LM[DVMC ZQOMY NMBMLM@ NB.

GLNQ MLMNGM@
[VDJG Y= [ACJGJGBMC FM@MYM HAVNMC

Ybdr8

[AVBANFMCOMC JMC [ACOANFMCOMC GLNQ

[ACOAZM@QMC MLMN
Jdsac [acomnpu 8 Erajjy Zum Nusm [mcoomfamc, Y.[j, N.[j

Jgsusuc Dla`

Cmnm 8 M j`a M ulgm Y mrg

CGN 8 66 ;6:96;;1/ 6; M

[VDOVMN YZQJG Y= [ACJGJGBMC FM@MYM

HAVNMC EMBQLZMY FM@MYM JMC YACG
QCGUAVYGZMY CAOAVG NAJMC

YA[ZANFAV 6;6=
 BMZM [ACOMCZMV 

[uhg syubur smym uimpbmc ba`mjgrmt Zu`mc Wmco Nm`m Asm, ymco talm`
nanfargbmc rm`nmt jmc bmrucgm ymco nalgnpm` bapmjm paculgs, sa`gcoom jmpmt
nacyalasmgbmc tuoms gcg tapmt wmbtu.
Mjmpuc ymco nachmjg hujul tuoms smym mjmlm` “Nmbmlm` [arbanfmcomc jmc
[acoanfmcomc Glnu [acoatm`umc Mlmn„. Lmpdrmc gcg jgsusuc jacomc `mrmpmc
jmpmt nanacu`g tuoms Nmtm Bulgm` Glnu Mlmngm` Jmsmr ymco jgmnpu dla` Fmpmb
Erajjy Zum Nusm, Y.[j, N.[j. Nmbmlm` gcg jgsusuc jacomc `mrmpmc jmpmt
nacmnfm` pacoatm`umc jmc wmwmsmc bgtm sanum b`ususcym jmlmn `ml
[arbanfmcomc jmc [acoanfmcomc Glnu [acoatm`umc Mlmn
Hgbm jmlmn paculgsmc nmbmlm` smym tarjmpmt farfmomg basmlm`mc jmc baburmcomc
jmlmn paculgsmccym, nmbm bapmjm pmrm panfmim, paculgs nand`dc nmme ymco
safasmr-fasmrcym mtms bdrabsg-bdrabsg ymco talm` jglmbubmc. @ml tarsafut sanmtm-
nmtm
momr nachmjg sumtu avmlumsg jmlmn panfumtmc tuoms gcg.
Nujm`-nujm`mc jacomc mjmcym panfumtmc tuoms gcg jmpmt nanfargbmc nmcemmt
 farupm glnu pacoatm`umc ymco fmgb fmog paculgs nmupuc fmog pmrm panfmim.

Fgchmg, ;7 Yaptanfar 6;6=

Mj`a Mulgm Ymrg

 JMEZMV GYG
FMF G....................................................................................................................................................:

[ACJM@QLQMC................................................................................................................................:
=.= LMZMV FALMBMCO..........................................................................................................:

=.6 VQNQYMC NMYMLM@.............................................................................................................. 5

=.9 ZQHQMC................................................................................................................................... ?

FMF GG.........................................................................................................................................................................................0

BMHGMC [QYZMBM .............................................................................................................................................0

6.= NAZDJA GLNGM@ YAFMOMG JMYMV G[M ..........................................................................0

6.6 [AVBANFMCOMC GLNQ G[M .....................................................................................................7

6.9 VQMCO LGCOBQ[ G[M JMC [ACOANFMCOMCCWM .................................................=:

FMF GGG................................................................................................................................................................................... =5

[ACQZQ[..........................................................................................................................=5

9.= BAYGN[QLMC ..................................................................................................................................=5

9.6 YMVMC........................................................................................................................................ =?

JMEZMV [QYZMBM .........................................................................................................................................=0

FMF G
[ACJM@QLQMC

=.= LMZMV FALMBMCO

[arbanfmcomc glnu pacoatm`umc mlmn (G[M) mb`gr-mb`gr gcg faogtu pasmt jg tmcjmg
jacomc fmcymbcym pacanumcpacanumc fmru. @ml gcg armt `ufucomccym jacomc
 parbanfmcomc tabcdldog.
[arbanfmcomc G[M tgjmb `mcym jgtuchubbmc dla` bunpulmc embtm, nalmgcbmc
tgnful mbgfmt mjmcym natdja glngm` jmc sgbmp glngm`. G[M tgjmb `mcym sabajmr 
 pacoatm`umc, nalmgcbmc nalgfmtbmc dparmsg nactml, batarmnpglmc jmc
strmtaog jmlmn nacanubmc bdcsap G[M gtu sacjgrg. Imrgc jmc Yucj jmlmn [usbur
(=779) nacjaegcgsgbmc G[M safmomg pacoatm`umc ymco sgstanmtgs jmc
tarsusuc saimrm

tarmtur, farlmbu unun (ucgvarsml), jmc farupm bunpulmc jmtm `msgl dfsarvmsg jmc
abspargnac.
[anfalmhmrmc G[M nmsg` jgmhmrbmc nacgru pmjm pmrmjgonm pacjgjgbmc lmnm
„tami`ar iactaraj„. Bdcsap jmrg ouru jgfargbmc bapmjm sgswm jmc sgswm nacargnm
 faogtu smhm sa`gcoom sgswm tgjmb pm`mn uctub mpm G[M jgpalmhmrg. Ya`gcoom sgswm
tgjmb jmpmt nacarmpbmc bdcsap ymco sgswm jmpmt jg lgcobucomccym. Ygswm `mcym
nacargnm bdcsap G[M smhm tatmpg hgbm jgfarg sdml mplgbmtge jacomc mpm
ymco jgmhmrbmc ourucym nmbm sgswm narmsm basulgtmc uctub nacoarhmbmccym
([usbur, 6;;?8 1). [anfalmhmrmc G[M jawmsm gcg nmsg` jgmhmrbmc saimrm tarpgsm`
jmc tgjmb sasumg jacomc tuctutmc burgbulun, sa`gcoom parlu mjmcym
sumtu ndjal
 panfalmhmrmc batarpmjumc.
Nmtm palmhmrmc Glnu [acoatm`umc Mlmn (G[M) narupmbmc smlm` smtu nmtm
 palmhmrmc ymco wmhgf jgpalmhmrg jghachmco pacjgjgbmc jmsmr smnpmg nacacom`, `ml
gcg sasumg jacomc Qcjmco-ucjmco Vapuflgb Gcjdcasgm Cdndr 6; Zm`uc
6;;9 tactmco sgstan pacjgjgbmc cmsgdcml. Ymlm` smtu ymco nachmjg
tuhumc nmtm
 palmhmrmc G[M ymgtu nacoanfmcobmc pacoatm`umc jmc panm`mnmc
bdcsap- bdcsap G[M ymco farnmcemmt jmc jmpmt jgtarmpbmc jmlmn ba`gjupmc
sa`mrg-`mrg.

Ouru G[M `mrus jgfabmlg dla` bdcsap baglnumc, salmgc gtu `mrus jgfabmlg
batarmnpglmc-batarmnpglmc ymco sasumg jacomc mpm ymco mbmc narabm lmbubmc
jmlmn prdsas panfalmhmrmc cmctg, sartm `mrus jgfabmlg jacomc sgbmp glngm` ymco
 faroucm fmog ouru jg jmlmn balms jmc jglumr balms safmomg nmsymrmbmt, jmc `mrus
jgfabmlg jacomc imrm panaim`mc nmsmlm` saimrm glngm` jmc nmsub mbml.
Batarmnpglmc prdsas pmjm `mbabmtcym mjmlm` natdja uctub nanpardla`
 pacoatm`umc jacomc imrm tartactu (Fucju,6;;586=). Nmbsuj jmrg parcymtmmc
tasafut mjmlm` supmym pacoatm`umc jgpardla` saimrm utu` nmbm parlu imrm
uctub nanpalmhmrgcym, sa`gcoom pacoatm`umc tarsafut tgjmb tarpgsm`-pgsm`. Nmbm
bgtm
`mrus nanpalmhmrg lmcobm`-lmcobm` mtmu batarmnpglmc-batarmnpglmc
uctub nanpardla` pacoatm`umc tarsafut `mrus jgpalmhmrg dla` ouru sabdlm`
jmsmr. Jmlmn panfalmhmrmc tgjmb `mcym bdcsap-bdcsap baglnumc ymco
jgpalmhmrg, tgjmb 

`mcym batarmnpglmc-batarmnpglmc glngm` ymco `mrus jgnglgbg, nalmgcbmc sgbmp-

sgbmp ymco glngm` huom `mrus jgnglgbg dla` sadrmco ouru tarutmnm batgbm narabm
nalmbsmcmbmc prdsas panfalmhmrmc G[M jg balms.
Bacymtmmc jglmpmcomc, panfalmhmrmc G[M jg sabdlm` jmsmr nmsg` farsgemt
 pacymnpmgmc gcedrnmsg saimrm lgsmc jmrg fubu pmbat bapmjm sgswm,
burmcocym mbtgegtms sgswm batgbm nacogbutg panfalmhmrmc G[M jg balms
bmracm `mcym nacjacomrbmc pachalmsmc saimrm lgsmc jmrg ouru ymco farjgrg
jg japmc balms, jmlmn prdsas panfalmhmrmc parmc ouru nmsg` smcomt
nacjdngcmsg, prdsas
 panfalmhmrmc `mcym nacymnpmgbmc nmtarg palmhmrmc tgjmb
nacoanfmcobmc bmrmbtar mtmu sgbmp glngm` ymco sa`mruscym jgbanfmcobmc
jmlmn panfalmhmrmc G[M, salmgc gtu ouru nacomcoomp fm`wm nmtarg G[M
narupmbmc nmtarg `mpmlmc ymco parlu sgswm `mpmlbmc smnpmg `mpml
nmtarg-nmtarg tarsafut. Qctub nanparfmgbg parnmsmlm`mc-parnmsmlm`mc
tarsafut pacalgtg nacidfm nanparfmgbg jg hachmco nm`msgswm imldc
ouru YJ supmym batgbm narabm tarhuc basabdlm` saimrm lmcosuco tgjmb
nanfmwm prdsas panfalmhmrmc ymco sujm` mjm safaluncym mtmu bdcvacsgdcml.
Yatgmp prdsas panfalmhmrmc G[M `mrus nacoanfmcobmc batarmnpglmc prdsas smgcs

jmc sgbmp glngm`, fmgb jghachmco Yabdlm` Jmsmr, YN[, YNM, tarutmnm
fmog
 nm`msgswm imldc ouru ymco mbmc nacomhmr nmtm palmhmrmc G[M jg YJ jgbanujgmc
`mrg. Jmsmr jmlmn pacoanfmcomc bdcsap G[M ymgtu batarmnpglmc prdsas smgcs
sa`gcoom jacomc nacoumsmg batarmnpglmc gcg nm`msgswm mbmc
nujm` nanpardla` pacoatm`umc-pacoatm`umc lmgccym ymco farbmgtmc jacomc
bdcsap jmsmr G[M.
Ymlm` smtu upmym ymco jmpmt jglmbubmc uctub nacgcobmtbmc batarmnpglmc prdsas
smgcs jmc sgbmp glngm` gcg jmpmt jacomc pacarmpmc ndjal panfalmhmrmc ymco
nmnpu naco`mjgrbmc baogmtmc saimrm lmcosuco jmlmn prdsas
panfalmhmrmc sa`gcoom nanfargbmc pacomlmnmc falmhmr lmcosuco.
Ymlm` smtu ndjal
 panfalmhmrmc ymco jmpmt nachmwmf partmcymmc tarsafut mjmlm` ndjal
 panfalmhmrmc I`gljrac Lamrcgco Gc Yigacia (ILGY). Ndjal ILGY narupmbmc

ndjal panfalmhmrmc ymco jglmcjmsg dla` tadrg falmhmr bdcstrubtgvgsna. Jgnmcm

ndjal gcg nanpumcymg tm`mp-tm`mp, ymgtu tm`mp drgactmsg (drgactmtgdc),
tm`mp
 panuciulmc omomsmc (algigtmtgdc de gjams), tm`mp pacyusucmc ulmco
omomsmc (rastruiturgco de gjams), tm`mp pacarmpmc omomsmc (mpplgimtgdc de
gjams), tm`mp nacobmhg ulmco parufm`mc omomsmc (ravgaw i`mcoa gc gjams).

=.6 VQNQYMC NMYMLM@

 Nacoatm`ug tactmco pacoanfmcomc G[M

 Nacoatm`ug tactmco natdja glngm` safmomg jmsmr G[M

 Nacoatm`ug rumco lgcobup,tuhumc sartm `mbgbmt jmlmn G[M

=.9 ZQHQMC
Zuhumc paculgsmc nmbmlm` gcg mjmlm` uctub nanfarg pacoatm`umc
tactmco [arbanfmcomc jmc [acoanfmcomc Glnu [acoatm`umc Mlmn, rumco
lgcobup,
`mbgbmt tuhumc sartm natdja glngm` safmomg jmsmr jmlmn glnu pacoatm`umc mlmn.
[aculgsmc nmbmlm` gcg jgtuchubbmc uctub unun mtmu sanum bmlmcomc
momr 
narabm nacoatm`ug parbanfmcomc jmc pacoanfmcomc glnu pacoatm`umc mlmn
ymco smmt gcg talm` farbanfmco sagrgco jacomc parbanfmcomc tabcdldog.

FMF GG
BMHGMC [QYZMBM

6.= NAZDJA GLNGM@ YAFMOMG JMYMV G[M

Natdja glngm` mjmlm` imrm mtmu prdsajur jmlmn nanpardla` pacoatm`umc
saimrm glngm`.lmcobm`-lmcobm` jmlmn nacatmpbmc natdja gcg tgjmb salmlu
`mrus farurutmc,ymco pactgco panaim`mc nmsmlm` uctub
nacjmpmtbmc basgnpulmc unun(OACAVMLGYMYG)`mcym jgjmsmrbmc mtms
jmtm jmc jguhg jacomc jmtm jmc fubmc dla`
bagcogcmc,prmsmcobm,baparimymmc mtmu
 partgnfmcomc lmgc.
Natdja glngm` narupmbmc fmogmc ymco pmlgco pactgco jmlmn nanpalmhmrg
glnu mlmngm`.pacoatm`umc ymco jgjmpmtbmc lawmt natdja
glngm` jg`mrmpbmc nanpucymg bmrmbtargstgb-bmrmbtargstgb tartactu,ymbcg
rmsgdcml jmc taruhg,sa`gcoom pacoatm`umc ymco jgsusuc jmpmt
jgmcjmlbmc.jmlmn `ml

gcg natdja glngm` nacoomfucobmc imrm farpgbgr gcjubtge jmc imrm

farpgbgr jajubtge jmlmn nanfmcouc tufu` pacoatm`umccym. Imrm
faregbgrr 
jajubtge targbmt jacomc pacoatm`umc ymco farsgemt rmsgdcml bapmjm
 pacoatm`umc glngm` jmc farsgemt bdcsgstac jacomc pacoatm`umc ymco
talm` jgbunpulbmc safaluncym. Imrm farpgbgr gcjubtge tarbmgt
jacomc anpgrgsna, jgnmcm jgfutu`bmc embtm-embtm ymco nacjubuco.
Anpgrgsna mjmlm` pm`mn ymco farpacjmpmt fm`wm embtm ymco
tartmcobmp lawmt
 pacomlmnmc nmcusgm ymco farsunfar pmjm bafacmrmc.
 Natdja glngm` safmomg pmcobml balm`grmc G[M Farmwml jmrg balanm`mc
(mfstrmb jmc lapms jmrg pacomlmnmc) jmc pacmlmrmc gcjubtge
(`mcym
 farjmsmr pmjm pacomnmtmc pmcim gcjarm) jgpmjubmc
natdja/pacjabmtmc glngm`
Natdja glngm` jglmbubmc jacomc baogmtmc pacalgtgmc glngm`
jglmbubmc saimrm sgstanmtgs, tarbdctrdl, farjmsmr jmtm-jmtm anpgrgs.
Basgnpulmc jguhg bafacmrmccym farulmco-ulmco.
Jmlmn natdja glngm`, pacjabmtmc gcg jmpmt jgfubtgbmc jacomc symrmt mtmu
tadrg ymco nacjubuco safmomg fargbut8
=. Zadrg nmsg` fgsm jguhg bdcsgstacsgcym jacomc nacomjmbmc
pacalgtgmc ulmco (jmpmt jglmbubmc dla` sgmpmpuc, jacomc bdcjgsg
jmc lmcobm`

sarupm) jgpardla` `msgl yo bdcsgstac/mhabtge mtmu tadrg-

tadrg safaluncym ymco nanucobgcbmc tgjmb tarhmjgcym bdctmrjgbsg
jmlmn
tadrg baglnumc saimrm basaluru`mc.
6. Natdja glngm` farsgemt dfyabtge (fafms prmsmcobm/baymbgcmc prgfmjg,
 farsgemt tarfubm) `msglcym jmpmt jgmcjmlbmc/lafg` nacjabmtg bafacmrmc
Hmjg, `gnpucmc pacoatm`umc jmpmt jgsafut glnu pacoatm`umc hgbm imrm
nanpardla`cym jacomc natdja glngm` (pacoomfucomc
mctmrm
 pacmlmrmc jajubtge/rmsgdcmlgsna jmc gcjubtge/anprgsna) tarnmsub huom
G[M (dfhabcym mjmlm` oahmlm-oahmlm mlmn), jgbunpulbmc
nalmlug natdja glngm`, uctub basahm`tarmmc nmcusgm.

6.6 [AVBANFMCOMC GLNQ G[M

[acoanfmcomc Glnu [acoatm`umc Mlmn Nulmcym farbanfmco
smcomt lmnfmt (mfmj =1-=5).Lafg` pasmt satalm` Idparcgius ymco
banujgmc jgparbumt Omlglad (bdcsap oadsactrgs bdcsap
`algdsactrgs), jgbacml safmomg parnulmmc mfmj glnu
pacoatm`umc ndjarc (bafacmrmc
 farjmsmrbmc gcjubsg).Ymcomt pasmt satalm` bdcsap egsgbm bumctun jmc
 ralmtgvgtms (mwml mfmj 6;). parlu ravgsg jmc pacyasumgmc bdcsapsg glnu
 pacoatm`umc ba mrm` pangbgrmc ndjarc, ymgtu8
=. Lmcjmsmc glnu pacoatm`umc ymgtu 8 `gpdtasgs, tadrg, jmc `ubun8
6. @gpdtasgs 8 jmpmt jgtdlmb bafacmrmccym
9. Zadrg 8 sujm` jguhg bafacmrmccym, tmpg nmsg` nucobgc
jgparfmgbg nachmjg tadrg ymco ymco lafg` tapmt
:. @ubun 8 lmcjmsmc glnu ymco sujm` tgjmb jgrmoubmc bafacmrmccym.

Glnu [acoatm`umc Mlmn narupmbmc tarmpmc jmrg fm`msm gcoorgs,

ymgtu cmturml sigacia, mrtgcym glnu pacoatm`umc mlmn. Hmjg G[M mtmu
sigacia nanfm`ms tatmco oahmlm-oahmlm mlmn ymo jgsusuc saimrm
sgstanmtgs ymco jgjmsmrbmc pmjm `msgl paridfmmc jmc pacomnmtmc
ymco jglmbubmcdla` nmcusgm (Ymnmtdwm, 6;;586). Yagrgco farhmlmccym
wmbtu parbanfmcomc glnu pacoatm`umc mlmn jgnumt jmlmn
panfalmhmrmc G[M tarpmju jgbdlmfdrmsgbmc jacomc ndjal
panfalmhmrmc farfmsgs nmsmlm` mtmu
 [rdflan Fmsa Larmcgco ([FL). [mjm ndjal panfalmhmrmc farfmsgs nmsmlm`
, jglmbsmcbmc jacomc nacymhgbmc sumtu parnmsmlm`mc bapmjm sgswm, jmc
sgswm jgngctm uctub nacyalasmgbmc nmsmlm` tarsafut. [acyalasmgmc sumtu
nmsmlm` ymco farbmgtmc jacomc G[M jglmbubmc nalmlug sumtu natdja
glngm` ymco jg`mrmpbmc nacgcobmtbmc batarmnpglmc bgcarhm glngm`cym.
Nalmlug 9

tm`mpmc ymco mjm jmlmn lassdc stujy, ymgtu paracimcmmc (plmc),

 palmbsmcmmc (jd), jmc raelabsg (saa), ouru ymco farbdlmfdrmsg jmlmn
 pacyusucmc racimcm panfalmhmrmc jmpmt smlgco fartubmr pgbgrmc
uctub nacjmpmtbmc sdlusg uctub parnmsmlm`mc ymco jg`mjmpg.

Jmlmn `ml gcg narupmbmc parbanfmcomc ymco pactgco jmc eucjmnactml

 fmog basubsasmc parbanfmcomc salmchutcym. [mrm m`lg nacoanubmbmc
 fm`wm parbanfmcomc gcg jg pardla` nalmlug prdsas nacomlmng jmc falmhmr.
Glnu pacoatm`umc mlmn narupmbmc smlm` smtu glnu pacortm`umc
ymco

smcomt farparmc pactgco tar`mjmp saomlm banmhumc ymco tarhmjg pmjm

  parbanfmcomc tabcdldog. G[M far`ufucomc jacomc nacimrg tm`u
tactmco mlmn saimrm sgstanmtgs,sa`gcoom gpm fubmc `mcym sabunpulmc
pacoatm`umc ymco farupm embtm- embtm, bdcsap,mtmu prgcsgp smhm tatmpg huom
naruppmbmc sumtu prdsas pacanumc. Zuhumc jmrg tarfactubcym nmtm
palmhmrmc gpm ymco tarjmpmt jmrg burgbulun tgcobmt smtumc pacjgjgbmc (6;;?
8=05-=7; ) ymgtu 8

=. Nanpardla` baymbgcmc tar`mjmp tu`mc ymco nm`m asm

farjmsmrbmc bafarmjmmm, bagcjm`mc, jmc batarmturmc mlmn igptmmcym
6. Nacoanfmcobmc pacoatm`umc jmc panm`mnmc bdcsapbdcsap
gpm ymco farnmcemmt jmc jmpmt jg tarmpbmc jmlmn ba`gjupmc sa`mrg-
`mrg.
9. Nacoanfmcobmc rmsm gcogc tm`u, sgbmp pdsgtge jmc basmjmrmc
tactmco mjmcym `ufuomc ymco smlgco nanpacomru`g
mctmrm gpm,lgcobucomc,tabcdldog jmc nmsymrmbmt.
:. Nacoanfmcobmc batarmnpglmc prdsas uctub nacyalgjgbg mlmn
sabgtmr, nanaim`bmc nmsmlm` jmc nanfumt baputusmc
1. Nacgcobmtbmt basmjmrmc uctub farparmc sartm
jmlmn nanalg`mrm,nachmom jmc nalastmrgbmc lgcobucomc mlmn.

Ytrmtaog panfalmhmrmc G[M ymco jmpmt nacoanfmcobmc pacmlmrmc glngm`

sgswm jgmctmrm mjmlm` strmtaog gcbugrg (Ngrg jbb., 6;;?2 Hacsac
jmc Lmwsdc, 6;==). Ytrmtaog gcbugrg nmnpu nacombtgebmc sgswm saimrm
egsgb nmupuc nactml (Ymyymjg jbb, 6;=5). [armcobmt
panfalmhmrmc ymco jgnmbsuj jmlmn `ml gcg mjmlm` rmcimcomc
panfalmhmrmc, smhgmc bdctac jmlmn factub fubu mhmr, najgm panfalmhmrmc
jmc mlmt-mlmt prmbtgbun ymco jgoucmbmc. [anfalmhmrmc G[M jmlmn
nacmnpglbmc sumtu eacdnacm jmpmt jgsmhgbmc jmlmn factub tgom
raprasactmsg ymgtu nmbrdsbdpgs, suf ngbrdsbdpgs jmc sgnfdlgs,
ngsmlcym jmlmn panfalmhmrmc bdcsap bgngm (I`gttlafdrduo` jmc
Zramoust, 6;;?2 Ygr`mc, 6;;?).

6.9 VQMCO LGCOBQ[ G[M JMC [ACOANFMCOMCCWM

Vumco lgcobup nalgputg mlmn sanastm saimrm basaluru`mc fmgb ymco mjm jg
lumr mcobmsm, jmlmn fung jmc jg parnubmmc fung. Zrgmctd (6;==8 =9?)
nacymtmbmc fm`wm saimrm unun G[M jgpm`mng safmomg glnu ymco
lm`gr jmc farbanfmco nalmlug lmcobm`-lmcobm` dfsarvmsg, parunusmc
nmsmlm`,
 pacyusucmc `gpdtasgs, pacouhgmc `gpdtasgs nalmlug abspargnac, pacmrgbmc
basgnpulmc sartm pacanumc tadrg jmc bdcsap.
Nacurut Yusmctd (6;=18=55) Glnu [acoatm`umc Mlmn mjmlm`
usm`m nmcusgm jmlmn nanm`mng mlmn sanastm nalmlug pacomnmtmc ymco
tapmt
 pmjm smsmrmc, sartm nacooucmbmc prdsajur jmc jghalmsbmc jacomc
 pacmlmrmc sa`gcoom nacjmpmtbmc sumtu basgnpulmc. Yajmcobmc
Nmslgi`m` Msy'mrg (6;;58?) huom nachalmsbmc fm`wm smgcs mtmu Glnu

[acoatm`umc Mlmn mjmlm` pacoatm`umc nmcusgm tactmco mlmn

ymco jgpardla` jacomc imrm ymco tarbdctrdl. [achalmsmc gcg
nacomcjuco
nmbsuj fm`wm smgcs salmgc nachmjg safmomg prdjub huom safmomg prdsas.
Ymgcs safmomg prdjub ymgtu pacoatm`umc nmcusgm jmc safmomg prdsas ymgtu
 fmomgnmcm nacjmpmtbmc pacoatm`umc tarsafut.
Vumco Lgcobup G[M jmc [arbanfmcomccym G[M `mrus jgpmcjmco safmomg
imrm farpgbgr uctub nanm`mng mlmn, nalmbubmc pacalgtgmc, jmc Yafmomg
bunpulmc pacoatm`umc. G[M pmjm `mbabmtcym narupmbmc
.Bunpulmc
 pacoatm`umc (m fdjy de bcdwlajoa) `msgl pacanumc jmc bramtgvgtms
glnuwmc salmnm farmfmj-mfmj jgbunpulbmc jmc jgsusuc saimrm
sgstanmtgb jgbaldnpdbbmc sasumg fgjmco bmhgmc (fgdldog, egsgbm, bgngm,
jll) Glnu
 pacoatm`umc jmpmt farupm8
=. Embtm (bafacmrmc/bamjmmc sumtu dfhab/facjm, nacuchubbmc mpm
ymco jmpmt jgmnmtg)Embtm G[M jmpmt jggjactgegbmsg farjmsmr 6
brgtargm8 Jmpmt jgmnmtg saimrm lmcosuco2 jmc
jmpmt jgtuchubbmc/jgjandcstrmsgbmc satgmp wmbtu (tmpg gcomt8 tgjmb
sanum embtm jmpmt jgjandcstrmsgbmc satgmp wmbtu) .
 6. Bdcsap8 mfstrmbsg jmrg bahmjgmc- bahmjgmc , dfhab-dfhab ,
mtmu eacdnacm ymco nanglgbg sgemt- sgemt /mtrgfut-mtrgfut tartactu.
9. [rgcsgp jmc `ubun jgmcoomp sgcdcgn jgfactub jmrg embtm-embtm
jmc bdcsap-bdcsap, farsgemt lafg` unun tatmpg huom farbmgtmc
jacomc eacdnacm ymco jmpmt jgmnmtg
:. Zadrg uctub sasumtu ymco tgjmb jmpmt jgmnmtg saimrm
lmcosuco, ngsmlcym 8 tadrg Jmrwgc
1. Ndjal, raprasactmsg/ wmbgl jmrg bdcjgsg cymtm mtmu jmrg sasumtu
ymco tgjmb jmpmt bgtm lg`mt nanfmctu uctub nanm`mng sumtu
eacdnacm mlmn, sartm nachalmssbmc jmc nanm`mng sumtu tadrg.
Imrm Farpgbgr (_my de t`gcbgco),[mrm glnuwmc jgjdrdco dla` rmsm gcogc

tm`u jmc `msrmt uctub nanm`mng eacdnacm mlmn gja-gja jmc pachalmsmc
tactmco eacdnacm mlmn jgsusuc jmlmn pgbgrmc huom mjm rmsm
parimym
 fm`wm `ubun-`ubun mlmn jmpmt jgsusuc jmrg `msgl dfsarvmsg
jmc jghalmsbmc nalmlug pgbgrmc jmc mlmsmc.

@mbgbmt Ymgcs

@mbgbmt smgcs mjmlm` lmcjmsmc uctub farpghmb jmlmn nanpalmhmrg

G[M. Fmcymb imrm ymco talm` jglmbubmc uctub nacimpmg mspab
ymco tarbmcjuco jg jmlmn `mbgbmt smgcs, cmnuc falun huom
nacuchubbmc
`msgl ymco nanumsbmc. @ml gcg sahmlmc ymco jgucobmpbmc _gjdjd
(6;;?) panfalmhmrmc smgcs ymco `mcym nanfalmhmrbmc embtm,
bdcsap,
 prgcsgp,`ubun, jmc tadrg sasuc oou`cym falun nanfalmhmrbmc
smgcs saimrm utu`. Jmlmn nanfalmhmrbmc smgcs ouru
`acjmbcym huom nalmtg` batarmnpglmc sgswm uctub farprdsas
(batarmnpglmc prdsas) jmc huom nacmcmnbmc sgbmp glngm`, ngsmlcym
rmsm gcogc tm`u, huhur,
 fabarhm barms, pmctmco nacyarm` , jmc tarfubm. Qctub nacimpmg
`mbgbmt smgcs saimrm utu` nanfutu`bmc upmym jmc bdnpatacsg
ouru uctub nanumt mspab `mbgbmt smgcs jmlmn prdsas panfalmhmrmc
G[M. [aridfmmc pmjm panfalmhmrmc G[M narupmbmc factub sajar`mcm
jmrg mspab smgcs safmomg prdsas ymgtu n almbubmc baogmtmc glngm`
sa`gcoom nanfmcobgtbmc ndtgvmsg sgswm nachmjg sadrmco glnumc jg
nmsm mbmc
 jmtmco. _mlmupuc jangbgmc sgbmp glngm` nachmjg mspab ymco smcomt
 pactgco jmlmn nalmbsmcmbmc paridfmmcparidfmmc (baogmtmc
glngm` sajar`mcm). Ygbmp glngm` sgs wm nachmjg tdlmb ubur atgbm
pacalgtgmc
 pmrm glnumc jmlmn nachmlmcg baogmtmc glngm`. Mpmfglm sgbmp
glngm` sgswm jmlmn nalmbsmcmbmc paridfmmc tgjmb jgnglgbgcym,
nmbm mbmc
 farjmnpmb caomtge bapmjm prdjub smgcs mtmu tabcdldog ymco narabm
`msglbmc. Dla` safmf gtu sgbmp glngm` jmlmn nalmbsmcmbmc paridfmmc
 pmjm prdsas panfalmhmrmc nachmjg symrmt nutlmb ymco
`mrus jgbatm`ug jmc jgnglgbg dla` pasartm jgjgb. Jmrg `msgl
pacalgtgmc nacoomnfmrbmc pactgcocym mspab `mbgbmt smgcs
jmlmn prdsas
 panfalmhmrmc G[M. Zursgcmwmtg (6;=;) nachalmsbmc tactmco
 pacgcobmtmc panm`mnmc sgswm pmjm mspab smgcs safmomg sgbmp farmjm
 pmjm bmtaodrg ymco pmlgco racjm` jgfmcjgcobmc jmrg ms
Yusglmwmtg (6;;7) nachalmsbmc fm`wm pab lmgc pmjm `mbgbmt smgcs.
ouru falun nanm`mng `mbgbmt smgcs sautu`cym. Ymlm` smtu
embtdr nmsg`
racjm`cym panm`mnmc `mbgbmt smgcs dla` ouru.
@mbgbmt smgcs ymco jgnglgbg ouru , `ml gcg tgjmb nanpardla`
 pacoatm`umc ymco halms tactmco `mbgbmt smgcs. @mbgbmt smgcs falunlm`
nachmjg smtu basmtumc jmlmn prdsas panfalmhmrmc G[M.
[actgcocym
 pacoanfmcomc sgbmp glngm` sgswm jmlmn nalmbsmcmbmc
baogmtmc glngm` sa`gcoom jmpmt nanfactub sgbmp smgctgs ymco tapmt.
Jacomc jangbgmc mbmc tarimpmglm` `mbgbmt smgcs/G[M saimrm utu`.
Nmbm parlu mjmcym sumtu pacalgtgmc uctub nacoatm`ug
pacoumsmmc bdcsap `mbgbmt smgcs jmlmn
palmbsmcmmc paridfmmc pmjm panfalmhmrmc G[M.
[acoumsmmc bdcsap G[M jmpmt jgmrtgbmc safmomg banmnpumc
bdocgtge sgswm jmlmn nanm`mng jmc nacoumsmg bdcsapbdcsap smgcs
nalmlug sumtu eacdnacm, bahmjgmc, dfyab, mtmu baogmtmc ymco
tarbmgt jacomc
nmtarg G[M jmpmt nacoumsmg bdcsap G[M mpmfglm sgswm nacoartg
nmbcm. Ygswm nmbcm jmrg prdsas bahmjgmc, pargstgwm, eacdnacm, jmc
dfyab nalmlug prdsas pacomnmtmc jmc pachalmsmc ouru. [acouburmc
 pacoumsmmc bdcsap G[M jmpmt jglmbubmc nalmlug tas ymgtu tas mwml
jmc tas mb`gr. [acoumsmmc bdcsap narupmbmc banmnpumc
pactgco ymco `m jgbanfmcobmc pmjm sgswm. Mpmfglm sgswm nmnpu
nacoumsmg bdcsaprus bdcsap nmtm palmhmrmc ymco jgmhmrbmc dla`
ouru, nmbm saimrm unun jmpmt jgbmtmbmc sgswm tarsafut talm`
nacoartg mtmu nanm`mng bdcsapbdcsap. [mjm jmsmrcym
pacoumsmmc bdcsap talm` jgnglgbg dl a` mcmb sanmchmb jgm baigl
`gcoom tunfu` jawmsm jmc satgmp smmt sasadrmco gtu nanpucymg
panm`mnmc tartactu mbmc sasumtu
`ml. Bgtm tgjmb jmpmt nacomtmbmc fm`wm panm`mnmc sadrmco mcmb 
 gtu smlm`, nalmgcbmc fm`wm panm`mnmc narabm gtu tarfmtms.
Zuoms sadrmco p acjgjgb mjmlm` nanfmctu mcmb tarsafut
nanpardla`
 pacoumsmmc bdcsap spdctmc tarsafut ymco nacomrm` bapmjm
 pacoumsmmc bdcsap pmrm glnumc ymgtu pacoumsmmc bdcsap glngm`.
Nacurut Nmrgmcm jmc [rmogcjm (6;;7) `mbgbmt Glnu [acoatm`umc
Mlmn (G[M) narupmbmc nmbcm m lmn jmc
farfmomg eacdnacm/parglmbu/bmrmbtargstgb ymco jgbanms nachmjg
sabunpulmc tadrg jmc bdcsap nalmlug sarmcobmgmc prdsas glngm`.

Vumco Lgcobup jmc Zuhumc Glnu [acoatm`umc Mlmn

G[M mjmlm` smlm` smtu nmtarg mhmr ymco nanglgbg imbupmc smcomt lums.
Qctub nanpalmhmrgcym `mrus nanpar`mtgbmc tgcobmtmccym.
Nacurut Nulymsm (6;;?8==6) rumco lgcobup uctub fm`mc bmhgmc G[M
uctub YJ/NG

nalgputg mspab-mspab fargbut8

m. Nmb`lub `gjup jmc prdsas ba`gjupmc, ymgtu nmcusgm,
`awmc, tunfu`mc jmc gctarmbsgcym jacomc lgcobucomc, sartm basa`mtmc.
 f. Facjm/nmtarg, sgemt-sgemt jmc baoucmmccym nalgputg8 imgr, pmjmt,
jmc oms.
i. Acarog jmc parufm`mccym nalgputg8 omym, fucyg, pmcms, nmocat,
lgstrgb, im`mym, jmc pasmwmt sajar`mcm.
j. Fung jmc mlmn sanastm nalgputg8 tmcm`, fung, tmtm surym, jmc facjm-
 facjm lmcogtcym.

Farjmsmrbmc mpm ymco talm` jgbanubmbmc dla` Nulymsm (6;;?8==6) nmbm

jmpmt jgbmtmbmc rumco lgcobup G[M mjmlm` sanum ymco mjm jg
mlmn sanastm ymco nalgputg8
=. Nm`lub `gjup tarnmsub prdsas ba`gjupmccym ymco
nacimbup nmcusgm, `awmc sartm tunfu`mc.
6. Facjm/nmtarg ymco nalgputg facjm imgr, facjm pmjmt jmc facjm oms.
9. Acarog sartm parufm`mccym ymco nalgputg omym, fucyg, pmcms,

nmocat, lgstrg, im`mym jmc pasmwmt sajar`mcm.

:. Fung jmc mlmn sanastm nalgputg fung, tmtm surym huom sanum
facjm lmcogt. Jmrg rumco lgcobup tarsafut, G[M narupmbmc glnu
pacoatm`umc ymco nacobmhg tactmco bdcsap jmc prgcsgp jmsmr ymco
asacsgml tactmco sanum oahmlm mlmn sanastm.
Jmrg mspab-mspab ymco unun nm`lub `gjup smnpmg mspab b`usus prdsas
ba`gjupmccym. Jmrg embtm jmsmr tactmco fung `gcoom embtm lafg` jmlmn
tactmco tmtm surym.
 FMF GGG
[ACQZQ[

9.= BAYGN[QLMC
Glnu [acoatm`umc Mlmn (G[M) far`ufucomc jacomc imrm nacimrg tm`u
tactmco mlmn saimrm sgstanmtgs, sa`gcoom G[M fubmc `mcym pacoumsmmc

bunpulmc pacoatm`umc ymco farupm embtm-embtm, bdcsap-bdcsap, mtmu

 prgcsgp-prgcsgp smhm tatmpg huom narupmbmc sumtu prdsas pacanumc.
[acjgjgbmc G[M jg`mrmpbmc jmpmtnachmjg wm`mcm fmog pasartm jgjgb uctub
nanpalmhmrg jgrg sacjgrg jmc mlmn sabgtmr, sartm prdspab 
 pacoanfmcomc lafg` lmchut jmlmn nacarmpbmccym jg
jmlmnba`gjupmc sa`mrg-`mrg. [rdsas panfalmhmrmccym nacabmcbmc pmjm
panfargmc
 pacomlmnmc saimrm lmcosuco uctub nacoanfmcobmc bdnpatacsg momr
nachalmhm`g jmc nanm`mng mlmn sabgtmr saimrm mlmngm`.
[acjgjgbmc narupmbmc ndjml uctub nanfmcouc sunfar jmym nmcusgm
(YJN) ymco iarjms jmc farfujg lu`ur. Nmcusgm nalmlug pacjgjgbmc
mbmc nalm`grbmc tmtmcmc lgcobucomc ba`gjupmc ymco fmgb. smlm`
smtucym jacomc Glnu [acoatm`umc Mlmn (G[M). [arbanfmcomc G[M
tgjmb `mcym jgtmcjmg dla` mjmcym bunpulmc embtm smhm, tatmpg huom
jgtmcjmg dla` nuciulcym natdja glngm` (sigactgegi nat`djs)
ymco tarwuhuj nalmlug sumtu rmcobmgmc barhm glngm` (wdrbgco
sigactgegimlly), cglmg jmc sgbmp glngm` (sigactgegi mttgtujas) Japjgbcms
(6;;?8 0). Zuhumc panfalmhmrmc G[M saimrm tarsgrmt nacuctut uctub
nacomhmrbmc banmnpumc farpgbgr.   Dla`

bmracm gtu, panfalmhmrmc G[M parlu nacstgnulmsg nm`msgswm uctub mbtge 

 jmlmn panfalmhmrmc nalmlug prdsas abspldrmsg sasumg banmnpumc
 farpgbgr nm`msgswm. Banmnpumc farpgbgr mjmlm` banmnpumc jg jmlmn
nacymtubmc parglmbu/tgcjmbmc, pacoatm`umc, jmc banmnpumc
ymco nanucobgcbmc sasadrmco uctub nanfactub lgcobucomccym
nachmjg aeabtge.

9.6 YMVMC
Yatalm` smym salasmg naculgs nmbmlm` gcg smym nacymjmrg
jmc nacoatm`mug nmbmlm` gcg hmu` jmrg bmtm sanpurcm bmracm gtu brgtgb
jmc smrmc ymco nanfmcouc smcomt jgparlubmc uctub
nacoanfmcobmc banmnpumc naculgs nmbmlm` glngm` bajapmccym.
 JMEZMV [QYZMBM

Vaearacias
@mrndcg, M. (c.j.). [acomctmr Glnu Mlmngm` Jmsmr. Oucmjmrnm.

[. Vm`myu, Y. N. (=5 Hmcumrg 6;=6). [acoanfmcomc [almhmrmc G[M Zarpmju jacomc

Nacooucmbmc Ndjal [anfalmhmrmc [rdflan Fmsa Nalmlug Lassdc Ytujy. Hurcml
[acjgjgbmc G[M Gcjdcasgm, 59-?;.

Ymputrd, I. F. (6;=?). Nacgobmtbmc @msgl Falmhmr Ygemt-Ygemt Im`mym jacomc Natdja Gcqugry
[mjm balms U YJ Caoarg .  Hurcml Ngtrm [acjgjgbmc , vdl = 61;-:0=.

Yuwmrtd. (Jasanfar 6;=?). [acoanfmcomc Zas Glnu [acoatm`umc Mlmn Zarbdnputargsmsg.

  Hurcml [acalgtimc jmc Avmlumsg [acjgjgbmc Udluna 6=, Cd 6, =19-=5=.

Zursgcmwmti. (Udl. 6 Cd.:, Mprgl 6;=5). [acoumsmmmc Bdcsap @mbgbmt Ymgcs jmlmn
[almbsmcmmc [aridfmmc [mjm [anfalmhmrmc G[M jg YJC Bdtm Fmcjm Mia`. Hurcml
[asdcm Jmsmr,  ?6-0:.

_mwmc Abm Yatimwmc, Carg Aog Vusnmcm. (Dbtdfar 6;=0). [acarmpmc Ndjal [anfalmhmrmc
I`gljrac Lamrcgco Gc Yigacia (ILGY) jmlmn [anfalmhmrmc Bdcsap Jmsmr G[M Qctub
Nacgcobmtbmc Batarmnpglmc [rdsas Ymgcs jmc Ygbmp Glngm` Nm`msgswm Imldc Ouru.
  Hurcml [asdcm Jmsmr Udl.5 Cd.6, 55-?:.