydik ;f wd@k tay:wGif tqifoifjh zpfr_ &S&d ygrnf? xyfrI H ajymif;vJrt_ ay:wGif
oufqkdifaom t"du tiftm;pkkrsm;rS axmufcHr_ &Sd&ygrnf?

22
5.4 Z,m;. tcsKyf
rnf o nh f a&G ; aumuf w if a jr‡ m uf r _ pepf u rS rJ q EN r sm;ud k
ud k , f p m;vS , f ae&mrsm;tjzpf trS D t ck d uif ; onf h enf ; vrf ; jzif h
ajymif;vJay;onf r[kwfay? rnfonhf a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ yHkpHudk
oH k ; onf j zpf a p ‚if ; wG i f trsKd ; orD ; ud k , f p m;ðyr_ t qif h tygt0if
uGjJ ym;aom Edik if aH &;oufa&mufr_ trsm;tjym; &Sw d wfygonf? cGw J rf;pepf
rygbJ rl&if;twkdif;oHk;aom us,fjyef@aom e,fajra'orS tcsKd;us
ud k , f p m;ðypm&if ; pepf r sm;onf trsKd ; orD ; rsm; ta&G ; cs,f c H & r_ .
aumif;rGefaom tajctaeudk zefwD;ay;um tzGJ@0ifwOD; e,fajra'o
pepfrsm;onf trsK;d orD; ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;twGuf twm;tqD;rsm;udk
jzpfapygonf?
xdok @kd jzpfaom tcsK;d us ud, k pf m;vS,pf m&if; pepf. aumif;usK;d rsm;
twG u f ta=umif ; jycsuf t csKd Œ rS m (u) ‚if ; onf tzG J @ 0if t rsm;
c±dik af 'orsm;udk t+rJtoH;k ðywwfjcif;/ (c) tcsK;d us ud, k pf m;vS,pf m&if;
pepfatmufrS a&G;aumufyrJG sm;rS &&Sad om ygwyD rm%rsm;onf t+rJwrf;
}uD;rm;wwf=ujcif;wd@k jzpfygonf? odŒk aomf tcsK;d us uk, d pf m;vS,pf m&if;
pepfonfom cGJwrf;pepfudk tusKd;&SdpGm taumiftxnfazmfEdkifjcif;
tajccHaumif;udk ay;Edkifonfh wckwnf;aom pepf r[kwfyg? c±dkifa'o
us,Ef iS hf tjcm;pepfrsm;ESihf ygwAD [dðk yrJay;pepf Oyrm - PBV vdrk sK;d wdŒk
onfvnf; trsKd;orD;rsm; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_udk jr‡ifhwifEdkif&ef
tusKd;&Sd=uygonf?
cGJwrf;pepf azmfaqmifr_udk ydkrdkcufcJatmif ðyvkyfaom a&G;aumuf
wif a jr‡ m uf o nh f pepf r sm;rS m ud k , f p m;vS , f A [d k ð y rJ a y;pepf E S i f h
ao;i,faom a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonhf c±dik ef ,fajrrsm;/ A[kcd sKyfuikd rf _
r&Sad om trnf wifoiG ;f onfh vkyef nf;vky[ f ef (tcef;cJG 6²5 udk =unhyf g)
wdk@udk toHk;ðyaom pepfrsm;ESifh ygwDyrm%i,f &v'fudk &apaom
pepfrsm; Oyrm - FPTP, TRS ESihf AV wd@k jzpfonf? STV vdrk sK;d tcsK;d uspepf
rsm;onfyifv#if udk,fpm;vS,favmif; A[dkðypepf jzpfaoma=umifh
tcsKd@cGJwrf;pepfrsm;ESifh aygif;pyf&cufcJygonf?
ud k , f p m;vS , f a vmif ; trnf w if o G i f ; r_ vk y f i ef ; pOf w G i f
cGJwrf;pepfrsm;udk toHk;ðyonhftcg (&mE_ef;owfrSwfjcif; odk@r[kwf
ta&twGuf owfrSwfjcif; odk@r[kwf tqifhtwef;tpOf pnf;rsOf;)
cGJwrf;rsm;onf woD;yk*~v udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;twGuf toHk;ðyI
r&aoma=umif h xd k o d k @ woD ; yk * ~ v ud k , f p m;vS , f a vmif ; rsm;
rsm;pGm&Sdaejcif;onfh vufawG@wGif cGJwrf;pepfudk tusKd;oufa&mufr_
enf ; apygonf ? woD ; yk * ~ v ud k , f p m;vS , f a vmif ; ta&twG u f
tenf;i,fom&Sdjcif;ESifh tqifhtwef;tpOf pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk toHk;ðyjcif;

23
(Oyrm - zipper cGJwrf;pepfrsm;) wdk@onf cGJwrf;pepfrsm;u owfrSwfxm;
aom trsK;d orD; ta&twGut f wkid ;f a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufEikd af ponf? od@k aomf
udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;. tqifhtwef;udk rJqEN&Sifrsm;rS a&G;aumufyGJ
ae@wiG f qH;k jzwfay;jcif;jzpfojzifh uk,d pf m;vS,af vmif; A[kðd ypepf tawmfrsm;
rsm;onf tqifhtwef; }udKwifqHk;jzwfr_udk cGifhrðyay?
taumif;qHk; t±_H;orm;pepfonf trsKd;orD;rsm; ta&G;cs,fcH&Edkif&ef
tmrcHEikd yf gonf? (tu,fI uk, d pf m;vS,af vmif; ta&twGuf vHak vmuf
pGm &SdcJhv#ifESifh c±dkifa'owckpDwGif wOD;xufydkI a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcJhv#if)
odk@aomf ydkenf;aom rJta&twGufom&onfh tcsKdŒukd,fpm;vS,favmif;
rsm;onf ydrk sm;aom rJta&twGu&f onfh tjcm;ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;udk
ausmfwufoGm;EdkifonfhtwGuf xdkpepfonf jiif;cHkp&m jzpfaeEdkifygonf?
ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif; A[dðk ypepfrsm;wGif oDt&kd t d & taumif;qH;k t±_;H orm;
pepfonf trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf ae&mrsm;udk ygwDwckrS aemufwckodk@
a&$@Iyif oGm;apEdkifygonf? xdkudpPonf Oya'ðyv$wfawmf. zGJ@pnf;yHkudk
oufa&mufapedik af oma=umifh xdpk epfonf jiif;cHpk &m jzpfaeEkid yf gao;onf?
usm;/ r wef;wla&; tajccHay:wGif udk,fpm;vS,favmif;wOD;udk ay;onfh
óud u f E S p f o uf r _ o nf trnf p m&if ; wif o G i f ; r_ w G i f cG J w rf ; pepf r sm;ud k
toHk;ðyvkdufonhftcg jzpfvmonhf óudufESpfoufr_xuf ydkrdkxif&Sm;onhf
twGuf xdkcGJwrf;pepf toHk;ðyjcif;onf tjcm;yHkpHudk toHk;ðyjcif;xuf ydkI
cufcJEdkifygonf?
tm;vHk;taejzifhqdkv#if tusKd;t&SdqHk; jzpfEdkifonfh cJGwrf;pepfrsm;onf
udk,fpm;vS,favmif; trnfwifoGif;jcif; vkyfief;pOfudk ypfrSwfxm;onfh
cGw
J rf;pepfrsm;xuf &v'fukd ypfrw S x f m;onhf cGw J rf;pepfrsm; jzpfaeaomfvnf;
&v'ftajcðyrsm;onf tcsKd@EkdifiHrsm;wGif tvGefjiif;cHkp&m jzpfaeonhf
twGuf trnfwifoiG ;f jcif;udk t"duxm;onfh cGw J rf;pepfrsm;udk toH;k ðyae
&qJ jzpfygonf? a&G;cs,rf o _ nf tusK;d &Sad omfvnf; jiif;cH&k onfh cGw J rf;pepf
rsm;uwzuf/ tusKd;&Sdr_ enf;aomfvnf; jiif;cHk&r_vnf; enf;onfh cGJwrf;
pepfrsm;uwbuf =um;xJwGif &Sdaeygonf?
aemufq;kH jzpfaomfvnf; ta&;}uD;onfw h csurf mS pdw0f ifpm;p&mvnf;
aumif;vSygonf? ‚if;rSm rjzpfEikd af om a&G;aumufwifajrm‡ ufrp_ epf qdo k nfrmS
r&Sb d J trsK;d orD;rsm;twGuf tvm;tvm raumif;yg[k t+rpJ Of;pm;jzpfcahJ om
pepfrsm;atmufwGifyif cGJwrf;pepf. Tajzudk yHkazmf&ef jzpfEdkifonfudk
rSwfom;&jcif; jzpfygonf?

24
6/ trsKd;orD;rsm;\ uk,
d pf m;ûyrItay:wGif oufa&mufapaom tjcm; ajymif;vJrI ude;f &Sirf sm;
toH;k ðyaom a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepftjyif a,bk,stm;jzifh
trsKd;orD;rsm; udk,fpm;ðyr_ESifh cGJwrf;pepf. tusKd;oufa&mufr_udk
twd t us ouf a &muf a pEd k i f a om tjcm;ud e f ; &S i f trsKd ; rsKd ; vnf ;
&Sdygao;onf? atmufygwdk@onf pOf;pm;&ef t"duudpPrsm; jzpfygonf?

6.1 touf0ifEikd rf +
txuf w G i f azmf j yxm;ovd k y if cG J w rf ; pepf r sm;onf touf
wu,f 0 if E k d i f r S o m tusKd ; ouf a &muf r _ & S d a om ud & d , mrsm;tjzpf
tmrcHcsufay;Edkifum ,SOf+ydKifaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS wu,ftoHk;
ðy=urnfjzpfonf? cGJwrf;pepfrsm;udk aemufqufwGJ wu,ftoHk;ðyr_udk
aocsmap&ef Oya't& csw d q
f ufxm;r_ukd w&m;0if vdt k yfum (Oya'ðyr_
od@k r[kwf zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya't& owfrw S xf m; aom cGw J rf;pepfrsK;d )
a&G;aumufyJG tkycf sKyfa&;tzG@J Electoral Management Body (EMB) vdrk sK;d .
}uD ; =uyf a pmif h = unh f r _ r sKd ; vnf ; vk d t yf y gonf ? xd k @ tjyif Oya'
twnfðyxm;r_atmufwGif rvdkufemr_rsm;udk aemufqufwGJ qufvuf
ta&;,loGm;&efrSmvnf; ta&;}uD;um ‚if;onf ygwDrsm; twGuf
wu,fhvdkufem&rnfh udpPwcktjzpf &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; jzpfae&rnf?
tcsKd @ Ed k i f i H r sm;eS i f h tajctaersm;wG i f rd r d o abmt& ðyvk y f a om
cGw
J rf;pepfrsm; od@k r[kwf twnfðyr_/ ta&;,lr_ r&Sad om Oya'ðyr_ cGw J rf;
pepfrsm;rSvnf; cyfqifqif &v'frsm;&&Sd&ef jzpfEdkifygonf? (Oyrm -
tif'dkeD;&Sm;wGif ðyvkyfaom olwdk@. udk,fpm;vS,favmif;pm&if;wGif
trsK;d orD;rsm; tenf;qH;k 30 µ yg0ifae&ef qENukd &ifxYJ t+rJ&adS e&rnf[k
wdkufwGef;onhf “'Gd[cGJwrf;” maybe-quota vdkrsKd; jzpfonf) ? odk@aomf
tusKd ; ouf a &muf r _ o nf ygwD w ck c sif ; pD . pd w f q EN t ay:wG i f o m
wnfru DS m a&G;aumufyw JG ckEiS hf wckt=um;wGif xdpk w
d q
f ENonf ajymif;vJ
oGm;Edkifonf?

62. a&G;aumufyJG tkycf sKyfa&;tzGJ h Electoral Management Body (EMB) .

t&nftaoG;
EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepfESifh ‚if;atmufrS
rdrdoabmt&aum Oya'&yg toHk;ðy&rnfh cGJwrf;pepfrsm;udk today;
Edik &f eftwGuf u|r;f usirf &_ adS om a&G;aumufyJG tkycf sKyfa&;tzG@J wck vdt
k yf
ygonf? xdk@xufyif EMB onf cGJwrf;pepfudk }uD;=uyftkyfcsKyf&ef
t&nftcsif;ESifh qENvnf; vdktyfygonf? tu,fI rvdkufemygu
ta&;,ltjypfay;r_rsm;udk vdktyfovdk ðyvkyf&ef vdkonf?

25
6.3 ,Ofaus;r+qikd &f m tcsuftvufrsm;ESihf rJqEN&iS rf sm;. }udKufEpS of ufr+
trsKd;orD; udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;tay:wGif xm;aom rJqEN&Sif
rsm;. oabmxm;vnf; xdt k rsK;d orD;rsm; ta&G;cs,cf &H &ef jzpfeikd af jcudk
oufa&mufr_ &Sdygonf? txl;ojzifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif; A[kdðypepf
rsKd;wGif jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif rJqG,fr_twGuf vkdtyfaom t&if;tjrpf
rsm;ESihf vlxrk 'D ,
D mod@k xd;k azmufEidk rf u
_ vnf; ud,
k pf m;vS,af vmif;tjzpf
0if a &muf , S O f + yd K if a om trsKd ; orD ; rsm;. atmif j rif r _ t ay:wG i f
v$rf;rdk;r_&Sdonf?8

6. 4 ar#mfreS ;f jzpfcsifol
trsKd;orD; trwfrsm;tjzpf ar#mfrSef;jzpfcsifoludk EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS
&&SdEdkif&ef/ owfrSwf&SmazGEdkif&efESifh avhusifhay;Edkif&ef vdktyfygonf?
trsKd;orD;rsm; olwdk@bmomolwdk@ ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;tjzpf trnf
pm&if; wifoiG ;f vm&ef od@k r[kwf twifoiG ;f cHEikd v
f map&ef olw@kd twGuf
vkycf sivf maprnfh rufv;kH rsm; zefw;D ay;&efvnf; ta&;}u;D ygonf?Edik if aH &;
ygwDrsm;onf xdkodk @ar#mfrSef;jzpfcsifolrsm;udk ulnDaxmufyHhay;&efESifh
xufjrufaom trsKd;orD;rsm;udk &SmazG&efwdk@wGif ta&;}uD;aom tcef;
u¾rS yg0ifvm=u&onf?

6.5 A [kxd ed ;f csKyfr&+ adS om§ A [kxd ed ;f csKyfr+ r&Sad om trnfpm&if; wifoiG ;f onfh vkyef nf;vky[f efrsm;
udk,fpm;vS,favmif; trnfpm&if; wifoGif;onfh vkyfenf;vkyf[ef
rsm;onf ygwDwGif; pnf;rsOf;xdef;nd‡r_rsm;eSifh w&m;0if ðyvkyfxm;aom
cJGwrf;pepfrsm;. tusKd;&Sdr_udk oufa&mufapygonf? wzufwGifvnf;
A[kdxdef;csKyfr_&Sdaom trnfpm&if; wifoGif;onfh vkyfenf;vkyf[efonf
a'ocHygwD&Hk;cGJrsm; wckcsif;pDudk &Sif;jyajymqdkraeawmhbJ ygwDudk,fpm;
vS,favmif; pm&if;. zGJ@pnf;r_ESifh ywfoufI qHk;jzwfEdkifaoma=umifh
ydkrdkjrefqef vG,fulapygonf? tjcm;wzufwGifvnf; xdkvkyf[efonf
atmufajctqifh/ a'otqifhwGif wufºuGaom trsKd;orD;rsm;udk
A[kt d qifrh S rod&EdS ikd o
f nft
h wGuf Edik if aH wmftqifh trnfpm&if;wifoiG ;f
&efudk tcuftcJ jzpfapygonf? udk,fpm;vS,favmif; trnfpm&if;
wifoGif;jcif;udk ygwDacgif;aqmifodk@ ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh yk*~dKvfa&;
xdawG@qufqHr_tay: tajccHxm;onhf vlwpkrS A[kdcsKyfudkifr_usus
ðyvkyfonfh tcgrsKd;wGif xdkodkŒaom qdk;usKd;rsKd;udk twdtusawG@&onf?
aus;vuf a 'orsm;rS trsKd ; orD ; rsm;onf ygwD a cgif ; aqmif r sm;ES i f h
qufo, G af &; aumif;aumif;&SEd ikd &f ef rvG,u f v
l b
S J tusK;d quftaejzifh
olwdk@tm; trnfpm&if; wifoGif;jcif; rcH&jcif;yif jzpfygonf?

26
 7?? ed*;kH csKyfEiS hf tBuHûycsufrsm;
,ckpmtkyfwGif a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfrsm;eSifh cGJwrf;pepfrsm;
t=um; quf o G , f r _ u d k jyoxm;um rnf o nh f aygif ; pyf r _ o nf
trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf tvm;tvmaumif;onf/ rnfonhf aygif;pyfr_
rsm;onf tusKd;r&SdEdkif qdkonfwdk@udkvnf; o&kyfazmfjyay;xm;onf?
okd@aomf a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfrsm;ESifh cGJwrf;pepfrsm;t=um;
qufoG,fr_qdkif&m pOf;pm;csufonf udk,fpm;ðyr_ jrifhwufvmap&ef
qEN&adS eonfh vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f rS rnfonhf tkypf w k iG rf qdk toH;k ðyEkid f
ygonf? Oyrm - wdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pkvdkrsKd; jzpfonf? a&G;aumuf
wifajr‡mufr_ tpktzGJ@rsm;udk yHkazmfonfhtcg xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&ef
tjcm;oufa&mufr_rsm;vnf; rsm;pGm&Sdaeao;aoma=umifh xdkpOf;pm;
csuo f nf rnfonfh a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfrsm;ESihf cGw J rf;pepf rsm;udk
a&G;cs,f&rnf[laom ed*Hk;csKyfcsufrsKd;udkrl ay;Edkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay?
od k @ aomf ,ck p mtk y f o nf wu,f } uH K awG @ vm&rnf h ud e f ; &S i f r sm;/
ðyvky&f rnfh a&G;cs,rf r_ sm;ESihf xdak &G;cs,rf r_ sm;rS trsK;d orD;rsm; ud, k pf m;ðyr_
tay:od@k &Sv d mEdik af om oufa&mufrr_ sm;ESihf ywfoufI ydrk o kd &d v dS map&ef
pGrf;aqmifay; Edkifvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhrdygonf?
t+rJwrf;vdkyif wdkif;jynf. tajctaeudkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;
&rnfjzpfonf? vdt k yfaom pnf;rsO;f rsm;udk csrw S &f ef ðyvkyw f idk ;f rwlaom
t&mrsm; tcsif;csif; jznfhqnf;vkyfaqmifvmEdkifum [muGufrsm;/
yÉdyuQrsm;udk a&Smif&mS ;Edik rf nfh enf;vrf;rsm; &&Sv d mEdik af p&ef tm;vH;k udk
òcHiakH om tjrif&o dS ihof nf? xd@k tjyif Oya'ðyr_wiG f trsK;d orD;rsm; yg0ifr_
twGuf uk, d pf m;ðyEdik rf u_ kd jr‡iw
hf ifay;Edik &f eftwGuf óud;pm;onht f cgwiG f
xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;&ef tjcm;Oya'rsm;ESihf tajctaeqdik &f m tcsut f vuf
rsm;vnf; trSefyif &Sdygao;onf?
wifjycJo h vdyk if a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfrsm;eSihf cGw J rf;pepfrsm;.
rwlaom aygif;pyfr_rsm;onf tvkyfvkyf&mwGifvnf; vHk;0rwl=uay?
xdk@a=umifh &Sif;vif;aom ed*Hk;csKyfcsufwckrSm “toHk;ðyrnfh a&G;aumuf
wifajr‡mufr_ pepfEiS hf cGw J rf;pepfukd oD;jcm;pD rpOf;pm;bJ yl;wGI J pOf;pm;
&rnf” [k jzpfonf?
tjcm;Ed k i f i H r sm;. tawG @ t}uH K rsm;ES i f h § od k @ r[k w f &S d a eaom
pmayrsm;rS wdkuf&dkufxkwf ,lxm;onhf ajz&Sif;enf;rsm;onf pOf;pm;
aeaom EdkifiHtwGuf taumif;qHk;rsm; jzpfcsifrSjzpfrnf jzpfaoma=umifh
xdt k &mrsm;a=umifh tpktzG@J pnf;rsO;f ponfw@kd ukd yHak zmfcsrw S &f rnfo h rl mS
csKyf c s,f x m;ovd k rcH p m;&apoih f o nf r S m vnf ; ta&;}uD ; a=umif ;
wifjycsifygonf? a&G;aumufwif ajr‡mufr_ pepfrsm;eSifh cGJwrf;pepfrsm;
2 ckpvH;k udk ‚if;wd@k tm; taumiftxnfazmfrnfh oD;oef@ tajctaeeSihf
udkufnD&ef jyifqifwnf;jzwfr_rsm; ðyvkyfEdkifygonf?

27
 a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ tpktzGJ@pnf;rsOf;rsm; yHkazmfcsrSwf&mwGif
vuf & S d j y\emud k us,f u s,f j yef @ jyef @ em;vnf r _ &&S d e d i f & ef t wG u f
aqG;aEG;jcif;/ yHkpHxkwfjcif;ESifh taumiftxnfazmfjcif; tqifhqifhwGif
oufqkdifolrsm; rsm;Edkifor# rsm;rsm;yg0ifvmEdkifap&ef t}uHðyvdkygonf?
okd@rSom csrSwfay;xm;aom yHhydk;r_rsm;twGuf w&m;0if jzpfEdkifajc
t&SdqHk;udk &&SdEdkifygvdrhfrnf?
aemuf q H k ; taejzif h usm;/r wef ; wl a &; cG J w rf ; pepf r sm;onf
EdkifiHa&;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm; yg0ifr_udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jr‡ifhwifay;Edkifrnf
jzpfaomfvnf; pdwfxJwGif wckrSwfom;xm;&efrSm cGJwrf;pepfrsm;onf
wcgw&HwiG f trsK;d orD; ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm; trnfpm&if; wifoiG ;f
&mwG i f tuef @ towf w ck v d k jzpf j zpf o G m ;wwf y gonf ? Oyrm -
uk d , f p m;vS , f a vmif ; 30 &mE_ e f ; onf trsKd ; orD ; rsm;jzpf & rnf [ k
owf r S w f x m;aom cG J w rf ; pepf o nf xd k x uf y d k a om trnf p m&if ;
wif o G i f ; r_ &mE_ e f ; ud k r&&S d a pEk d i f & ef jzpf o G m ;apum trsKd ; orD ; rsm;
Edik if aH &;wGif yg0ifru_ kd tjrifq h ;kH abmifwcktaejzifh uef@owfvu kd o
f vdk
oufa&mufoGm;wwfygonf? trsKd;orD; ukd,fpm;ðyr_udk jrifhwufvm
ap&eftwGuf wcsdefwnf;rSmyif rwlaom tcsuftvuf rsufESmpm
rsm;pGmwd@k tay:wGif vkyaf qmif&ef ta&;}uD;um a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_
pepfrsm;eSihf cGw J rf;pepfrsm;wd@k onf ‚if;wd@k txJrmS 2 ckr#om jzpfygonf?

28
8?? rSwpf rk sm;
1? EdkifiHwum ygvDrefrsm;or*~ (Inter-Parliamentary Union)
0bfq'kd uf kd =unhyf g?
<http://www.ipu.org>
2? Ibid
3? a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;qdik &f m cGw J rf;pepf qdo k nfrmS PR pepf&dS
a&G ; aumuf w if a jr‡ m uf r nf h c±d k i f a 'o twd t uswG i f ygwD
od@k r[kwf ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif; wOD;twGuf ae&mwck tEdik &f &ef
tmrcH a y;aom rJ t a&twG u f u d k &nf n $ e f ; ygonf ? toH k ;
rsm;aom ude;f &Sif 3 ck &Syd gonf - Hare, Droop ESifh (or
Hagenbach-Bischoff) Imperiali wd@k jzpfygonf?
4? MMP pepftcsK@d wiG f Oya'ðyr_twGuf ae&mta&twGuf pkpak ygi;f
twd t usud k a&G ; aumuf y G J + yD ; onf t xd rqH k ; jzwf a y;yg?
EkdifiHtcsKd@wGif Oya'ðyr_. t&G,ftpm;onf vlOD;a& yrm%ESifh
vku d If ajymif;vJwwfonf? xdu k pd rP sm;wGif cGw
J rf;pepfukd yHak zmf
&mY &mckdifE_ef; oabmwljcif;ESifh ae&mrsm; csefvSyfowfrSwf
jcif;wdk@ t=um;wGif trSefwu,f uGm[r_ &Sdaewwfygonf?
5? “ygvDrefwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;yg0ifr_/ udef;*%ef;rsm; tvGef”
(“Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers”) jyefvnfwnf;
jzwfjcif; (Stockholm: International IDEA, 2005) wGif
=unh&f ef - Matland, Richard E. . “trsK;d orD;rsm; Edik if aH &;wGif
yg0ifr_udk jr‡ifhwifjcif; - Oya't& vlpkjcif;ESifh a&G;aumufwif
ajr‡mufr_ pepfrsm;” “Enhancing Women’s Political
Participation: Legislative Recruitment and Electoral
Systems”, pmtky. f tcef; 3/ pmrsuEf mS 99 - 110/ Sineau,
Mariette . “jyifopftawG@t}uHK - ygwu D kd tom;usatmif
zG@Jpnf;jcif;” “The French Experience: Institutionalizing Parity”
jzpf&yfavhvmr_/ pmrsuef mS 24 - 63/ ESihf Meintjes, Sheila .
“udef;*%ef;rsm; tvGefrS awmiftmz&du” “South Africa:
Beyond Numbers” jzpf&yfavhvmr_/ pmrsuef mS - 462?
6? ay;xm;aom EdkifiHOyrmrsm;onf 2006 ck 'DZifbmvtxd
&&S d x m;aom owif ; tcsuf t vuf r sm; tay:wG i f tajccH
xm;ygonf?
7? trsK;d orD;rsm;twGuf r[kwaf omfvnf; ygvufpwdik ;f ESihf arm&pf&S
Edik if w
H @kd wiG f ud,
k pf m;ðycGiehf rd ahf om tkypf rk sm;twGuf toH;k ðyonf?
8? Ballington, Julie . “EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. &HyHkaiGwGif usm;/ r
wef;wla&;” “Gender Equality in Political Party Funding”

29
“Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESihf a&G;aumufyJG rJq,
G pf nf;&H;k r_rsm;twGuf &efyakH iG
in Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns (Stockholm:
International IDEA, 4336)˜ tcef; 9/ pmrsuEf mS 157 - 67?

30
9/ xyfraH vhvm zwfp&mrsm;
International IDEA rS xkwaf om pmtkyrf sm;
xkwfa0aom pmtkyfrsm;udk pmtkyfrSm&ef odk@r[kwf tcrJh a'gif;vkwf
vkyf,lEdkif&ef tGefvdkif;wGif &SmazGawG@&Sdedkifygonf?
(1) <http://www.idea.int/publications/browse/gender.cfm>

• Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers. A Revised

Edition, 2006
English
“ygvD r ef w G i f trsKd ; orD ; rsm;yg0if r _ / ud e f ; *%ef ; rsm; tvG e f ”
jyefvnfwnf;jzwfjcif;/ 2006
t*Fvyd f

• Building Democracy in Egypt: Women’s Political

Participation, Political Party Life and Democratic
Elections
English, Arabic
tD*spwf iG f 'Drukd a&pDwnfaqmufjcif; - trsK;d orD;rsm; Edik if aH &;wGif
yg0ifr_/ EdkifiHa&;ygwD b0ESifh 'Drdku&ufwpf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;/
t*Fvyd /f tm&yf

• Building Democracy in Jordan: Women’s Political

Participation,Political Party Life and Democratic Elections
English, Arabic
a*sm'f efwiG f 'Dru
kd a&pDwnfaqmufjcif; - trsK;d orD;rsm; Edik if aH &;wGif
yg0ifr_/ EdkifiHa&;ygwD b0ESifh 'Drdku&ufwpf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;/
t*Fvyd /f tm&yf

• Building Democracy in Yemen: Women’s Political

Participation,Political Party Life and Democratic Elections
English, Arabic
,DrifwGif 'Drdkua&pDwnfaqmufjcif; - trsKd;orD;rsm;EdkifiHa&;wGif
yg0ifr_/ EdkifiHa&;ygwD b0ESifh 'Drdku&ufwpf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;/
t*Fvyd /f tm&yf

• Cuotas de género: democracia y representación

Spanish
(pyde)f

31
• Strengthening Women’s Political Participation in Indonesia
English, Bahasa
tif'dkeD;&Sm;. trsKd;orD;rsm;EdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifr_udk tm;aumif;
atmif ðyvkyfjcif;
t*Fvdyf/ b[mqm (tif'kdeD;&Sm;bmom)

• La concepción del poder desde las mujeres

Spanish
(pydef)

• The Implementation of Quotas: African Experiences

English
“cGw
J rf;pepf taumiftxnfazmfjcif; - tmz&du tawG@t}uHK”
t*Fvyd f

• The Implementation of Quotas: Asian Experiences

English
“cGJwrf;pepftaumiftxnfazmfjcif; - tm&S tawG@t}uHK”
t*Fvyd f

• The Implementation of Quotas: European Experiences

English
“cGw
J rf;pepf taumiftxnfazmfjcif; - Oa&my tawG@t}uHK”
t*Fvyd f

• The Implementation of Quotas: Latin American Experiences

English, Spanish
“cGw
J rf;pepf taumiftxnfazmfjcif; - vufwiftar&du tawG@t}uKH ”
t*Fvyd /f pydef

• Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers (200/ edition)

English, French, Russian, Spanish
“ygvrD efwiG f trsK;d orD;rsm; yg0ifr/_ ude;f *%ef;rsm; tvGe”f (200§ wnf;jzwf
xkwaf 0jcif;)
t*Fvyd /f jyifopf/ &S&mk ;/ pydef

• Mujer, Partidos Políticosy Reforma Electoral

Spanish
(pydef)

32
(2) <http://www.idea.int/publications/browse/electoral.cfm>

• Electoral System Design: The New International IDEA

Handbook (2005 edition)
English, Nepali, Spanish
“a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;pepf yHpk H - New International IDEA
vufpGJpmtkyf” (2005 wnf;jzwfxkwfa0jcif;)
t*Fvyd /f eDayg/ pydef

• Sistema Electoral
Spanish
(pydef)

• Electoral System Design (2002 edition)

English, Arabic, Burmese, French, Spanish
“a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;pepf yHpk ”H (2002 wnf;jzwfxw
k af 0jcif;)

• Sistemas electorales y reforma electoral: una introducción

Spanish
(pydef)

A collection of essays§study papers by other authors is available at

pma&;ol. tufaq;rsm;§avhvma&;pmwrf;rsm; pkpnf;xm;r_ - Tae&mwGif
&Edkifonf?
<http://www.quotaproject.org>
(International IDEA and Stockholm wuUov
kd )f

aus;Zl;wifvTm
Tpmtkyf jyifqifxkwfa0a&;twGuf tbufbufrS ulnDay;cJh=uol
tm;vH k ; ud k txl ; aus;Zl ; wif & S d y gonf ? ‚if ; wd k @ rS m Armineh
Arakelian; Andrew Ellis; Camilla Hansson; Mélida
Jiménez; Eve Johansson; Carlos Navarro; Anh
Nguyen; ES i f h Kristen Sample wd k @ jzpf y gonf ? International
IDEA . yHkESdyfxkwfa0a&; refae*sm Florencia Enghel udkvnf;
txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf?

33
 10/ pum;vH;k t"dymÜ ,frsm;
tjcm;enf;rJay;r_ Alternative Vote (AV) : tzG@J 0ifwOD; c&kid af 'owGif
toHk;ðyaom ukd,fpm;vS,favmif; A[dkðypepf/ }udKufESpfoufr_jy trsm;pk
a&G;cs,w f ifajrm‡ ufr_ pepfjzpfum xkpd epfwiG f rJay;olrsm;onf rJjym;rsm;ay:wGif
olwdk@. }udKufESpfoufr_udk eHygwfrsm;toHk;ðyI rSwfom;ay;&ygonf?
tusK;H 0ifaom yxr }uKd uEf pS o f ufrj_ y rJrsm;. vH;k 0O\Hk trsm;pk (50µ š 1)
&&Sdolonf tEdkif&ol[k a=unmcH&rnfjzpfonf? tu,fI rnfonhf
ud,k pf m;vS,u f r# yxrtqifh }udKufEpS o f ufrj_ y rJrsm;. vH;k 0O\Hk trsm;pkrJ
(50 µ ausm)f udk r&&Scd yhJ gu tenf;qH;k &&So d rl sm;udk z,fum olw@kd &cJah om
rJrsm;udk udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;rS tusKH;0if rJrsm;. vHk;0O\Hktrsm;pkrJ (50µ
ausmf) &&Sdonftxd jyefvnfae&mcsay;&onf?

rJjym;ðyvkyx
f m;onfyh pkH H Ballot structure: rJpuULjym;rsm;tay:wGif
a&G ; aumuf r _ q d k i f & m a&G ; cs,f r _ r sm;ud k jyoonf h enf ; vrf ; rsm;jzpf u m
twdtustm;jzifh rJjym;onf udk,fpm;vS,favmif; A[kdðy odk@r[kwf
ygwAD [dðk y qdo
k nfukd jyoonf?

taumif ; qH k ; t&_ H ; orm;pepf Best loser system: ,cif u

csrSwfxm;aom cGJwrf;pepfudk a&muf&Sdonftxd ,if;pepfatmufwGif
t&ifuatmif Edik xf m;aom/ tkypf w k ckrS (trsK;d orD;rsm;t=um;) rJtrsm;qH;k
&&Sdxm;aom ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;udk tjcm;udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;
xuf rJ&&Sdr_ enf;aeonfhwkdifatmif Oya'ðyr_wGif a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf=u
&rnf? Oyrm - trsKd;orD; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;t=um;wGif cGJwrf;pepfu
owfrw S x
f m;onfh ta&twGut f xd rJtrsm;qH;k &aeolrsm;onf trsK;d om;
udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;u rJydk&&Sdaumif; &&SdEkdifaomfvnf; olwdk@ukdom
a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf=uonf?

tpkta0;rJay;r_ (Block Vote – BV): trsm;pk a&G;aumufwif

ajr‡mufr_ pepfyifjzpfum tzG@J 0ifwOD;xuf ydak om a&G;aumufwif ajr‡mufr_
c&d k i f a 'orsm;wG i f toH k ; ðyonf ? a&G ; cs,f o l r sm;onf ta&G ; cs,f c H & ef
ud k , f p m;vS , f a vmif ; ta&twG u f t vk d u f rJ a y;cG i f h r sm; &&S d = uonf ?
rJpkpkaygif; trsm;qHk;&&Sdonfh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;u tEkdif&ygonf?
rJ q EN & S i f r sm;u ygwD x uf ud k , f p m;vS , f a vmif ; rsm;ud k t+rJ w rf ; rJ a y;
=uonf? pepfawmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif olwdk@onf olwdk@. qENrJrsm;udk
olwdk@pdwf}udKuf tenf;trsm; toHk;ðy=uonf?

bdk'g rJa&wGufr_ (Borda Count – BC): xd k p epf o nf

ukd,fpm;vS,favmif; A[dkðy }udKufESpfoufr_jy pepfjzpfum tzGJ@0ifwOD;

34
a&G;aumufwifajrmufr_ c±dik af 'orsm;wGiaf um/ tzG@J 0ifwOD;xuf ydak om
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c±dkifa'orsm;wGifyg toHk;ðyygonf? rJqEN&Sif
rsm;onf rJjym;rsm;ay:wGif olwdk@. }udKufESpfoufr_rsm;udk rSwfom;
ay;&um +yD;aemuf xdkrSwfom;r_ wckpDtm; nDr#aom tqifhrsm;udk
toHk;ðyI wefzdk;owfrSwfay;&onf? ‚if;wdk@udk aygif;vkduf+yD; pkpkaygif;
trsm;qHk;&aom ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;udk tEdkif&onf[k a=unmay;onf?

c±d k i f a 'o. yrm% District magnitude: a&G ; aumuf

wifajr‡muf&m c±kdifa'owcktwGuf a&G;cs,f&rnfh udk,fpm;vS,f
ta&twGuf?

a&G ; aumuf w if a jr‡ m uf o nf h c±d k i f a 'o Electoral district:

yx0Dt& a'orsm;jzpfum ‚if;txJwGif EdkifiH/ a'o tm%mydkifrsm;
od@k r[kwf Edik if x
H uf ausmv f eG af om tpktzG@J rsm;rS a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf
Edkif&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh cGJjcrf;xm;onf? a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh
c±dkifa'owckonf wOD; odk@r[kwf wOD;xufrsm;aom udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm;udk ta&G;cs,fcHtzGJ@odk@ a&G;cs,fay;onf?

a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh yHkaoenf; Electoral formula:

a&G;cs,wf ifajr‡mufonfh pepfwckwiG f tedik &f ol§ rsm;udk qH;k jzwfay;onfh
pnf;rsOf;rsm;

a&G;aumufyJG tkycf sKyfa&;tzG@J Electoral Management Body (EMB):

a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk }uD;=uyf&eftwGuf wm0ef&Sdaom a&G;aumufyGJ
Oya'atmufwGif tvkyfvkyfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfonf?

a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;qdkif&m cGJwrf;pepf Electoral quota:

PR pepf&dS a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufrnfh c±dkifa'o twdtuswGif ygwD
od@k r[kwf ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif; wa,muftwGuf ae&mwck tEdik &f &ef
tmrcHay;aom rJta&twGufudk &nfn$ef;ygonf? toHk;rsm;aom
ude;f &Sif 3 ck &Syd gonf? Hare, Droop (or Hagenbach-Bischoff) ESihf Imperiali
wd@k jzpfygonf?

a&G;cs,wf ifajr‡mufaom pepf (Electoral system): a&G;aumufyJG

Oya'ESifh pnf;rsOf;rsm;. xdktydkif;onf ygwDESifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;
rsm;udk tpkwckodk@ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf rnfokd@ a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf
onfukd qH;k jzwfygonf? ‚if;. xif&mS ;aom tydik ;f 3 ckrmS a&G;aumuf

35
wifajr‡mufrq
_ idk &f m yHak oenf;/ rJjym;zG@J pnf;xm;yHEk iS hf c±dik af 'o yrm%wd@k
jzpfonf?

yxr&oltEdik pf epf First Past The Post (FPTP): pepfonf

trsm;pk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepf. t&dk;pif;qHk; yHkpHjzpfonf?
tEdkif&aom udk,fpm;vS,favmif;onf tjcm;udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;
xuf rJydk&oljzpfum Valid Votes tusKH;0ifrJrsm;. vHk;0O\Hk trsm;pk
(50 µ ausmf) r[kwfonhfwkdif tedkif&olom jzpfygonf? xdkpepfonf
tzGJ@0ifwOD; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c±dkifa'orsm;udk toHk;ðyum
rJqEN&iS rf sm;onf Edik if aH &;ygwx
D uf uk,
d pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;udk =unhu
f m
rJay;=uonf?

tcsK;d usu,kd pf m;ðyr_pm&if; List Proportional Representation

(List PR): tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðyr_ pepftwGuf tzGJ@0ifwa,mufxuf
ydkaom a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c&dkifa'orsm;tm; toHk;ðy&ef vdktyfyg
onf? (List PR) pepfatmufwiG f ygww D ckpD od@k r[kwf tkypf w k ckprD S tzG@J 0if
trsm;pepf a&G;aumufwifajrm‡ ufr_ c±dik af 'otwGuf uk, d pf m;vS,af vmif;
pm&if;udk wifjy&onf? rJqEN&Sifrsm;rS ygwDwcktwGuf rJay;=u&um
ygwDrsm;onf rJtm;vHk;rS olwdk@ a0pk. tcsKd;ustwdkif; v$wfawmfwGif
ud, k pf m;vS,af e&mrsm; &&Srd nfjzpfonf? tcsK@d (pm&if;ydw)f pepfrsm;wGif
tEdkif&aom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk olwdk@. ae&mtpDtpOfrsm;rS xkwf,l
ygonf? pm&if;rsm;onf vGwv f yfI zGix hf m;onfqykd gu rJqEN&iS rf sm;onf
}uKd uEf pS o
f ufonfh wOD;csi;f pDukd a&G;cs,jf cif;jzifh ud,
k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;.
tpDtpOfudk v$rf;rdk;xm;Edkifonf?

tzG@J 0ifa&maESmI tcsK;d uspepf Mixed Member Proportional

(MMP): tzG@J 0ifa&maESmI tcsK;d uspepfonf a&maESm pepfyif jzpfum
‚if;onf rJqEN&Sifrsm;rS qENðyvkdufaom a&G;cs,fr_rsm;udk enf;vrf; 2
cktm; toH;k ðyI uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm;udk a&G;cs,yf gonf? wckrmS tzG@J 0ifwOD;
a&G ; aumuf w if a jr‡ m uf r _ c±d k i f a 'owG i f &H z ef & H c g tawmf r sm;rsm;Y
toH;k ðyaom trsm;pk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfjzpfI 'kw, d wrsK;d rSm
tcsKd;us a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfjzpfygonf? tcsKd;us a&G;aumuf
wifajrm‡ ufr_ ud, k pf m;vS,f ae&mrsm;rSm trsm;pk a&G;aumuf wifajrm‡ ufr_
pepfrS tcsKd;rusbJ &vmaom &v'f[lor#wdk@udk tpm;jznfh ay;jcif;
jzpfonf?
t+ydKifpepf (Parallel Systems): t+ydKifpepfonf a&maESmpepf
jzpfI ‚if;onf rJqEN&iS rf sm;rS qENðyvku d af om a&G;cs,rf r_ sm;udk tcsK;d us

36
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepfESifh trsm;pk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_pepf
enf;vrf; 2 cktm; toHk;ðyI ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;udk a&G;cs,fygonf?
od@k aomf trsm;pk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfatmufwiG f cGiðhf yxm;onfh
,SO+f yKd i&f rnfh ud,
k pf m;vS,f ae&mrsm;udrk l tcsK;d us a&G;aumufwifajrm‡ ufr_
pepfjzifh &v'fwGufonhftcg xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;rnf r[kwfay?

ygwD p k rJ a y;r_ Party Block Vote (PBV): xd k p epf o nf

tzG@J 0ifwa,mufxufyakd om a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c±dik af 'orsm;wGif
ðyvk y f o nh f trsm;pk p epf jzpf o nf ? xd k p epf w G i f rJ q EN & S i f r sm;onf
rdrdwdk@}udKufESpfoufaom ygwDudk A[dkðyrJay;r_ w}udrfom ðyvkyf=u+yD;
ud,k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;t=um;wGif a&G;cs,&f ef rvdyk g? rJtrsm;qH;k &onfh
ygwDtEdkif&rnfjzpf+yD; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ ðyvkyfonfh a'owGif;&Sd
udk,fpm;vS,fae&m tm;vHk;udk tEdkif&rnfjzpfonf?

ygwD. yrm% (Party Magnitude): a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufonfh

c±dik af 'owcktwGuf ygww
D ckpED iS hf tkypf w
k ckprD S a&G;cs,w
f ifajr‡mufaom
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. ysrf;r#ta&twGufudk qdkvdkygonf? EdkifiHwckwGif
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ a'oc±kdifrsm; tm;vHk;twGuf ygwDyrm%.
ysrf;r#?

tcsKd;us udk,fpm;ðyr_ (PR): a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonhf

tpkwckwGif ae&mrsm;. oufqkdifaom r#a0xm;r_xJodk@ ygwDwck
od k @ r[k w f tk y f p k w ck a =umif h &&S d a om rJ r sm;tm; òcH i H k r #a0xm;r_ .
od o mjyef q d k a jymif ; vJ o nf h rl p nf ; rsOf ; rsm;tay: tajccH o nh f
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonhf pepfjzpfonf? Oyrm - rJ 30 µ tEdik &f aom
ygwo D nf ud,k pf m;vS,f ae&m 30 µ eD;yg;ukd &rnfjzpfonf? PR pepf
tm;vHk;onf tzG@J0iftrsm; c±dkifa'orsm;udk toHk;ðy&ef vdktyfygonf?
PR pepf 2 ck &Syd gonf? tcsK;d us ud, k pf m;ðyr_pm&if;pepf (List PR) ESihf
w}udrf ajymif;vJr&_ adS om rJay;r_pepf STV wd@k jzpfygonf?

cGw J rf; (Quota): oD;oef@ ud, k pf m;vS,f trsK;d tpm; (Tpmtkyw f iG f

trsKd;orD;rsm;)jzifh jznhf&ef vdktyfonfh ygwDwck odk@r[kwf tkyfpkwckrS
trnfpm&if; wifoiG ;f onhf ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;. tcsK;d od@k r[kwf
ta&G;cs,cf &H onhf tpkxrJ S ae&mrsm;. ta&twGuf jzpfygonf? ‚if;wd@k ukd
trsK;d orD;rsm;. tenf;qH;k ta&twGut f m; ta&G;cs,cf &H r_ od@k r[kwf
trnfpm&if; wifoGif;cH&apr_wdk@ aocsmap&ef toHk;ðyonf?

37
 uef @ owf r J a y;r_ (Limited Vote – LV): xk d p epf o nf
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c±dkifa'orsm;wGif toHk;ðy=uonf? xdkpepfwGif
a&G ; cs,f o l r sm;onf rJ a y;cG i f h w}ud r f x uf yd k r d k & &S d a omf v nf ;
ud,
k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;xuf rJay;a&G;cs,rf u _ ydek nf;ygonf? rJppk ak ygi;f
trsm;qHk;&&Sdonfh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;u tEkdif&&Sd=uygonf?

w=udrfajymif;vJcGifhr&SdaomrJay;r_ Single Non-Transferable

Vote (SNTV): xkpd epfonf rJqEN&iS rf sm;onf tzG@J 0ifwOD; xufyakd om
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ c±dik af 'orsm;wGif rJay;r_w}udro f m ðyvky&f onf?
rJpkpkaygif; trsm;qHk;&&Sdonfh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;udk ta&G;cs,f
cH & onf [ k a=unmonf ? rJ q EN & S i f r sm;u Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD r sm;xuf
udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;udk rJay;=uonf?

w}udrfajymif;vJcGifh&Sdaom rJay;r_ Single Transferable Vote

(STV): xdkpepfonf tzGJ@0ifwOD;xufydkaom a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_
c&dkifa'orsm;wGif rJqEN&Sifrsm;rS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;udk tqifhcGJay;aom
}udKufEpS o f ufrj_ y pepfyifjzpfum yxrtqifh }udKufEpS o f ufrj_ y rJrsm;.
owfrSwfxm;aom a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufr_ cGJwrf;udk ausmfvGefoGm;oludk
csufcsif; a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufygonf? qufvufðyvkyfonhf a&wGufr_
rsm;wGif tenf;qH;k &ojzifh tz,fc&H onfh ud, k pf m;vS,f rsm;xHrS rJrsm;ESihf
owfrSwfxm;aom cGJwrf;udk ausmfvGefoGm;ojzifh tEdkif&oGm;aom
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;xHrS rJrsm;udk 'kwd,ESifh tenf;qHk; }udKufESpfoufr_
rsm;tay: tajccH I jyef v nf u m ae&mcsay;jcif ; ud k vd k t yf a om
ta&G ; cs,f c H ud k , f p m;vS , f ta&twG u f & onf t xd ðyvk y f & onf ?
ygwD t vk d u f tqif h c G J a y;vd k u ay;Ed k i f a omf v nf ; yH k r S e f t m;jzif h
rJ q EN & S i f r sm;onf Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD r sm;xuf pm;vS , f a vmif ; rsm;ud k
rJay;=uonf?

ESpf}udrf a&G;cs,fpepf (Two Round System -TRS): ESpf}udrf

a&G;cs,fpepfonf trsm;pk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfh pepfjzpfum
,SOf+ydKifonhf ukd,fpm;vS,f odk@r[kwf ygwDwdk@rS owfrSwfay;xm;onhf
rJta&twGut f qifh (trsm;tm;jzifh vH;k 0O\Hk trsm;pkrJ (50 µ ausm)f
ud k yxr a&G ; aumuf w if a jr‡ m uf r _ w G i f r&&S d c J h y gu 'k w d , t}ud r f
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_udk xyfrHðyvkyfay;&onfh pepfjzpfonf? ESpf}udrf
a&G;cs,pf epfonf trsm;pk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufrp_ epf yHpk u H kd ,lIvkyEf ikd f
ygonf? xdo k @dk ðyvky&f mY 'kw,
d t}udrf a&G;aumuf&mwGif uk, d pf m;vS,f
2 OD;txuf yg0if,SOf+ydKifI rJydk&aomolu vHk;0O\Hk trsm;pkrJ &&Sd&ef

38
rvdkawmhbJ tEdkif&&Sdygonf? od@k r[kwyf gu yxrt}udrw f iG f rJtrsm;qH;k
&aom xdyq f ;kH rS 2 OD;om 'kw, d t}udrf jyefvnf,OS +f ydKif&aom trsm;pk
aemufq;kH a&G;cs,rf y_ pkH H (Majority run-off) udv
k nf; oH;k Edik yf gonf?

ajymif;vJrw S f (Threshold): ygww D ckrS Oya'ðyr_wiG f ud,

k pf m;ðyr_
&&S&d ef vdt k yfaom tedrq hf ;kH axmufcrH _ tqifjh zpfonf? ajymif;vJrw S of nf
w&m;0if jzpf e d k i f y gonf ? zG J @ pnf ; yH k od k @ r[k w f Oya'wG i f tusKH ; 0if
rJ&mckid Ef e_ ;f yHpk H od@k r[kwf tusK;d &Srd _ od@k r[kwf obm0jzifh jyxm;avh&o dS nhf
t&mjzpfygonf? toH;k ðyaom a&G;aumufwifajrm‡ ufr_ pepf. ocsmF qdik &f m
*k%fowWdvnf; jzpfygonf?

tqif h o wf r S w f r _ p m&if ; owf r S w f v k d u f o nf h (Tier):

udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm; ta&G;cH&aom tqifh jzpfygonf? ‚if;onf
XmaewG i f ; / a'owG i f ; od k @ r[k w f Ed k i f i H t qif h jzpf E d k i f y gonf ?
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ pepfrsm; tm;vHk;onf xdk@a=umifh tenf;qHk;
tqifo h wfrw S pf m&if; wck&ydS gonf? od@k aomf trsm;pkwiG f 2 ck / wcgw&H
3 ckyif &Sw
d wfygonf?

Zipper: ygwDpm&if;ay:&Sd tjcm; udkf,fpm;vS,favmif;wdkif;udk

trsKd;om; jzpfap&efESifh tjcm; udk,fpm;vS,favmif;wdkif;udk trsKd;orD;
jzpfap&ef vdt
k yfaom cGw
J rf;pepfjzpfonf? Zebra pepf[v
k nf; ac:=uonf?

39