WOL Traveler Coursebook

Chapters.
1 Starting the Day p. 03
2 Getting Ready p. 23
3 Stepping Out p. 40
4 Wandering Around p. 55
5 Exploring the City p. 73
6 Having Fun p. 93
7 On the Beach p. 109
Arquivo Interativo.
8 Getting Home
Interações no menu ao
lado, topo e base das p. 126
páginas, e nas indicações
do Grammar Guide no
9 Grammar Guide
final de cada lesson.
p. 146
Starting
the Day.
Chapter 1 Video Script Vocabulary Vocabulary Activities Grammar Grammar Activities
Part 1.
In this chapter, you will see some vocabulary related to accommodations and
routine. You will also learn language items to help you improve your English skills.
Now look at the script of Starting the Day.
STARTING THE DAY
[In bed. The alarm goes off.]

Casey:
Hey, guys! I didn’t think you’d be here yet. Whoa! I just woke up. When
I wake up, I turn off my alarm. I don’t want to get up yet. When I get
up, I get out of bed. I don’t want to do that. When I wake up, I like to go
online and check a few things. I like to check the news. Hmm, there’s
nothing new. And then, I check my messages. My friends say, “hi!” My
mom’s mad because I haven’t called her for a couple of days. I’ll talk to
her later. I’m in L.A., I’m going to be walking around today, so, I want to
check the weather. And...not surprisingly, it’s sunny. It’s always sunny; it
might be cold though. Well, OK, you guys hang out. I’m going to check a
few more things. I don’t want to get out of bed yet. I’ll find you when I’m
finished.
[Browsing the internet on the phone]

Casey:
Oh, a walking tour might be nice…
[Getting out of bed]

Casey:
OK, guys! Start the music, because I am finally, finally, getting out of
bed! But I always have got to stretch; it’s very important to stretch! And
I should make this bed...But, I’m on vacation...So, I’m going to save that
for later! I’m going to go to the bathroom, you guys can stay here!
[Walking into the bathroom]

Casey:
I mean, look at this place! I like to rent when I travel. I don’t really like
hotels, and places like this remind me of home. Look at this place! It’s
got everything! Bath, shower…And look at this sink! How does that even
< voltar para o índice

4
work? I’m going to wash my face! OK, now we wash the face, wash the
hands, and then we turn that off. Very important to conserve water. And
we dry the hands, and we dry the face. That’s a handsome guy! And
now, get ready for this, I am going to brush my teeth. But I don’t know
you guys like that, so can we cut for this part? Cut! And...why do I get
the feeling like you’re still rolling? Are you still rolling?
[Jogging outside]
Casey:
Hey, guys! You know, some people don’t like to exercise when they
come on vacation, but I do! I like to jog! I don’t like to run; running is too
fast. And look at me, I’m a jogger. Some people like to do other things,
like, they do yoga. Or they practice martial arts. Or they just do regular
work out; but me? I like to jog. So, are you with me, camera guy? You
tired? Nah? OK, I’m going! I’m going!
COME ÇANDO O DIA
[Na cama. O despertador toca.]

Casey:
E aí, pessoal! Não achei que vocês já estariam aqui! Nossa! Acabei
de acordar! Quando eu acordo, desligo o despertador. Não quero me
levantar ainda. Quando eu me levanto, saio da cama. E não quero fazer
isso. Quando eu acordo, gosto de entrar na internet e checar algumas
coisas. Eu gosto de conferir as notícias. Hum, nada de novo. Então, eu
checo minhas mensagens. Meus amigos mandaram um “oi”! Minha
mãe está zangada porque eu não ligo para ela há uns dias. Falo com ela
depois. Estou em Los Angeles e vou andar por aqui hoje; então, quero
ver como está o tempo. E... nenhuma surpresa, está ensolarado. Aqui
é sempre ensolarado, mas pode fazer frio. Bem, vocês podem ir fazer
outra coisa, que eu vou ver mais umas coisinhas. Eu não quero sair da
cama ainda. Encontro vocês quando terminar.
[Navegando na internet pelo telefone]

Casey:
Um tour a pé pode ser uma boa...

5
[Levantando-se da cama]
Casey:
Beleza, pessoal! Solta o som, porque finalmente, finalmente vou sair da
cama! Mas eu sempre tenho que me espreguiçar. Se espreguiçar é muito
importante. E eu deveria arrumar essa cama... Mas eu estou de férias,
então vou deixar para depois. Vou ao banheiro; vocês podem ficar por
aqui!
[Entrando no banheiro]
Casey:
Poxa, dá uma olhada nesse lugar! Eu gosto de alugar quando viajo. Não
curto muito hotéis, e lugares assim me lembram de casa. Olha esse
lugar! Tem de tudo! Banheira, chuveiro… Olha essa pia! Como é que
isso funciona? Vou lavar o rosto! OK! Agora lavamos o rosto, as mãos,
e, então, desligamos a torneira. É muito importante economizar água.
E secamos as mãos e depois o rosto. Olha só que cara bonito! E agora,
vocês estão prontos? Eu vou... escovar os dentes! Mas eu não conheço
vocês tão bem assim; então, podemos cortar essa parte? Corta! E... Por
que eu tenho a impressão de que vocês ainda estão gravando? Vocês
ainda estão gravando?
[Dando uma corrida na rua]

Casey:
E aí, pessoal! Sabe, algumas pessoas não gostam de se exercitar quando
estão de férias, mas eu, sim! Gosto de dar uma corridinha de leve. Não
gosto de correr de verdade, que é rápido demais. E olha só pra mim! Eu
prefiro ir mais devagar. Algumas pessoas preferem fazer outras coisas,
como yoga, por exemplo. Ou praticar artes marciais. Ou malhar todos os
dias. Mas eu? Eu gosto de dar uma corridinha. Tá me acompanhando,
cameraman? Tá cansado? Não? OK, lá vou eu! Lá vou eu!

6
Part 2.
In this chapter, you will see verbs used to describe morning routines, different
types of accommodation, and vocabulary related to the house, hotels, and
physical activities.
When we travel, we need to choose where we will stay. There are many options,
such as:
T YPES OF ACCOMMODATION
Rental house or flat

Hotel Casa ou apartamento de aluguel
Bed & Breakfast

Motel Pensão (com café da manhã)
Inn Hostel
Pousada Albergue

7
Suppose you are traveling with your family and you decide to stay at a hotel.
You can say:
We’re going to stay in a hotel downtown.

Nós vamos ficar num hotel no centro da cidade.
I’ll make our reservation later.

Eu vou fazer nossa reserva mais tarde.
But if you dislike staying at hotels, you can say:
I don’t really like hotels.

Eu não gosto muito de hotéis.
Nowadays, you can rent houses or apartments through apps or

vacation home rental agencies. If that is your preference, you can say:
I like to rent when I travel.

Eu gosto de alugar (um lugar) quando viajo.
Let’s see the main parts of a house to help you find the perfect rental
for your vacation:
PARTS OF THE HOUSE

Bedroom
Bedroom Bed Wardrobe

Quarto Cama Armário

8
Near the bedroom, you may find:
PARTS OF THE HOUSE

Bathroom
Bathroom Shower Bathtub Sink

Banheiro Chuveiro Banheira Pia
If you need to use the bathroom, you can say:
I’m gonna go to the bathroom. I’m gonna wash my face.

Eu vou ao banheiro. Eu vou lavar o rosto.
Houses and flats can be described as follows:
There are three bedrooms and two bathrooms in this house.

Tem três quartos e dois banheiros nesta casa.
There are three rooms, a kitchen, and a bathroom in this apartment.

Tem três cômodos, uma cozinha e um banheiro neste apartamento.
Travelers usually follow a different routine compared to their everyday lives, but
everybody needs to:
ROUTINE VERBS
Wake up Stretch Get up

Acordar Se espreguiçar / Se alongar Levantar

9
If you are not staying at a hotel, after getting up, you probably will:
ROUTINE VERBS
Make
Make the bed Make breakfast

Fazer / Arrumar a cama Fazer o café da manhã
After you finish your breakfast, you should probably:
ROUTINE VERBS
Wash
Wash the face Wash the hands Wash the dishes

Lavar o rosto Lavar as mãos Lavar a louça
And after that, you will probably:
ROUTINE VERBS
Brush
Brush the teeth Brush the hair

Escovar os dentes Escovar os cabelos
And finally:
ROUTINE VERBS
Dry
Dry the hands Dry the face

Secar as mãos Secar o rosto

10
You can also exercise during your vacation. Here are some activities you can do:
PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES
Verbs
Run Jog Go to the gym

Correr Dar uma corrida / Fazer cooper Ir à academia
Swim Practice martial arts Do yoga

Nadar Praticar artes marciais Fazer yoga
In this chapter, you’ve learned the types of

accommodation and how they can be described, the main
parts of a house, as well as some routine verbs.

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Part 3.
Activities
A. Number the columns according to the translation of the words.
( 1 ) Swim ( 7 ) Rental flat ( ) Acordar ( ) Pousada
( 2 ) Wardrobe ( 8 ) Get up ( ) Banheira ( ) Armário
( 3 ) Wake up ( 9 ) Shower ( ) Se levantar ( ) Escovar
( 4 ) Sink ( 10 ) Dry ( )A
partamento de ( ) Nadar
aluguel
( 5 ) Bathtub ( 11 ) Inn ( ) Pia
( ) Chuveiro
( 6 ) Wash ( 12 ) Brush ( ) Lavar
( ) Secar
B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words according to the translation.
a) I like to when I travel.

b) There are three rooms, a kitchen, and a in this apartment.

Tem três cômodos, uma cozinha e um banheiro neste apartamento.
f. wash
e. stay
d. like
c) I’m gonna to the bathroom.

Eu vou ao banheiro.
Activity B – Answers
d) I don’t really hotels.

b. bathroom

a. rent
c. go
e) We’re going to in a hotel downtown.

Activity A – Answers
Nós vamos ficar num hotel no centro da cidade.

11 / 2 / 12 / 1 / 4 / 6
3 / 5 / 8 / 7 / 9 / 10 /
f) I’m gonna my face.

Eu vou lavar o rosto.

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Part 4.
In this chapter, you will learn how to use the simple present of verbs other than the
verb to be, to talk about the future using will or going to, and to use there + be.
The simple present is used to talk about:
SIMPLE PRESENT – USES
Facts
Fatos
Habits and routine

Hábitos e rotina
Let’s analyze some examples:
SIMPLE PRESENT – OTHER VERBS

Affirmative Form: I - You - We - They
I like to rent when I travel.

You make the bed every day.

Você faz / arruma a cama todos os dias.
We make breakfast early in the morning.

Nós fazemos o café da manhã bem cedo pela manhã.
They wash their hands before their meals.

Eles lavam as mãos antes das refeições.

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As you can see, when the subject of the sentence is I, you, we, or they – or a
noun equivalent to those –, the verb conjugation will be the same as the base
form of the verb, without to.
Now take a look at the next example:

Affirmative Form: He
Nick wakes up late on his vacation.

Nick acorda tarde em suas férias.
In this sentence, Nick is equivalent to the subject pronoun he, and the main verb
becomes wakes.
Now look at another example:

Affirmative Form: She
Maria stretches when she wakes up.

Maria se espreguiça quando acorda.
In this case, Maria is equivalent to the subject pronoun she. So, stretch becomes
stretches, and wake becomes wakes.
Finally, have a look at another example:

Affirmative Form: It
I love this house. It looks fantastic!

Adoro esta casa. Ela é linda!

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Pay close attention to the second part of the sentence: the subject is the pronoun
it, and the verb look becomes looks.
As you can see, when the subject of the verb is equivalent to the third person
singular, the verb will be conjugated by adding the suffix -S to it.
There are some spelling rules related to adding this suffix to the verbs.
When the verb ends in -CH, -SH, -X, -O, or -S, we add -ES to its end.
For example:
STRE TCH + -ES = STRE TCHES
She stretches when she wakes up.

Ela se espreguiça quando acorda.
When the verb ends in consonant + -Y, we drop the -Y and add -IES. Like this:
DRY + -IES = DRIES
Lucy dries her face after washing it.

Lucy seca o rosto após lavá-lo.
To make the interrogative and negative forms of the simple present, we need to
use the auxiliary verb do. In the third person singular, it will be conjugated, and it
becomes does.
Have a look at some examples, first in the interrogative form:
SIMPLE PRESENT
Interrogative Form
Do you like to rent when you travel?

Você gosta de alugar (um lugar) quando viaja?
Does he like to travel on his own?

Ele gosta de viajar sozinho?

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Notice that the auxiliary verb starts the question, that is, it is placed before the
subject. Moreover, the main verb must be in its base form in the interrogative
form, regardless of the subject.
For the negative form, we need the auxiliary verb plus not. Let’s see some
examples:
SIMPLE PRESENT
Negative Form
I do not (don’t) really like hotels.

He does not (doesn’t) make his bed.

Ele não faz / arruma a cama dele.
Notice that we can use the full form or the contracted form of the auxiliary with
not. Just bear in mind that the full form emphasizes the idea.
So, the simple present is used to refer to facts, habits, and routine.
Now, to refer to future events, we use will and going to. Let’s see the differences
between them.
We use be + going to:
USES OF BE + GOING TO
To refer to plans
Para se referir a planos
To make predictions based on evidence

Para fazer previsões baseadas em evidências
Let’s see some examples:
BE + GOING TO
Affirmative Form
I made the reservations. We’re going to stay in a hotel downtown. plan

Eu fiz as reservas. Nós vamos ficar num hotel no centro da cidade. plano
We always have fun when we travel together. It’s going to be a great trip. prediction
A gente sempre se diverte quando viaja junto. Vai ser uma ótima viagem. previsão

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As you can see, the affirmative form is structured as follows: subject + verb to be in the present
+ going to + main verb + complement.
Whereas the first sentence conveys the idea of a plan, the second one is a prediction based on
the fact that they always have a good time when they travel together.
When be + going to is combined with the main verb to go, the contracted form gonna go is
commonly used in oral discourse. It is considered informal language. Check it out:
GONNA GO
I’m gonna go to the bathroom. I’m gonna wash my face.

Eu vou ao banheiro. Eu vou lavar o rosto.
For the interrogative and negative forms, we use the same rules of the verb to
be. Check it out:
BE + GOING TO
Affirmative Form
Are you going to go out tonight?

Você vai sair hoje à noite?
As you can see, to make the interrogative, we must invert the subject and the
verb to be. So, the basic structure is: verb to be in the present + subject + going
to + main verb + complement.
Now, let’s have a look at the negative form:
BE + GOING TO
Negative Form
I’m not going to go out tonight.

Eu não vou sair hoje à noite.

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In this case, we only add not after the verb to be. So, the basic structure
is: subject + verb to be in the present + not + going to + main verb +
complement.
Now let’s see the two possible uses of will to refer to the future:
USES OF WILL
Decision at the moment of speaking

Decisão tomada no momento da fala
Inevitability
Inevitabilidade
For example:
WILL
Affirmative Form
I’ll make our reservations later. immediate decision

Eu vou fazer nossas reservas mais tarde. decisão imediata
If you take too long, there will be no more rooms available. inevitability
Se você demorar muito, não haverá mais quartos disponíveis. inevitabilidade
Will works as an auxiliary verb, but it adds meaning to the verb, unlike do and does, which
don’t have meaning and are only used to make the negative and interrogative forms of the simple
present.
In the first sentence, will conveys an idea of immediate decision—the person has just decided to
make the reservations later. In the second sentence, will conveys an idea of inevitability—if the
reservations are not made soon, it is inevitable to assume that the rooms will be taken.
As you can see, the basic structure for the affirmative form is: subject + will + main verb +
complement.
Now let’s see the interrogative and negative forms:

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WILL
Interrogative Form
Will you make our reservations soon?

Você fará nossas reservas logo?
In the interrogative form, all we need to do is invert will and the subject.
Have a look at the negative form now:
WILL
Negative Form
I will not (won’t) take too long. Don’t worry.

Eu não demorarei muito, não se preocupe.
To make the negative, we only need to add not after will. And the contracted
form won’t will be more commonly used, unless you want to emphasize the
information.
Now let’s change the subject a bit and learn a very useful expression in English:
there be.
In some languages, the verb to have can mean to exist. But in English, what
conveys this meaning is the expression there + to be, and we only conjugate the
verb to be when we use it. Check it out:
THERE + TO BE
Affirmative Form
There is a nice bed in this hotel room. singular

Tem uma cama boa neste quarto de hotel.
There are three bedrooms and two bathrooms in this house. plural
Tem três quartos e dois banheiros nessa casa.

19
Based on the examples, we can conclude that we use there is for items in the
singular, and there are for items in the plural. In both examples, we are referring
to the existence of a bed and three bedrooms in the present. That’s why the verb
to be is conjugated in the present.
Let’s see the negative and interrogative forms of there + to be:
THERE + TO BE
Interrogative and Negative Forms
Is there a TV in this apartment?

Há uma TV neste apartamento?
There are not (aren’t) many rooms available.

Não há muitos quartos disponíveis.
As you can see, to make the negative and interrogative forms, we only
need to follow the rule of the simple present for the verb to be. In the
negative form, we add not after to be, and in the interrogative form,
we switch be with there.
In this chapter you have seen the simple present of verbs other than to
be, how to talk about the future using will and going to, how to refer
to existence with there + be, and many contracted forms. If you want
to learn more about these topics, you can refer to the Grammar Guide
section at the end of your book.
GRAMMAR GUIDE
Be + Going To (Future Page 154

Simple Present – Other Verbs Page 242
Simple Present – Verb To Be Page 248
There + Be Page 252
Will Page 256

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Part 5.
Activities
A. Write the sentences as indicated in the parentheses.
a) Are you going to go out tonight?

. (Negative)
b) There is a TV in this apartment.

? (Interrogative)
c) The house looks fantastic.

? (Interrogative)
d) I will not take too long.

. (Affirmative)
e) I’m not going to go out tonight.

. (Affirmative)
f) I make the bed every day.

. (Negative)
g) Will you make our reservation soon?

. (Negative)
h) There aren’t many rooms available.

. (Affirmative)
i) They wash their hands before their meals.

. (Negative)
j) Does he like to travel on his own?

. (Affirmative)

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B. Fill in the blanks with the contracted form of the negative and the main verbs according
to the translation.
a) I really hotels.
b) I too long. Don’t worry.
f. there won’t be
c. doesn’t make
Eu não demorarei muito, não se preocupe.
e. There aren’t
b. won’t take
a. don’t like
d. ’m not
c) He his bed.
Ele não arruma sua cama.
i. They don’t wash their hands before their meals.

d) I going to go out tonight.
Eu não vou sair hoje à noite.
g. You won’t make our reservation soon.

a. You are not going to go out tonight.
h. There are many rooms available.

e) many rooms available.
b. Is there a TV in this apartment?
f. I don’t make the bed every day.

c. Does the house look fantastic?
j. He likes to travel on his own.

Não há muitos quartos disponíveis.
e. I’m going to go out tonight.

d. I will take too long.

f) If you take too long, more rooms available.
Se você demorar muito, não haverá mais quartos disponíveis.

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Getting
Ready.
Part 1.
In this chapter, we are going to talk about what you do in the mornings before
leaving your accommodation. You will learn some important language items that
will help you improve your language skills.
Now look at the script of Getting Ready.
GE TTING READY
[Back in the room after working out]

Casey:
Oh hey, guys! How did you beat me back? I just got home in my home
away from home. That’s an important verb: “to get.” To get home. I just
got home. And I still need to choose my clothes. Now, here you see
what I’ve brought. Lots of blue, because blue is my favorite color. This
one is kind of nice...I like this one a lot, but I still need to steam it. And,
you know, steaming takes time, and no one really cares about wrinkles
when you’re on vacation, so...I think I’ll take a shower instead. Then, I’ll
come back and maybe I’ll steam it later.
[Heading to the bathroom]

Casey:
Now, camera guy, you don’t have to follow me in here...unless you really
want to. I mean, I can’t stop you. You can do whatever you want, but I
wouldn’t recommend it. You never know what you’re going to see when
you follow someone into the bathroom. I noticed you came in here, but
don’t turn that camera.
[Getting dressed]
Casey:
OK, guys, you ready for the big reveal? Just one or two more things I
have got to do before I leave. Check this out, I got dressed! Another
important use of the verb “to get”: to get dressed. Now, before I get out,
there are still one or two more things I need to do. For instance, I need
to comb or brush my hair. Two words that mean more or less the same
thing. They both get your hair looking nice. I could shave...I probably
need to, but I’m on vacation, and I think I look OK.

24
So, I’m not going to shave, but I am kind of fair-skinned, so it’s important
to put on some sunscreen. So, I’m going to put on some sunscreen,
and since my camera guy insists on following me around and showing
everything I do today on camera, you guys get to see me put on some
sunscreen. So, we’ll get that on there, nice and thick. Good. The sun is
not going to get us today! There we go, that looks OK! Yeah, OK! Nice
and protected. OK, looks great! What do you think? Pretty good? That’s
fine, you don’t have to answer. I’ll see you guys in the kitchen!
[Making breakfast]
Casey:
OK, guys! Now it’s time for a very important morning tradition, and that
is to have some coffee. So, first, we’re going to pour the coffee; here we
go, nice and slow, check that out! You’re going to want to get a close-up
for that! Nice and fancy! Smell the coffee. Oh, yeah! That’s where the
power comes from. Now some people like it with sugar, some people
drink coffee with cream, but I just drink it black. Now I’m going to need
absolute silence for this. Unless…cameraman, you want to sip first? No?
Yeah, the camera might get jittery, so OK. Silence, please. Yeah, that’s
the good stuff.
OK, so now comes breakfast! I’ve made breakfast, and that’s an

important verb: “to make breakfast.” I’ll eat a bagel, I might drink some
orange juice...You guys smell smoke? The eggs! Oh, man! That was a
close one! That would’ve been really bad. Put that there, and now we
have a real hearty “walking-around-L.A.” breakfast. This is going to be
great! So, I’m going to have breakfast, and in the meantime you guys can
go and have yours!

25
SE ARRUMANDO
[De volta ao quarto depois de se exercitar]

Casey:
Oi, pessoal! Como vocês chegaram antes de mim? Acabei de chegar
no meu lar longe de casa. Esse é um verbo importante: “to get”. Chegar
em casa. Acabei de chegar em casa. E ainda preciso escolher minhas
roupas. Aqui você pode ver o que eu trouxe. Bastante azul, porque azul
é a minha cor favorita. Essa aqui é bonitinha... Eu gosto muito dessa,
mas ainda tenho que passá-la a vapor. E sabe, isso toma muito tempo, e
ninguém se importa se a roupa está amassada quando se está de férias,
então... Em vez disso, acho que vou tomar um banho. Depois eu volto e
talvez faça isso mais tarde.
[Indo para o banheiro]

Agora, cameraman, não precisa me seguir, a não ser que você realmente
queira. Quer dizer, eu não posso te impedir... Você pode fazer o que
quiser, mas eu não recomendo. Você nunca sabe o que poderá ver ao
seguir alguém até o banheiro. Vi que você me seguiu, mas não vire a
câmera!
[Terminando de se arrumar]
Casey:
OK, pessoal, vocês estão prontos para a grande revelação? Só preciso
fazer mais uma ou duas coisas antes de sair. Olha só, eu me vesti!
Outro significado do verbo “to get”: se vestir. Agora, antes de sair, ainda
preciso fazer mais algumas coisas. Preciso pentear ou escovar meu
cabelo, por exemplo. Duas palavras que querem dizer mais ou menos
a mesma coisa. As duas deixam seu cabelo mais bonito! Eu poderia
me barbear... eu até preciso, mas estou de férias e acho que estou bem
assim. Então, não vou me barbear, mas a minha pele é clara; então, é
importante passar protetor solar. Vou passar um pouco de protetor, e,
como o cameraman insiste em me seguir por todo lado, gravando tudo o
que eu faço, vocês vão poder me ver passando filtro solar. Vamos passar
uma boa camada... beleza. O sol não vai nos queimar hoje! Pronto! Acho
que está bom. Sim! Bem protegido! Parece que está tudo certo. O que
você acha? Tá bom assim? Tudo bem, não precisa responder. Vejo vocês
na cozinha!
[Preparando o café da manhã]

Casey:
Beleza, pessoal! Agora é hora de uma tradição matinal muito
importante, que é tomar café. Primeiro, vamos servir o café. Vamos lá,
bem devagar, olha só! Pode dar um close nisso aqui! Bem bonito.

26
Sinta o cheiro do café. Isso mesmo! É daí que vem o poder do café!
Algumas pessoas gostam de café com açúcar, outras, com leite, mas eu
prefiro puro. Agora, vou precisar de silêncio absoluto. A não ser que...
você quer provar primeiro? Não? Verdade, a imagem pode ficar tremida,
OK. Silêncio, por favor! Isso, esse é dos bons!
OK! Hora do café da manhã! Eu fiz o café da manhã, e esse é um verbo

importante: “fazer o café da manhã”. Vou comer um bagel, posso
tomar um suco de laranja... Vocês estão sentindo cheiro de fumaça? Os
ovos! Caramba! Essa foi por pouco! Isso teria sido muito ruim! Vamos
colocar isso ali e tomar um café da manhã reforçado para andar por Los
Angeles. Isso vai ser ótimo! Vou tomar meu café da manhã, e, enquanto
isso, vocês podem tomar o de vocês!

27
Part 2.
Some verbs in English have so many different meanings and combinations that
we need the context to be able to make sense of them. And that’s what happens
with the verb to get. Many times, it can indicate a process. Check it out:
TO GE T
Process
To get ready To get dressed To get better

Se preparar Se vestir Melhorar
The verb to get may also convey an idea of process when used with adjectives:
TO GE T + ADJE CTIVE
Process
To get happy To get tired To get excited

Ficar feliz Ficar cansado Ficar empolgado
However, if we use the verb to be + adjective, it will indicate a state:
TO BE + ADJE CTIVE
State
To be happy To be tired To be excited

Estar feliz Estar cansado Estar empolgado

28
Observe the examples and compare:
TO BE + ADJE CTIVE VS. TO GE T + ADJE CTIVE
I’m happy to be here.

Eu estou feliz de estar aqui.
I get happy when I travel.

Eu fico feliz quando viajo.
Let’s sit here for a while. I’m tired.

Vamos nos sentar aqui por um tempo. Eu estou cansado.
We can walk to the museum. But it’s far, we’ll get tired.
A gente pode andar até o museu. Mas é longe, nós vamos ficar cansados.
Sammy is excited about the trip.

Sammy está empolgado com a viagem.
When Julia is about to travel, she gets really excited.

Quando Julia está prestes a viajar, ela fica muito empolgada.
As you can see, the verb to be is being used to indicate a state, a condition,
whereas the verb to get is being used to refer to changes of state.
To get is also very commonly used to form phrasal verbs, which are
combinations of verbs with prepositions or adverbs that convey another meaning
to the verb. For example:
TO GE T
Phrasal Verbs
To get in / get out To get on / get off To get up

Entrar / Sair Entrar / Sair Se levantar

29
Even when the verb to get isn’t part of a phrasal verb, it can have different
meanings depending on the context. For example:
I get home from work at 6 p.m.

Eu chego em casa do trabalho às 6h da tarde.
I take a shower when I get there.

Eu tomo uma ducha quando chego lá.
In these cases, get means to arrive.

You can also use to get to express the physical act of grabbing.
Get that book for me, please.

Pegue aquele livro para mim, por favor.
I’m going to get us some pizza to take away.

Eu vou pegar uma pizza para a gente levar para casa.
The verb to take is also very much used to form phrasal verbs. Check some examples out:
TO TAKE
Phrasal Verbs
I take a shower at least twice a day.

Eu tomo uma ducha pelo menos duas vezes ao dia.
I’m going to get some food to take away.

Vou comprar uma refeição para viagem.
The first thing I do when I get home is to take off my shoes.

A primeira coisa que eu faço quando chego em casa é tirar os sapatos.
It will probably take time to get used to life at home again.

Provavelmente vai demorar para eu me acostumar com a vida em casa novamente.

30
Another popular verb in the list of phrasal verbs is the verb to put.
Check it out:
TO PUT
Phrasal Verbs
It is important to put on sunscreen.

É importante passar protetor solar.
It is difficult to put up with impolite people.

É difícil aguentar pessoas mal-educadas.
After shower, we need to put on clothes.

Depois do banho, precisamos vestir roupas.
There are other verbs and expressions we use to describe our actions while getting ready:
GE TTING READY
To choose clothes To choose shoes To comb / brush the hair.

Escolher roupas Escolher sapatos Pentear / Escovar os cabelos
In English, sometimes the noun we use to perform an action and

the verb that represents that action are the same. Check it out:
You comb your hair with a comb.

Você penteia os cabelos com um pente.
You brush your hair with a hairbrush.

Você escova os cabelos com uma escova de cabelos.
You brush your teeth with a toothbrush.

Você escova os dentes com uma escova de dentes.

31
Some tasks we perform in order to get ready are household chores:
HOUSEHOLD CHORES
To steam clothes To iron clothes

Passar roupas (com Passar roupas (com ferro de To make breakfast
vaporizador) passar) Preparar o café da manhã
You can use the verb to make to refer to the action of preparing all other meals
too. There are three main meals in English:
MAIN MEALS
Breakfast Lunch Dinner

Café da manhã Almoço Jantar
The verbs to eat and to drink are commonly used in this context. But it is quite common to replace them with
the verb to have. Take a look:
To have some To have some scrambled

To have some coffee orange juice eggs and toast
Tomar café Tomar suco de laranja Comer ovos mexidos com torrada
Now you know lots of morning activities, phrasal verbs,

and vocabulary related to breakfast.

32
Part 3.
Activities
( 1 ) To get tired ( 7 ) To be happy ( ) Se levantar ( ) Escovar
( 2 ) Lunch ( 8 ) To comb ( ) Tomar café ( ) Estar feliz
( 3 ) To put on ( 9 ) To put up with ( ) Aguentar ( ) Pente
(4)T
o get up ( 10 ) To be tired ( )P
entear ( ) Ficar feliz
( 5 ) Comb ( 11 ) To brush ( ) Estar cansado ( ) Vestir/Calçar/Passar
( 6 ) To have some ( 12 ) To get happy ( ) Almoço ( ) F icar cansado

coffee
a) It will probably to get used to life at home again.

Provavelmente vai demorar para eu me acostumar com a vida em casa novamente.
b) It is difficult to impolite people.

f. put on / apply
e. get/arrive
c) I’m going to some food to take away.

d. put on
Vou comprar uma refeição para viagem.

d) After shower, we need to clothes.

b. put up with
a. take time
c. get/buy
e) The first thing I do when I home is to take off my shoes.

f) It is important to sunscreen.
11 / 7 / 5 / 12 / 3 / 1
4 / 6 / 9 / 8 / 10 / 2 /
É importante passar protetor solar.

33
Part 4.
In this chapter, you will learn how to use adjectives with or without prepositions,
phrasal verbs, and verbs with prepositions. You will learn about classes of words,
especially adjectives and verbs.
Let’s start with the adjectives. They describe:
USES OF ADJE CTIVES
State Characteristics Opinion

Estado Características Opinião
They can be temporary or permanent, but they describe something or someone.

I’m happy to be here.

Eu estou feliz de estar aqui.
Let’s sit here for a while. I’m tired.

Vamos nos sentar aqui por um tempo. Eu estou cansado.
We can walk to the museum. But it’s far, we’ll get tired.
A gente pode andar até o museu. Mas é longe, nós vamos ficar cansados.
We can conclude that the adjective may come right after a verb: verb + adjective,
or we can use the adjective before the subject to which it refers: adjective +
noun. Let’s see some examples:
Johnny rented a lovely house. Traveling is a great experience.

Johnny alugou uma bela casa. Viajar é uma ótima experiência.
I like to have a nutritious breakfast in the morning.

Eu gosto de tomar um café da manhã nutritivo pela manhã.

34
In the three previous examples, we can see the adjectives coming

before the nouns.
In other languages, the adjective may come before or after the
noun, and both forms would be correct. In English, it rarely
happens, but you may see sentences such as the following:
I’m tired of this house.

Estou cansado desta casa.
Here, note that there is an adjective and its compliment, which adds meaning to it and makes it clearer. It is
introduced by the preposition of—we can be tired of something or someone.
There are more cases in which prepositions connect adjectives to other terms in the sentence. Take a look:
ADJE CTIVES + PREPOSITIONS
Sammy is excited about the trip. Jack is pleased with his hotel room.
Sammy está empolgado com a viagem. Jack está satisfeito com seu quarto de hotel.
Tina is good at cooking. Jack is annoyed with his hotel room.

Tina é boa na cozinha / cozinhando. Jack está irritado com seu quarto de hotel.
Tina is bad at cooking. Jack is bored with his hotel room.

Tina é ruim na cozinha / cozinhando. Jack está entediado com seu quarto de hotel.
These adjectives should be studied with the prepositions that accompany them,
for they will always be the same ones. Sometimes, depending on the adjective,
there will be more than one possible preposition. But this will convey a different
meaning. For example:
ADJE CTIVES + PREPOSITIONS
I’m happy for you. I’m happy with this meal.

Estou feliz por você. Estou feliz com essa refeição.

35
There is a difference in saying happy for someone and happy with someone or something.
When we say happy for, we mean we are proud of someone, or pleased with their
accomplishment. When we say happy with, we mean that we are satisfied.
Prepositions can also be combined with verbs to form phrasal verbs. Phrasal verbs are formed
by the combination of a verb + a preposition or an adverb, or even a preposition and an
adverb, and their meaning may be totally different from the original meaning of each separate
part. Look at the example:
I like to work out in the morning.

Eu gosto de malhar pela manhã.
Here, the words work and out do not mean the same as they do separately. Their
combination forms a whole new meaning, which is to do physical activities.
Let’s see some other examples of phrasal verbs:
PHRASAL VERBS
The first thing I do when I get home is to take off my shoes.

I wake up at 6 a.m. but I only get up at 6:30 a.m.

Eu acordo às 6h da manhã, mas só me levanto às 6h30.
It is difficult to put up with impolite people.

After shower, we need to put on clothes.

These prepositions and adverbs may form other phrasal verbs when combined with other
verbs; for example:
Turn on the lights Turn off the lights

Acender as luzes. Apagar as luzes
The verb turn combines with many adverbs and prepositions to form different phrasal verbs;
those are some of the most common ones.

36
Let’s see some more examples:
PHRASAL VERBS
We need to look for the keys Mike lost.

Precisamos procurar as chaves que o Mike perdeu.
Look out for pickpockets while walking downtown.

Fique atento aos batedores de carteira quando estiver andando pelo centro da cidade.
It will be a disaster if our car breaks down during the trip.

Será um desastre se nosso carro quebrar durante a viagem.
Let’s go out tonight?

Vamos sair hoje à noite?
It is important to mention that not every preposition that comes after a verb forms a phrasal verb. For example:
Let’s go to the movies? Get that book for me, please.

Vamos ao cinema? Pegue aquele livro para mim, por favor.
Come with me. We need to talk about our travel plans.

Venha comigo. Precisamos falar sobre nossos planos de viagem.
In none of the previous examples does the preposition change the original meaning of the verb.
When this happens, we know it is not a phrasal verb.
In this chapter, you’ve learned a lot about adjectives, prepositions, and

phrasal verbs. If you want to learn more about these topics, you can
refer to the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.
GRAMMAR GUIDE
Adjectives Page 147

Dependent Prepositions Page 166
Phrasal Verbs Page 207

37
Part 5.
Activities
A. Mark the sentences that contain phrasal verbs.
a) ( ) Look out for pickpockets while walking downtown.

Fique atento aos batedores de carteira quando estiver andando pelo centro da cidade.
b) ( ) Let’s go to the movies?

Vamos ao cinema?
c) ( ) Come with me.

Venha comigo.
d) ( ) We need to look for the keys Mike lost.

Precisamos procurar as chaves que o Mike perdeu.
e) ( ) It will be a disaster if our car breaks down during the trip.

Será um desastre se nosso carro quebrar durante a viagem.
f) ( ) We need to talk about our travel plans.

Precisamos falar sobre nossos planos de viagem.
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition.
a) Jack is annoyed his hotel room.

Jack está irritado com seu quarto de hotel.
b) I’m happy you.

Estou feliz por você.
c) Tina is good cooking.

Tina é boa na cozinha / cozinhando.
d) I’m happy this meal.

Estou feliz com essa refeição.

38
e) Jack is pleased his hotel room.

Jack está satisfeito com seu quarto de hotel.
f) I’m tired this house.

Estou cansado desta casa.
f. of c. at
e. with b. for a, d, e
d. with a. with Sentences with phrasal verbs:
Activity B – Answers Activity A – Answers

39
Stepping Out.
.
Part 1.
In this chapter, you will see some vocabulary related to getting around a city,
learn how to give and ask for recommendations and advice, as well as learn some
modal verbs to help you out, and the imperative form.
Now look at the script of Stepping Out.
STEPPING OUT
[By the kitchen table going through his plans]

Casey:
OK, guys! I’m almost ready to go out and explore L.A. I’ve downloaded
all my traveler’s apps to help me figure out what I’m actually going to
do. Now, it’s also important to google must-see and must-visit places
wherever you’re staying. Another important part, and not everyone
remembers this: it helps to have a journal. Go and choose from of all
the places you’ve seen, choose the places you want to go and visit.
And once you have your journal, plan your trip. Go and write down
all the places and the times you want to actually go and see things.
Because you’re going to want to do a lot, and you want to keep track of
everything.
Now, it’s also important to research tourist traps. A tourist trap is a

place where you go expecting one thing, but you get something else.
Like, I looked up this review of Rodeo Drive, and it says, “Rodeo Drive
in Beverly Hills is a tourist trap.” It says that people go expecting Mel
Gibson or Paris Hilton, but what they actually get is a hundred people
also there waiting to see Mel Gibson or Paris Hilton. So now I know,
because I researched a tourist trap, to avoid Rodeo Drive, and instead,
I’m going to go to Venice Beach. Is Venice Beach a tourist trap? I’m
going to research that.
[On the sofa, getting things ready]

Casey:
OK, guys. I’m just about ready to head out. But first, I need to do a
couple more things. I’m going to check my cell phone battery, and it’s a
little low, so I think I’m going to charge my cell phone using this handy
cell phone charger I bought here. It’s very important to buy a cell phone

41
charger when you’re traveling. OK, now while that’s charging, I think I’ll
check my schedule. I have a walking tour at 11 a.m., and I need to see if
I am ahead of schedule, on time, or behind schedule. And if I’m behind
schedule, I know I need to hurry up. And it looks like I’m right on time!
Great, so I’ll just leave my cell phone here to do its thing, and I’ll sit here
very patiently. But hurry up, cell phone! I don’t have all day!
OK, guys. While I wait for my cell phone to charge, let me just give a
couple of tips about traveling around the city. First, you want to make
a list of all the attractions that you want to see in the day. And that
will help you get organized and figure out if you want to take a bus
or a subway. And then when you have those figured out, check the
operating hours of the bus system or the subway system, because you
don’t want to be stuck across town, and you want to make sure you get
home safe. Now, speaking of safety, make sure to check the reviews of
all the places that you want to visit, the neighborhoods or the areas, so
that you know they’re safe, and that you actually want to go there. And
now that you have those tips, let’s grab my cell phone and we’ll go!
[Casey is organizing his backpack]

Casey:
OK, guys! Now I just need to organize my backpack. So, let’s get started
here. I’ve got some water; since I’ll be walking around, you want to
stay hydrated. I got some nutritious snacks; that’s going to be good for
energy while you’re walking around. An apple and some mixed nuts;
there we go. OK, I’m going to be taking the bus or the subway, so I’ll
need some reading materials. I have this magazine and my tablet, very
important. And my cell phone charger in case my phone dies; I’ll put
that in there...And now, pay attention to the chargers that you’re using:
they’re going to have different adapters. Some countries have a different
adapter, so make sure you do your research before you get to the place
where you’re going, so you’re not stuck without battery. Alright, we’ll
zip that up. We’re ready to go! Make sure I have my keys...Yeah, it’s
important to get your keys before you leave. You don’t want to forget
those! I’ll throw my jacket on here...and we’ll head out; let’s go, guys!
Oh! One more thing I need to do: I need to set the alarm so that the
house is secure. There we go! OK, and we’ll head out! Here, you guys
can head out first, go ahead! Seems like a nice day outside. And I’ll just
follow behind you. We’ll make sure we close the door. And then we’ll
make sure we lock the door, so that the house is secure. Let’s see: make
sure I have the right key here. Alright, cool. Remember: “close the door”
and “lock the door” are two different things. So now that the house is
secure and the alarm is set, and I have all my stuff in my backpack, we
can finally explore the city! Let’s go!

42
SAINDO DE CASA
[Na mesa da cozinha, revisando os planos do dia]

Casey:
OK, pessoal! Estou quase pronto para sair e explorar Los Angeles. Eu
baixei todos os aplicativos de viagem para me ajudar a descobrir o que
fazer. Ah, é importante pesquisar na internet os lugares imperdíveis
de se ver e visitar onde você está. E outra coisa importante da qual
nem todos se lembram: ajuda muito escrever um diário. Entre todos
os lugares que você viu, escolha os que quer visitar. E, assim que você
tiver seu diário, planeje sua viagem. Escreva sobre todos os lugares e os
horários em que você quer visitá-los. Porque você vai querer fazer um
monte de coisas, e é melhor anotar tudo.
Também é importante pesquisar as armadilhas para turista. Uma

armadilha para turista é um lugar aonde você vai esperando uma coisa,
mas acaba encontrando outra. Por exemplo, eu encontrei essa avaliação
da Rodeo Drive, que fala que “Rodeo Drive, em Beverly Hills, é uma
armadilha para turista”. E fala que as pessoas vão esperando encontrar
o Mel Gibson ou a Paris Hilton, mas, na verdade, o que encontram lá
são outras cem pessoas também esperando ver o Mel Gibson e a Paris
Hilton. E agora eu sei, porque pesquisei sobre essa armadilha, que é
melhor evitar a Rodeo Drive; então eu vou para Venice Beach. Será que
Venice Beach é uma armadilha? Vou dar uma pesquisada nisso.
[No sofá, se arrumando para sair]

Casey:
Beleza, pessoal, estou prestes a sair, mas antes, preciso fazer mais
algumas coisas. Vou conferir a bateria do meu celular, e ela está um
pouco baixa; então, vou carregar o celular com o carregador portátil
que eu comprei aqui. É muito importante comprar um carregador de
celular quando se está viajando. OK, enquanto ele carrega, vou verificar
a minha programação. Eu tenho uma caminhada turística às 11h da
manhã e preciso saber se eu estou adiantado, no horário ou atrasado
na minha programação. E se estiver atrasado, eu preciso me apressar. E
parece que estou no horário! Ótimo! Vou deixar meu celular carregando,
me sentar aqui e esperar pacientemente. Mas acelera aí, celular! Eu não
tenho o dia todo!
OK, enquanto eu espero o celular carregar, vou dar algumas dicas sobre
viajar pela cidade. Primeiro, é legal fazer uma lista de todas as atrações
que você quer ver naquele dia. Isso vai te ajudar a se organizar e decidir
se é melhor pegar o ônibus ou o metrô. E quando você escolher, confira
os horários de funcionamento dos ônibus e do metrô. Porque você não

43
vai querer ficar preso do outro lado da cidade e quer chegar em casa
são e salvo. Falando em segurança, não esqueça de conferir as resenhas
dos lugares que você quer visitar. Os bairros e arredores, para saber se
são seguros e se você realmente quer ir lá. E agora que você já sabe
essas dicas, vamos pegar meu celular e partir!
[Casey arrumando a mochila]

Casey:
OK, pessoal. Agora só preciso arrumar minha mochila! Vamos começar
por aqui. Eu tenho água, pois vou caminhar por aí e é melhor ficar
hidratado. Também tenho lanches nutritivos, que são bons para manter
a energia enquanto caminhamos. Uma maçã e algumas castanhas,
pronto. OK, como eu vou pegar o ônibus ou o metrô, vou precisar
de algo para ler. Eu tenho essa revista e meu tablet, e isso é muito
importante. E o carregador de celular, se acabar a bateria. Vamos colocar
isso aqui... Ah, preste atenção ao carregador que você está usando,
porque ele pode precisar de um adaptador diferente. Em alguns países
usam adaptadores diferentes; então, não se esqueça de pesquisar
isso antes de viajar para o seu destino, para não ficar sem bateria. OK,
vamos fechar a mochila... E estamos prontos para sair! Vou verificar se
estou com as chaves... É muito importante pegar as chaves antes de
sair. Não é nada bom esquecê-las! Vou colocar o casaco aqui... e vamos
sair; vamos lá, pessoal!
Ah, mais uma coisa que preciso fazer! Eu preciso ligar o alarme para
manter a casa segura. Pronto! OK, vamos sair! Vocês podem sair
primeiro! Vão em frente! Parece que temos um dia bonito! Estou logo
atrás de vocês. Vamos fechar a porta e garantir que esteja trancada
para que a casa fique segura. Vejamos, vou conferir se é a chave certa.
Beleza! Lembre-se: “fechar a porta” e “trancar a porta” são duas coisas
diferentes. Agora que a casa está segura, o alarme está ligado e eu
tenho todas as minhas coisas na mochila, nós finalmente podemos
explorar a cidade! Vamos lá!

44
Part 2.
In this chapter, you will see how to get ready for a day in the city, the means of
transportation you can take, and vocabulary used to give instructions.
If you like to explore the city by yourself, there are some recommendations you
should probably consider:
You should download travelers’ apps.

Você deve baixar aplicativos de viajantes.
You should google must-see places.

Você deve pesquisar na internet lugares imperdíveis.
You should keep a journal to list your choices.

Você deve ter um diário para listar suas escolhas.
You have also seen some tips for organizing your trip:
Plan your trip. Avoid tourist traps.

Planeje sua viagem. Evite armadilhas para turistas.
Research tourist traps.

Pesquise as atrações que podem ser armadilhas para turistas.
Check other travelers’ reviews.

Verifique avaliações de outros viajantes.

45
When you search for places to go and things to do, there are some points you will need to consider:
Is it fun? Is it safe? Is it far?

É divertido? É seguro? É longe?
Can I pay for it? Do I like this type of tourist attraction?

Posso pagar por isso? Eu gosto deste tipo de atração turística?
These factors are also important to help you decide which means
of transportation will better suit your plans:
Will you take/get a bus? Will you take/get the subway?

Você irá de ônibus? Você irá de metrô?
Will you go on foot?

Você irá a pé?
Not to mention all the other possibilities, such as taxis, bikes, and scooters.
It would also be nice to make a checklist with the things you can’t forget:
Make sure your phone is fully charged.

Certifique-se de que seu telefone esteja carregado.
It’s important to buy a portable cell-phone charger.

É importante comprar um carregador portátil para celular.
Don’t forget to check the operating hours of the transportation system.

Não se esqueça de verificar o horário de funcionamento dos transportes.
Remember to lock the door before you leave.

Lembre-se de trancar a porta antes de sair.

46
All these sentences can be considered reminders, and their purpose is to draw
attention to important things. So, last but not least:
Make sure you prepare your bag well!

Certifique-se de preparar bem sua bolsa.
Now you know how to get ready for a day in the city,
some means of transportation you can take, and some
advice on how to get set.

47
Part 3.
Activities
( 1 ) Traps ( 7 ) To make sure ( ) Evitar ( ) Pegar o metrô
( 2 ) (Cell phone) ( 8 ) To forget ( ) Baixar ( ) Armadilhas

charger
( 9 ) To lock ( ) Se certificar ( ) Pegar o ônibus
( 3 ) Avoid
( 10 ) To get the ( )A
pé ( ) Pesquisar na
(4)T
o remember subway internet
( ) Esquecer
( 5 ) On foot ( 11 ) To take the bus ( ) Carregador (de
( ) Lembrar
celular)
( 6 ) To google ( 12 ) To download
( ) Trancar
a) You should travelers’ apps.

Você deve baixar aplicativos de viajantes.
e. must-see places
d. tourist traps
b) you prepare your bag well!
f. reviews
Certifique-se de preparar bem sua bolsa.
c) You should keep a to list your choices.

Você deve ter um diário para listar suas escolhas.

b. Make sure
a. download
c. journal
d) Avoid .
Evite armadilhas para turistas.
e) You should google .

9 / 10 / 1 / 11 / 6 / 2
3 / 12 / 7 / 5 / 8 / 4 /
f) Check other travelers’ .


48
Part 4.
In this chapter, you will learn how to make questions with the interrogative form,
which is the base for asking questions; the modal verbs can, could, and should, and
their interrogative forms, as well as the imperative.
Let’s start with the interrogative form. In English, the interrogative form has a
different structure compared to that of the affirmative form.
To ask a question with the verb to be, we will follow this structure:
INTERROGATIVE FORM – VERB TO BE
To Be + Subject + Complement (Simple Present and Simple Past)

Verbo To Be + Sujeito + Complemento
For example:
INTERROGATIVE FORM – VERB TO BE
Is it fun? Is it safe? Is it far?

É divertido? É seguro? É longe?
There is also the structure used for the other verbs in the simple present. In such
cases, the structure is:
INTERROGATIVE FORM – SIMPLE PRESENT OTHER VERBS
Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Complement

Verbo Auxiliar + Sujeito + Verbo Principal + Complemento

49
Remember that in order to ask questions in the simple present, we use the
auxiliary verb do. In the third person singular, it will become does. Take a look
at some examples:
INTERROGATIVE FORM – SIMPLE PRESENT OTHER VERBS
Do they like this type of tourist attraction?

Eles gostam deste tipo de atração turística?
Do you research tourist attractions before you travel?

Você pesquisa as atrações turísticas antes de viajar?
Does the city offer entertainment options for you?

A cidade oferece opções de entretenimento para você?
Now, look at some questions with modal verbs. Bear in mind that they are also
auxiliary verbs. So, when we make up a question using a modal verb, we follow the
same structure used for questions with the auxiliary do. Take a look at these examples:
INTERROGATIVE FORM – MODAL VERBS
Will you take/get the subway?

Você irá de metrô?
Will you go on foot?

Você irá a pé?
Can I walk with you?

Posso andar com você?
Could you tell me where I can take the bus?

Poderia me dizer onde eu posso pegar o ônibus?
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that add meaning to the main verb. And the modal
verbs can and could convey the idea of possibility or request. So, if you are asked:
MODAL VERBS
Can/Could
Can/Could you give me some advice about my travel plans?

Você pode/poderia me dar um conselho sobre meus planos de viagem?

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You are being requested to provide someone with a piece of advice.

The best modal verb to answer this question is should. This is a modal verb
specifically used to give advice and to make suggestions and recommendations.
So, you could answer:
MODAL VERBS
Should
You should download travelers’ apps.

Você deve baixar aplicativos de viagem.
You should google must-see places.

You shouldn’t travel without planning.

Você não deve viajar sem planejamento.
Since should is a modal verb, to ask a question using it, you will follow the
structure related to auxiliary verbs. You will often ask questions with should in the
first person to ask for advice. For example:
MODAL VERBS
Should
Should I stay in a hotel or in a rental?

Eu devo ficar num hotel ou alugar uma casa?
There is another verb form that can also be used to refer to advice. It is the
imperative. Just remember that we do not use it to ask questions.
The imperative has three different uses that will depend on the context and
intonation. Check them out:
IMPERATIVE FORM – USES
Give orders Ask for favors Give advice

Dar ordens Pedir favores Dar conselhos

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The affirmative form of the imperative is made by starting the sentence with the
verb in its base form, without to. Take a look at some examples:
IMPERATIVE
Affirmative Form
Plan your trip.

Planeje sua viagem.
Avoid tourist traps.

Evite armadilhas para turistas.
Check other travelers’ reviews.

The negative form of the imperative is also quite simple. You will
start the sentence using don’t. Check this out:
IMPERATIVE
Negative Form
Don’t forget to study the local culture.

Não esqueça de estudar a cultura local.
Don’t travel on a tight budget.

Não viaje com um orçamento apertado.
Don’t carry a heavy bag.

Não carregue uma bolsa pesada.
In this chapter, you’ve learned about the interrogative form, the

modal verbs can, could, and should, as well as the imperative in the
affirmative and negative forms. If you want to learn more, you can
GRAMMAR GUIDE
Imperative Page 174

Interrogative Form Page 177
Modal Verb Can Page 189
Modal Verb Could Page 192
Modal Verb Should Page 195

52
Part 5.
Activities
A. Change the sentences into the negative or affirmative forms.
a) Don’t plan your trip.

Não planeje sua viagem.
(Affirmative)
b) Forget to study the local culture.

Esqueça de estudar a cultura local.
(Negative)
c) Don’t avoid tourist traps.

Não evite armadilhas para turistas.
(Affirmative)
d) Travel on a tight budget.

Viaje com um orçamento apertado.
(Negative)
e) Don’t check other travelers’ reviews.

Não verifique avaliações de outros viajantes.
(Affirmative)
f) Carry a heavy bag.

Carregue uma bolsa pesada.
(Negative)
B. Choose the best option to fill in the blanks according to the translation.
a) with you? b) You must-see places.

Posso andar com você? Você deve pesquisar na internet lugares
imperdíveis.
( ) Can I walk
( ) Should I walk ( ) could google
( ) should google

53
c) me where I can take e) You traveler’s apps.

the bus? Você deve baixar aplicativos de viagem.
Poderia me dizer onde eu posso pegar o
ônibus?
( ) should download
( ) can download
( ) Could you tell
( ) Should you tell
f) on foot?
Você irá a pé?
d) in a hotel or in a
rental?
( ) Will you go
Eu devo ficar num hotel ou alugar uma casa?
( ) Should you go
( ) Should I stay
( ) Can I stay
f. Will you go f. Don’t carry a heavy bag.
e. should download e. Check other travelers’ reviews.
d. Should I stay d. Don’t travel on a tight budget.
c. Could you tell c. Avoid tourist traps.
b. should google b. Don’t forget to study the local culture.
a. Can I walk a. Plan your trip.

54
Wandering
Around.
Part 1.
You already know how to ask questions in English. In this chapter, you will see
more ways to ask for help in case you get lost and need to ask for directions.
Now look at the script of Wandering Around.
WANDERING AROUND
[In Downtown L.A.]

Casey:
OK, camera guy, we finally made it! We’re in Downtown L.A. We’re
on Miracle Mile, on the corner of Wilshire Boulevard: check it out! And
Hauser Boulevard, right there, if you want to see it. There are some
things I want to see around here, which means I need to cross the
street. A couple of important things you’ll need to know when crossing
the street: wait for a green light or a little-walking-man sign. If you see
numbers, that means you only have that many seconds to get across
the street before cars start coming at you; that’s very important to know.
Now that I’m on the other side of the street, I can either turn right or I
can turn left, but I think I’m just going to wander around. So, to recap
what we’ve learned just now: I’m walking around, I crossed the street, I
could turn right, or I could turn left, I could go straight, and I can wander
around, which is, I think, what I want to do right now.
[Walking around the city]

Casey:
OK, guys. I want to talk to you a little bit about this concept of wandering
around, or “to wander around.” It’s one thing to go right or left when
the map tells you to. But it’s another thing to go right or left whenever
you want to. That’s what wandering around is. You might find a park
you didn’t know was there, or a great restaurant with great food, or a
bar that you and your friends can go visit. You’ll never find those things
unless you go explore on your own. So, take my advice: if you want the
full city-visiting experience, wander around.

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OK, guys. When you’re wandering around or when you wander around,
you might find that you get lost. Cameraman, do you know where we
are? Neither do I...I think that we are lost. And I could stop, and I could
ask somebody for directions, but almost everyone in L.A. is busy, and
I don’t want to bother them. So, I think instead I’m going to ask my
invisible best friend. Just google directions. I can google my directions,
and now I know where I am.
OK, I think I got it now, camera guy. So, we’ll go this way, we’ll take a
left, we’ll walk two blocks, and we’ll get where we want to go!
DANDO UMA VOLTA
[No centro de Los Angeles]

Casey:
OK, cameraman, finalmente chegamos! Estamos no centro de Los
Angeles. Em Miracle Mile, na esquina da Wilshire Boulevard: olha só!
A Hauser Boulevard é logo ali, dá só uma olhada! Quero ver algumas
coisas por aqui; então, preciso atravessar a rua. Uma coisa que você
precisa saber quando for atravessar a rua: esperar pelo sinal verde ou
pelo sinal com um homenzinho andando. E, se houver números, eles
indicam os segundos que você tem para atravessar antes que os carros
comecem a andar, e é muito importante saber disso. Agora que eu estou
do outro lado da rua, posso virar à direita ou à esquerda, mas acho que
vou só andar por aí. Então, vamos revisar o que acabamos de aprender.
Estou caminhando, atravessei a rua, posso virar à direita ou à esquerda,
posso seguir em frente ou andar por aí, que é o que eu quero fazer
agora.
[Passeando pela cidade]

Casey:
OK, pessoal! Quero falar um pouquinho sobre o conceito de andar por
aí, ou “perambular”. Uma coisa é ir para a direita ou esquerda seguindo
o mapa, outra coisa é virar à direita ou à esquerda quando você quiser.
Isso é o que chamamos de perambular. Você pode encontrar um
parque que não sabia que existia, um restaurante com comida incrível,
ou um bar para ir com os amigos. Você nunca vai achar esses lugares
se não for explorar por conta própria. Meu conselho se você quiser a
experiência de visitar uma cidade por completo é: saia andando por aí.

57
OK, pessoal! Quando você sai andando por aí, ou perambulando, você
pode acabar se perdendo. Tipo, cameraman, você sabe onde estamos?
Nem eu... acho que estamos perdidos. Eu até poderia parar alguém e
perguntar, pedir informação, mas as pessoas em Los Angeles são muito
ocupadas, e não quero incomodá-las. Em vez disso, vou perguntar
para o meu melhor amigo invisível. É só pesquisar na internet! Posso
pesquisar esse endereço no Google e agora sei onde estou!
OK, acho que agora eu sei, cameraman! Seguimos por aqui, viramos
à esquerda, andamos por dois quarteirões e vamos chegar ao nosso
destino!

58
Part 2.
In this chapter, you will see ways of exploring the city, how to ask for information,
and some vocabulary related to that.
There are many ways of exploring the city, and you can choose the one you like
best. Let’s check the options we have:
WAYS TO EXPLORE THE CIT Y
Hire a local guide Find walking tours

Contratar um guia local Encontrar passeios guiados a pé
Buy or download a guide Wander around the city

Comprar ou baixar um guia Andar pela cidade
You can also use the means of transportation available:
MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION
Bus Subway Train

Ônibus Metrô Trem

59
Regardless of how you choose to explore the city, it is nice to have an

idea of what you might find. After all, when we are walking around a
place we don’t know, there is always a chance to:
Get lost
Se perder
There is the verb to get forming another common expression. And,

if you get lost, all you have to do is:
Use a navigation app

Usar um aplicativo de navegação
To do that, you have to:
Insert your location and destination Follow the instructions

Inserir a sua localização e o seu destino Seguir as instruções
Or you can:
Ask for directions

Pedir informações
There are some things you can say to ask for directions. Imagine you planned to visit the
museum, but you got lost on your way; you can say:
ASKING FOR DIRE CTIONS
Excuse me. I was going to visit the city museum, but I can’t find it. Is it near here?
Com licença. Eu ia visitar o museu, mas não o encontro. É perto daqui?
Excuse me. Could you tell me if the museum is around here?

Com licença. Poderia me dizer se o museu é por aqui?

60
First of all, when approaching a stranger, don’t touch the person. Just start by
saying excuse me.
Then you can ask the location of the place where you want to go:
Excuse me. Where is the museum?

Com licença. Onde é o museu?
Excuse me. Would you know where the museum is?

Com licença. Você saberia onde fica o museu?
People are probably going to use some prepositions of place in their answers to indicate positions.
For instance:
PREPOSITIONS OF PL ACE
It’s not far from here. It’s on Eighth Avenue.

Não fica longe daqui. Fica na oitava avenida.
It’s that way. It’s on the corner of Vine Street and Eighth Avenue.
Fica por ali. Fica na esquina da rua Vine com a oitava avenida.
It’s two blocks away from here. It’s at 234 Eighth Avenue.
Fica a duas quadras daqui. Fica na oitava avenida, número 234.

61
Now, if you want, you can ask for directions to a specific place:
Excuse me. How can I get to the museum?

Com licença. Como posso chegar ao museu?
Excuse me. Can you tell me how to get to the museum?

Com licença. Pode me dizer como chegar ao museu?
And you will probably hear answers like these:
GIVING DIRE CTIONS
Take the main street and turn right.

Pegue a rua principal e vire à direita.
Go straight on Vine Street and turn left.

Siga em frente na rua Vine e vire à esquerda.
Walk two blocks and cross the street.

Ande duas quadras e atravesse a rua.
Now you know how to approach strangers, ask for

directions, and how to understand them.

62
Part 3.
Activities
( 1 ) On Eighth Avenue ( ) Atravessar a rua
( 2 ) Turn right ( ) Vire à esquerda
( 3 ) To cross the street ( ) Na oitava avenida, número 234
( 4 )E
xcuse me ( )N
a esquina
( 5 ) Ask for directions ( ) Longe daqui
( 6 ) At 234 Eighth Avenue ( ) Na oitava avenida
( 7 ) Turn left ( ) Passeios guiados à pé
( 8 ) Far from here ( ) Andar pela cidade
( 9 ) On the corner ( ) Siga em frente na rua Vine
( 10 ) Wander around the city ( ) Pedir informações
( 11 ) Go straight on Vine Street ( ) Com licença
( 12 ) W
alking tours ( )V
ire à direita
B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word(s) according to the translation.
a) Excuse me. if the d) Excuse me. How

museum is around here? to the museum?
Com licença. Poderia me dizer se o museu é por Com licença. Como posso chegar ao museu?
aqui?
e) Excuse me. Can you tell me
b) Excuse me. the museum? to the museum?
Com licença. Onde é o museu? Com licença. Pode me dizer como chegar ao
museu?
c) Excuse me. where the
museum is? f) Excuse me. I was going to visit the city
Com licença. Você saberia onde fica o museu? museum, but I .
Com licença. Eu ia visitar o museu, mas não o
encontro. É perto daqui?
f. can’t find it c. Would you know
e. how to get b. Where is 12 / 10 / 11 / 5 / 4 / 2
d. can I get a. Could you tell me 3/7/6/9/8/1/

63
Part 4.
In this chapter, you will learn how to ask questions using the question words where and how,
the use of the modal verb would, be going to in the past, and the prepositions of place.
You saw the interrogative form and how to make questions with different verb forms in the last
chapter. Now, you are going to see a little more on that. The first thing you have to know is that
when we ask a question that is purely in the interrogative form, we can only answer it by saying
either yes or no.
However, if you want to know something a little more specific, you will have to use question words.
Let’s start with the question word where. It is used to ask about location.
Check it out:
QUESTION WORD WHERE
Excuse me. Where is the museum? Where are you going?

Com licença. Onde é o museu? Aonde você está indo?
Where do you want to go?

Aonde você quer ir?
As you can see, to ask questions with it, we will use the interrogative structure
and place where at the beginning. So the main structure will be: Where +
interrogative form.
The question word how is also very much used to ask for information and give
instructions. For example:
QUESTION WORD HOW
How can I get to the museum? How are you?

Como posso chegar ao museu? Como você está?
How do I call a taxi? How do you feel?

Como chamo um táxi? Como você se sente?

64
Notice that we followed the same structure as before: How + interrogative form.
The questions we have seen so far are types of direct questions, that is, they
ask precisely the information we are looking for. But we can also ask indirect
questions.
When we ask an indirect question, the real question is somewhat disguised
as an affirmative sentence. Let’s see that using some of the examples we have
already seen:
INDIRE CT QUESTIONS
I want to know where the museum is.

Eu quero saber onde fica o museu.
I’m asking how I can get to the museum.

Estou perguntando como eu posso chegar ao museu.
Note that the question word will be placed in the middle of the
sentence, followed by an affirmative sentence.
So, in short, we have:
Direct question
Question word + interrogative form
Indirect question
Question word + affirmative form
Now, have a look at this next example:
INDIRE CT QUESTION
I would like to know how I could call a taxi.

Eu gostaria de saber como eu poderia pedir um táxi.

65
Here we have an indirect question with the modal verb would. It is widely used in
the expression would like when we wish to express a desire, a will. Take a look:
WOULD LIKE
I would like to go to the best Italian restaurant in town.

Eu gostaria de ir ao melhor restaurante italiano da cidade.
It is also quite commonly used to offer something to

someone. Check it out:
WOULD YOU LIKE
Would you like to come with me?

Você gostaria de vir comigo?
In this context, it is commonly asked with the subject pronoun you, and it will be
in the interrogative form.
We can also use would with other verbs. In this case, it adds the idea of
hypothesis to the main verb:
WOULD + MAIN VERB

Affirmative Form
I would drive. She would go.

Eu dirigiria. Ela iria.
As you can see, the conjugation is the same, regardless of the subject of the sentence. And here we have an
idea closer to a hypothesis rather than invitations or wishes. That’s why we must always pay attention to the
context.
In order to make the negative form with would, we just add not right after it, so we get would not. Check it out:
WOULD: NE GATIVE FORM
I would not drive. She wouldn’t go.

Eu não dirigiria. Ela não iria.

66
The contracted form of would + not is wouldn’t, which is more common in spoken language.
Speaking of situations that are only possible in our imagination, there is yet another structure
we can use to refer to imaginary situations: be going to in the past. It is used to convey an idea
of unaccomplished plans.
Take a look at some examples:
WAS / WERE GOING TO

Affirmative Form
Excuse me. I was going to visit the city museum, but I can’t find it. Is it near here?
Com licença. Eu ia visitar o museu, mas não o encontro. É perto daqui?
I was going to go to the beach, but it is raining.

Eu ia à praia, mas está chovendo.
As you can see, both examples show that the person’s plans were somehow frustrated.
Check out the structure:
WAS / WERE GOING TO
Was/Were + Subject + Going To + Main Verb + Complement

Was/Were + Sujeito + Going to + Verbo Principal + Complemento
The negative and interrogative forms will follow the structure of the negative and interrogative forms of the
verb to be, for it is the auxiliary verb of this structure.
Let’s see some examples in the negative:
WAS / WERE GOING TO

Negative Form
I wasn’t going to ask you how I can get the subway to the main avenue. I can walk.
Eu não ia te perguntar como posso pegar o metrô para a avenida principal. Eu posso ir andando.
Mark and Lucy weren’t going to walk around the city, but they changed their minds.
Mark e Lucy não iam andar pela cidade, mas mudaram de ideia.

67
Based on the examples, we can conclude that the basic structure in the negative form is:
WAS / WERE GOING TO

Negative Form
Subject + Was/Were + Not + Going To + Main Verb + Complement

Sujeito + Was/Were + Not + Going to + Verbo Principal + Complemento
The contracted forms wasn’t and weren’t are also possible and
frequently used in spoken language.
Now look at some examples in the interrogative:
WAS / WERE GOING TO

Interrogative Form
Were you going to visit the city museum?

Você ia visitar o museu?
Was Mark going to walk around the city?

O Mark ia andar pela cidade?
And the basic structure of the interrogative is:
WAS / WERE GOING TO

Interrogative Form
Was/Were + Subject + Going To + Main Verb + Complement

Was/Were + Sujeito + Going to + Verbo Principal + Complemento
Don’t forget that you will use was or were according

to the subject of your sentence:
I, he, she, it WAS
You, we, they WERE

68
We have seen many verb forms and structures that help us give and ask for
directions, but we also must understand the prepositions of place that may
appear in the answers. Prepositions of place may indicate an address, or just a
location on a street, in a neighborhood, a city, or even a country.
The most common prepositions of place are IN, ON, and AT.
In order to use them correctly, we need to know some rules:
We use on to refer to a street or a corner. This preposition implies making
contact with a surface. For instance:
ON A STREE T / ON THE CORNER
It’s on Eighth Avenue.

Fica na oitava avenida.
It’s on the corner of Vine Street and Eighth Avenue.

Fica na esquina da rua Vine com a oitava avenida.
Now, if we want to indicate a complete address or the name of a company or institution, or even a house,
we use at. For example:
AT + ADDRESS / AT + INSTITUTION’S NAME / AT HOME
It’s at 234 Eighth Avenue. I’m at the Northern Mall. I’m at home.
Fica na oitava avenida, número 234. Estou no shopping Northern. Estou em casa.
We can also use in to indicate locations, but it implies being inside somewhere. Take a look:
IN + CIT Y / IN + NEIGHBORHOOD / IN + COUNTRY / IN + PL ACE
I’m in Los Angeles. Rio de Janeiro is in Brazil.

Estou em Los Angeles. O Rio de Janeiro fica no Brasil.
We’re in the museum right now.

Estamos no museu agora.

69
These are the main prepositions, but there are others we can use in
this context, such as:
OTHER PREPOSITIONS OF PL ACE
BY + Place = Perto + local

By the subway station
Perto da estação de metrô
ACROSS = Do outro lado

The bus stop is across the street
O ponto de ônibus fica do outro lado da rua
IN FRONT OF = em frente a
The cat is in front of the TV
O gato está em frente à televisão
Don’t forget that across means on the other side of the street,
whereas in front of is on the same side, facing something.
In this chapter, you’ve learned how to ask questions using the question
words where and how, the use of the modal verb would, be going to
in the past, and some prepositions of place. If you want to learn more
about these topics, you can refer to the Grammar Guide section at the
end of your book.
GRAMMAR GUIDE
Be + Going To (Past) Page 154

Modal Verb Would Page 198
Prepositions of Place Page 211
Question Word How Page 216
Question Word Where Page 222

70
Part 5.
Activities
A. Choose the best option to complete the sentence.
a) Excuse me. is the museum?

Com licença. Onde é o museu?
( ) Where ( ) How
b) I ask you how I can get the subway to the main avenue. I can walk.
Eu não ia te perguntar como posso pegar o metrô para a avenida principal. Eu posso ir andando.
( ) would ( ) wasn’t going to
c) They walk around the city, but they changed their minds.
Eles não iam andar pela cidade, mas mudaram de ideia.
( ) weren’t going to ( ) was going to
d) I go to the beach, but it is raining.

Eu ia à praia, mas está chovendo.
( ) were going to ( ) was going to
e) Excuse me. can I get to the museum?

Com licença. Como posso chegar ao museu?
( ) Where ( ) How
f) to come with me?

Você gostaria de vir comigo?
( ) Would you like ( ) I would like

71
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition of place (in, on, or at).
a) I’m Los Angeles.

Estou em Los Angeles.
f. on
d. at
e. in
b) I’m home.
Estou em casa.
c. on
b. at
a. in
c) It’s Eighth Avenue.
Fica na oitava avenida.
f. Would you like

d. was going to
d) It’s 234 Eighth Avenue.
Fica na oitava avenida, número 234.
e. How
e) Rio de Janeiro is Brazil.
c. weren’t going to
b. wasn’t going to
O Rio de Janeiro fica no Brasil.
a. Where
f) It’s the corner of Vine Street and Eighth Avenue.
Fica na esquina da rua Vine com a oitava avenida.

72
Exploring
the City. .
Part 1.
In this chapter, we are going to see what we can do in the city. You will learn how
to talk about likes and dislikes, and see ways to talk about your trip. You will learn
some vocabulary related to shopping, and language items related to talking about
the past. Now look at the script of Exploring the City.
EXPLORING THE CIT Y
[On Miracle Mile]

Casey:
OK, guys! I’m still here on Miracle Mile. I was feeling a little tired, so I
stopped, and I got some coffee. I grabbed some coffee, and now I’m
feeling much better. You guys know how much I like coffee. I could
probably stop and maybe eat at this restaurant here...Cool Indian place,
I love Indian food. It’s a little spicy, but that’s OK. Maybe I’ll go to a
museum later or see some tourist attractions; there are a lot of things I
can do around here. There’s even a toy store here on Miracle Mile. I could
stop in, maybe ask the prices. I could buy something for my nephew!
Yeah, you know what? I think I’m going to do that! I think I’ll go inside
and maybe browse a little bit. You can wait for me here, camera guy.
[Getting out of the toy store]

Casey:
OK, guys! I looked for a gift, I didn’t really find anything. I’m feeling a little
tired again, so I’m not going to walk anymore. Maybe I’ll rent a scooter...
Ah...I think I’ll catch a bus instead. So, we’ll head over here to the bus
stop and wait for a bus.
[At the bus stop]

Casey:
Now, walking around today, I do feel a little tired again, and maybe a
little sick. So, I think I’m going to drink some water that I bought, and I’ll
take some medicine too while I’m at it. Because we have some time...
Still waiting for the bus. So, camera guy, if you want to kick your feet
up...We’ll just wait here and...It might take a while.
[Writing on his journal]

Casey:
I like to keep a journal when I travel. Looks like the bus is here. Almost
forgot my water!

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EXPLORANDO A CIDADE
[Em Miracle Mile]

Casey:
OK, pessoal! Ainda estou em Miracle Mile. Eu estava me sentindo um
pouco cansado; então, parei para comprar um café. Eu peguei um café,
e agora estou me sentindo muito melhor. Vocês sabem o quanto eu
gosto de café. Eu até poderia parar e comer nesse restaurante... um
restaurante indiano bacana, e eu amo comida indiana. É um pouco
apimentada, mas tudo bem. Talvez eu vá a um museu mais tarde ou ver
algumas atrações turísticas. Tem muitas coisas que eu posso fazer por
aqui. Tem até uma loja de brinquedos aqui em Miracle Mile. Eu poderia
entrar, perguntar os preços. Eu poderia comprar algo para o meu
sobrinho! Quer saber? Vou fazer isso! Vou entrar e dar uma olhada. Você
pode me esperar por aqui, cameraman.
[Saindo da loja de brinquedos]

Casey:
OK, pessoal! Eu procurei um presente, mas não achei nada. Estou um
pouco cansado novamente; então, não vou mais caminhar. Talvez eu
alugue um patinete... É, acho que vou pegar um ônibus em vez disso.
Então, vamos até o ponto esperar o ônibus.
[No ponto de ônibus]

Casey:
De tanto andar hoje, eu estou me sentindo meio cansado de novo.
Talvez esteja ficando doente. Então, vou tomar um pouco da água que
eu comprei, e aproveitar para tomar um remédio também. Porque nós
temos tempo, ainda estamos esperando o ônibus. Cameraman, se quiser
descansar... Vamos só esperar aqui, e pode demorar um pouco.
[Escrevendo em seu diário]

Casey:
Eu gosto de fazer um diário quando viajo. Parece que o ônibus chegou!
Quase esqueci minha água!

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Part 2.
During a walk around a new city you are visiting, you can:
WHAT TO DO IN A CIT Y
Go to parks Go to a museum Buy gifts

Ir a parques Ir a um museu Comprar presentes
Visit tourist attractions Eat typical food

Visitar atrações turísticas Comer comidas típicas
First of all, you should know that you need:
Local currency
Moeda local
So, before buying anything abroad, here is what you should check:
WHAT TO CONSIDER BEFORE BUYING
Currency exchange Prices Fares

Câmbio Preços Tarifas

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Here is a list of what you can buy during a trip:
WHAT TO BUY DURING A TRIP
Souvenirs Clothes Shoes

Suvenires/Lembrancinhas Roupas Sapatos
Toys Sportswear Electronics

Brinquedos Roupas esportivas Aparelhos eletrônicos
Something else you can—and most likely will—buy is food. There are some crucial sentences related to
restaurant interactions. If you want a burger, for example, you can say:
I’ll have a burger, please. A burger, please

Eu vou querer um hambúrguer, por favor. Um hambúrguer, por favor.

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Now, if you are going to buy shoes or clothes, you will need to use different
sentences. For instance, you may have to say:
Can I try it on? Do you have it in black?

Posso experimentar? Você tem na cor preta?
Do you have it in size large?

Você tem tamanho grande?
But, regardless of what you are buying, there are some sentences that will always
be the same in shopping interactions:
How can I help you?

Como posso ajudar?
Can I help you?

Posso ajudar?
These are sentences you might hear from salespeople.

If you need to check the price of something, you can ask:
How much is it? / How much does it cost?

Quanto custa?
And when you proceed to the checkout, you will most likely hear:
How would you like to pay?

Como deseja pagar?

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To which you can say:
ME THODS OF PAYMENT
Cash Credit card Debit card

Dinheiro Cartão de crédito Cartão de débito
Another useful tip when you are traveling to another country is knowing the
working hours of the places you would like to visit. Let me tell you a story:
When I went to Chile, I had planned to visit a specific museum.

Quando eu fui ao Chile, eu tinha planejado visitar um museu específico.
After I had walked half an hour from the hotel to the museum, I found
out it was closed because it was Monday!
Depois que eu tinha andado meia hora do hotel até o museu, descobri que
estava fechado porque era segunda-feira!
In most places in the world, many museums don’t open on Mondays, and, once a
week they are actually free. Research if there is a city pass that gives you access
to several attractions in which you might be interested.
If you like something, there are specific ways for you to express that. You can say:
I like museums. I love parks.

Eu gosto de museus. Eu amo parques.
I like to go to the beach. I love to travel.

Eu gosto de ir à praia. Eu amo viajar.
I’m crazy about visiting new places.

Eu sou louco por conhecer lugares novos.

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Now, if you don’t like something, you can say:
I don’t like Japanese food.

Eu não gosto de comida japonesa.
I don’t like to ride scooters.

Eu não gosto de andar de patinete.
I hate to wait for the bus.

Eu odeio esperar o ônibus.
Now you know how to talk about things you can do in a

city, things you like or don’t like, and some vocabulary
related to shopping.

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Part 3.
Activities
( 1 ) Souvenirs ( ) Roupas
( 2 ) Local currency ( ) De graça
( 3 ) Shoes ( ) Tarifas
( 4 )P
rices ( ) Brinquedos
( 5 ) Clothes ( ) Suvenires/Lembrancinhas
( 6 ) Toys ( ) Presentes
( 7 ) Free ( ) Câmbio
( 8 ) Sportswear ( ) Eletrônicos
( 9 ) Gifts ( ) Sapatos
( 10 ) Eletronics ( ) Roupas esportivas
( 11 ) Fares ( ) Moeda local
( 12 ) C
urrency exchange ( ) Preços
a) I museums. d) I visiting new places.

Eu gosto de museus. Eu sou louco por conhecer lugares novos.
b) I to wait for the bus. e) I Japanese food.

Eu odeio esperar o ônibus. Eu não gosto de comida japonesa.
c) I parks. f) I to go to the beach.

Eu amo parques. Eu gosto de ir à praia.
c. love f. like
b. hate e. don’t like 12 / 10 / 3 / 8 / 2 / 4
a. like d. am crazy about / ’m crazy about 5 / 7 / 11 / 6 / 1 / 9 /

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Part 4.
In this chapter, you will learn how to use structures in the past, such as the simple
past, be going to, the past perfect, and the past participle of both regular and
irregular verbs.
Traveling is indeed an amazing experience. Whenever you travel, people are bound
to ask questions about it. They may be as follow:
SIMPLE PAST
Interrogative form
Where did you go? Did you visit tourist attractions?

Aonde você foi? Você visitou atrações turísticas?
Did you go to parks? Did you buy gifts?

Você foi a parques? Você comprou presentes?
Did you try typical food?

Você experimentou comidas típicas?
Notice that all these questions are made with the auxiliary verb did. That’s
because they are in the simple past. This verb form is used to refer to actions
that took place in the past, which should be marked and clear in the context.
The structure used to ask questions in this verb form is very similar to the one
used in the simple present. The only difference is that the auxiliary verb in the
simple past will be did. Have a look:
SIMPLE PAST
Interrogative Structure
Auxiliary Verb DID + Subject + Main Verb (Base Form) + Complement

Verbo Auxiliar Did + Sujeito + Verbo Principal (Forma Base) + Complemento

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In order to answer questions about the past, you will use the main verb in the simple
past. First, there are regular and irregular verbs in English. That means that there are
different ways of conjugating the verbs in the past.
Let’s start with some irregular verbs. Take a look:
SIMPLE PAST
Irregular verbs
To go – went To buy – bought To eat – ate

Ir – foi Comprar – comprou Comer – comeu
We could use these verbs to answer the questions we have just seen. For instance:
SIMPLE PAST
Irregular verbs
I went to China. I ate the typical food there.

Eu fui à China. Eu comi a comida típica de lá.
I bought gifts for my family.

Eu comprei presentes para a minha família.
As you can see, in the affirmative form, irregular verbs may have a totally different
conjugation compared to the base form of the verb.
Some other times, they may have no difference at all. That’s the case of the verb to put,
whose past is also put, for example. Since there is no rule to form the past, they are called
irregular. In order to know how irregular verbs are conjugated in the past, you must check a
list of irregular verbs.
Now, let’s take a look at some regular verbs:
SIMPLE PAST
Regular Verbs + -ED
To visit – visited To wash – washed To Pass – passed

Visitar – visitou Lavar – lavou Passar – passou

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Note that to conjugate the verbs we added the ending -ED. For example:
SIMPLE PAST
Regular Verbs + -ED
I visited all the main tourist attractions.

Eu visitei todas as principais atrações turísticas.
However, we will have to add different suffixes depending on how the verb finishes
in the base form. As we have seen in the previous examples, if the verb ends with a
consonant, we add the suffix -ED.
But, if a regular verb ends in -E, we just add -D, as in:
SIMPLE PAST
Regular Verbs + -D
To dance – danced To close – closed

Dançar – dançou Fechar – fechou
So, for example:
SIMPLE PAST
Regular Verbs + -D
I danced all night last night. The museum closed before I got there.
Eu dancei a noite toda ontem. O museu fechou antes que eu chegasse.
At last, there is the ending -IED, which is added to the regular verbs that end with
consonant + -Y. We drop the -Y and add -IED; check it out:
SIMPLE PAST
Regular Verbs + -IED
To try – tried To cry – cried

Tentar – tentou Chorar – chorou

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So, for example:
SIMPLE PAST
Regular Verbs + -IED
I tried to go up the Eiffel Tower, but I couldn’t.

Tentei subir na Torre Eiffel, mas não pude.
My mother cried the first time she traveled abroad.

Minha mãe chorou na primeira vez em que viajou para fora do país.
Now, to make the negative form, we will use the auxiliary verb did. Have a look at
the general structure:
SIMPLE PAST
Negative Form
Subject + DID NOT / DIDN’T + Main Verb (Base Form) + Complement

Sujeito + Did Not / Didn’t + Verbo Principal (Forma Base) + Complemento
As you can see, did not may be contracted into didn’t. Besides, in both interrogative
and negative forms, the main verb remains in its base form, no matter if it is a
regular or an irregular verb.
Let’s take a look at some examples:
SIMPLE PAST
Negative Form
We didn’t find the place we wanted to visit.

Não encontramos o lugar que queríamos visitar.
I didn’t travel by bus because it would take too long.

Eu não viajei de ônibus porque demoraria muito.

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There is another structure we can use to refer to the past. It is be + going to.
When used in the past, it conveys an unaccomplished plan, that is, it expresses
what was planned but did not come true.
It usually appears with the simple past, which, in this context, is used to describe
the situation that prevented the plan from happening. Check it out:
UNACCOMPLISHED PL ANS
1. Be Going To (Past) 2. Simple Past
I was going to visit the museum, but it was closed.

1 2
Eu ia ao museu, mas estava fechado.
I was going to take the subway, but my pass was expired.

1 2
Eu ia pegar o metrô, mas o meu passe estava vencido.
There are other ways to refer to the past. There is still the past perfect to
consider. We could say that the past perfect works as the past of the past.
All perfect forms in English share the same characteristics:
PERFE CT FORMS
Auxiliary Verb TO HAVE + Main Verb in the Past Participle

Verbo Auxiliar To Have + Verbo Principal no Particípio Passado
The past participle is a form of the verb used to make the passive voice and the
perfect forms. There are regular and irregular verbs as well.
However, the past participle of regular verbs is the same as their simple past
forms. For instance:
PAST PARTICIPLE: RE GUL AR VERBS
Simple Past Past Participle

Visited Visited
Tried Tried
Walked Walked
Closed Closed

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Now, there’s no rule for the past participle of irregular verbs. Each has its own.
Check out some common ones:
PAST PARTICIPLE: IRRE GUL AR VERBS
Simple Past Past Participle

Sold Sold
Saw Seen
Thought Thought
Got Gotten
In order to know the right form, refer to the list of irregular verbs. You will find the
past participle in the third column.
Let’s see them in some examples:
I was going to see the show, but the tickets were sold out.
Eu ia ver o show, mas os ingressos foram todos vendidos.
In this case, the past participle was used to form a sentence in the passive voice. Look at this
example:
My parents thought we had taken the plane last night, but we traveled this morning.
Meus pais acharam que tínhamos pegado o avião ontem à noite, mas viajamos hoje de manhã.
In this example, the past participle is being used to form the past perfect.
The basic structure of the past perfect is:
PAST PERFE CT
Affirmative Form
Subject + HAD + Main Verb in the Past Participle + Complement

Sujeito + Had + Verbo Principal no Particípio Passado + Complemento

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Notice that the auxiliary verb of the past perfect is the verb to
have in the past, that is, had.
For example:
PAST PERFE CT
Affirmative Form
I had been to L.A. before.

Eu tinha estado em / ido a Los Angeles antes.
Bear in mind that it is also possible to contract the auxiliary verb had
and the subject when it is a subject pronoun. We could also say:
PAST PERFE CT
Affirmative Form
I’d been to L.A. before.

Eu tinha estado em / ido a Los Angeles antes.
Keep in mind that the past perfect is used to compare two actions or two events in the past. To express the
older action, that is, the first one that happened in a timeline, we use the past perfect.
Take a look at these two situations:
1. We left Los Angeles on Wednesday. 2. John arrived in Los Angeles on Friday.

Saímos de Los Angeles na quarta-feira. John chegou em Los Angeles na sexta-feira.
Now, let’s use one single sentence to relate to both situations and say, for example,
the reason why you did not find John in L.A. even though you were there too.
In order to do that, you are going to use the past perfect to convey the action that
happened first and use a connector to link both sentences. Check it out:
We had left Los Angeles when John arrived there.

Tínhamos saído de Los Angeles quando o John chegou lá.

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As you can see, the action that took place first in the timeline was expressed with
the past perfect. The one that happened later was expressed in the simple past.
Let’s analyze another example previously seen. This is a situation that happened
during a trip. Check it out:
When I went to Chile, I had planned to visit a specific museum.

After I had walked half an hour from the hotel to the museum, I found
out it was closed because it was Monday!
Depois que eu tinha andado meia hora do hotel até o museu, descobri que
estava fechado porque era segunda-feira!
In both sentences, we are talking about actions that took place earlier in the past,
compared to others that happened at a later moment.
Let’s see how to make the negative and interrogative forms of the past perfect.
Check out the interrogative structure:
PAST PERFE CT
Affirmative Form
HAD + Subject + Main Verb in the Past Participle + Complement

Had + Sujeito + Verbo Principal no Particípio Passado + Complemento
For example:
PAST PERFE CT
Interrogative Form
Had you been to L.A. before your last trip?

Você tinha ido a Los Angeles antes da sua última viagem?

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Now, check out the negative structure:
PAST PERFE CT
Negative Form
Subject + HAD NOT (HADN’T) + Main Verb in the Past Participle + Complement
Sujeito + Had Not / Hadn’t + Verbo Principal no Particípio Passado + Complemento
For example:
PAST PERFE CT
Negative Form
I had not (hadn’t) been to L.A. before my last trip.

Eu não tinha ido a Los Angeles antes da minha última viagem.
As you can see, there is a contracted form in the negative, which is hadn’t.
Let’s wrap up with a sentence containing all the structures we have seen in this chapter:
Sheila was going to visit Pat in L.A., but she forgot Pat had moved to New York months before.
Sheila ia visitar Pat em Los Angeles, mas ela esqueceu que Pat tinha mudado para Nova York meses antes.
In this sentence, we convey a frustrated plan to visit Pat due to a situation that took place
before another one in the past.
In this chapter, you’ve learned how to use the simple past, be going
to in the past, the past participle, the past perfect, and regular and
irregular verbs. If you want to learn more about these topics, you can
GRAMMAR GUIDE
Be + Going To – Past Page 154

Irregular Verbs – Past Participle Page 183
Past Perfect Page 204
Regular Verbs Page 227
Simple Past Page 231

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Part 5.
Activities
A. Change the sentences into the negative or interrogative forms.
a) I went to China.
( negative)
b) We visited all the main tourist attractions.

(interrogative)
c) We had left Los Angeles before Wednesday.

( negative)
d) You had planned to visit a specific museum.

(interrogative)
e) I was going to visit the museum.

( negative)
f) I’d been to L.A. before.

( negative)
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct verbs according to the translation.
a) to L.A. before your last trip?

Você tinha ido a Los Angeles antes da sua última viagem?
b) I the museum, but it was closed.

Eu ia ao museu, mas estava fechado.
c) I to L.A. before my last trip.

Eu não tinha ido a Los Angeles antes da minha última viagem.
d) We the place we wanted to visit.

Não encontramos o lugar que queríamos visitar.

91
92
Activity A – Answers Activity B – Answers
a. I did not (didn’t) go to China. a. Had you been
b. Did we visit all the main tourist attractions? b. was going to
c. We had not (hadn’t) left L.A. before Wednesday. c. had not (hadn’t) been
d. Had you planned to visit a specific museum? d. did not (didn’t) find
e. I was not (wasn’t) going to visit the museum. e. had planned / ’d planned
f. I had not (hadn’t) been to L.A. before. f. did not (didn’t) travel
Eu não viajei de ônibus porque demoraria muito.
by bus because it would take too long. f) I
to visit a specific museum. e) When I went to Chile, I
Grammar Activities Grammar Vocabulary Activities Vocabulary Video Script Chapter 5
Having Fun.
Part 1.
You already know how to use the past perfect and some modal verbs in English.
In this chapter, you will see more ways to use the modal verbs will and can, as
well as the future perfect. You will also see some vocabulary related to traveling.
Now look at the script of Having Fun.
HAVING FUN
[On Venice Beach]

Casey:
We made it to Venice Beach, camera guy! Look at all this! We’ve got
some shops; we even got the beach! Look at that! How cool is that?
Hey! We’ve got more stuff to see than just the beach! Stay focused! Stay
lightning focused! OK, we could go here and get some ice cream. I love
ice cream! Or I could go over here and get a tattoo while I’m here. I think
while we’re in Venice, we might as well get a tattoo. Maybe a dragon…
No, not some waves...Some barbed wire. That’s a little played out;
maybe not.
Oh! Let’s take a photo! How about that? We want to remember this trip,
so I’ll take a photo. That’s pretty good! Actually, you know what? Let’s
take a selfie! You and me, camera guy! Right here! There we go! That
looks great, OK! I’m going to post that right now! I’ll post that photo...and
while I’m at it, I’ll comment on a friend’s post. There we go! OK, now my
friends know I’m here too!
Oh, I need to get some cash, and there’s an ATM here. ATM stands for
“Automatic Teller Machine.” So, you can get cash or put cash into it. I’m
going to pop in and get that, and I’ll be right back!
[Casey walks towards a store]

Store Clerk:
You guys come on in too! What are you about to go get? Money?

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Casey:
Anything, man! Anything!
Store Clerk:
Where are you from?
Casey:
I’m actually from San Francisco!
[By the bike path on the beach, holding a skateboard]

Casey:
OK, guys! So, having fun also means practicing sports. And we’re here
in Venice Beach...Look what I just bought! So, I could go roller skating,
I could go swimming...But I bought a skateboard, so I’m gonna go
skateboarding! Say a little prayer for me in hopes I don’t break my neck! I
will see you on the other side!
[Seating by a tree with some juice and a slice of pizza]

Casey:
OK, guys! After almost getting a tattoo, and almost killing myself on that
skateboard, I get to finally sit down and have a little snack. Take a little
drink from my juice. That’s good! Get another bite of my pizza. That’s
really good too! And I think I’ll update my social media status while I’m
here: “Having fun at Venice Beach.” That sounds pretty good! OK. And
I’ll just relax in the sun. You can relax too, camera guy, if you want...
CURTINDO
[Em Venice Beach]

Casey:
Chegamos em Venice Beach, cameraman! Dá uma olhada nisso! Tem
algumas lojas, tem a praia! Olha só! Não é demais? Ei! Tem mais coisa
para ver do que só a praia! Foco total! Fica ligado! OK, podemos ir ali
comprar um sorvete; eu amo sorvete! Ou posso aproveitar que estamos
aqui e fazer uma tatuagem. Como estamos em Venice, podemos fazer
uma tatuagem. Talvez um dragão... Não, nada de ondas... Talvez arame
farpado. Isso é meio clichê... melhor não!

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Vamos tirar uma foto! Que tal? Queremos lembrar essa viagem; então,
vamos tirar uma foto! Ficou muito boa! Quer saber? Vamos tirar uma
selfie, eu e você, cameraman! Bem aqui, vamos lá! Ficou ótima! Vou
postar agora! Vou postar essa foto... e aproveitar para comentar na
postagem de um amigo. Pronto! Agora meus amigos também sabem
que eu estou aqui.
Ah, eu preciso de dinheiro, e tem um caixa eletrônico, que aqui se

chama “ATM”. Então, você pode sacar ou depositar dinheiro nele. Vou ali
rapidinho pegar uma grana e já volto!
[Casey vai em direção a uma loja]

Atendente da loja:
Vocês podem entrar! O que você veio pegar? Dinheiro?
Casey:
Qualquer coisa, cara! Qualquer coisa!
Atendente da loja:
De onde você é?
Casey:
Na verdade, eu sou de São Francisco!
[Perto da ciclovia da praia com um skate na mão]

Casey:
OK, pessoal. Se divertir também significa praticar esportes. E como
estamos em Venice Beach, olha só o que eu comprei! Eu poderia andar
de patins, poderia nadar, mas eu comprei um skate; então, vou andar de
skate. Rezem por mim, para eu não quebrar o pescoço! Vejo vocês do
outro lado!
[Sentado embaixo de uma árvore com um suco e um pedaço de

pizza]
Casey:
Beleza, pessoal! Depois de quase fazer uma tatuagem e quase morrer
com o skate, eu finalmente posso me sentar e comer um lanchinho.
Tomar um pouco do meu suco. Que delícia! Comer mais um pedaço
da minha pizza. Muito bom também! E vou aproveitar e atualizar meu
status nas redes sociais: “Me divertindo em Venice Beach”. Acho que
ficou bom! OK, agora vou relaxar aqui no sol. Você pode relaxar também
se quiser, cameraman!

96
Part 2.
In this chapter, you will see some leisure activities around the city, expressions
with the verbs to take, to have, and to get, and verbs related to social media.
People travel for several purposes:
TRAVELING PURPOSES
On business For work On vacation

A negócios A trabalho De férias
Regardless of the purpose of you trip, you should always try to have some fun.
So, we could say:
By the end of your trip, you will have had the time of your life!
Até o final de sua viagem, você terá se divertido demais!
There are so many things to do in a city. Check out some of the options:
WHAT TO DO IN A CIT Y
You can go to the beach. You may go to the mall.

Você pode ir à praia. Você pode ir ao shopping.
You can go to the zoo. You may go to a soccer match.

Você pode ir ao zoológico. Você pode ir a uma partida de futebol.

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Notice that we used the verb to go in all these examples. This verb can also be
used with many other activities, especially sports:
ACTIVITIES AND SPORTS
You can go roller skating. You can go swimming.

Você pode andar de patins. Você pode nadar.
You can go skateboarding. You can go jogging.

Você pode andar de skate. Você pode correr.
To go, to get, and to have are verbs that have different meanings depending on the complement. Let’s see
some expressions, first with the verb to have:
EXPRESSIONS WITH TO HAVE
To have some ice cream To have a snack To have some rest

Tomar um sorvete Comer um lanche Descansar um pouco

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Now with the verb to get:
EXPRESSIONS WITH TO GE T
If you don’t have any money, you’ll need to get If you’re hungry, you’ll need to get a bite.
some cash. Se você estiver com fome, precisará
Se você não tiver dinheiro, precisará sacar (dinheiro). comprar um lanche.
If you’re thirsty, you’ll need to get a drink.

Se você estiver com sede, precisará comprar uma bebida.
The verb to take is as versatile as to have and to get. It usually means to move or to remove
something or someone, but it all depends on the complement. Look:
EXPRESSIONS WITH TO TAKE
You can take photos / You can take a selfie. You can take a nap by the beach.
pictures. Você pode tirar uma selfie. Você pode tirar um cochilo na praia.
Você pode tirar fotos.
Talking about selfies, let’s see a little bit about social media. Look at what people normally do
online after taking a selfie:
VERBS REL ATED TO SOCIAL MEDIA
You’ll post a selfie. You’ll upload your photos.

Você postará uma selfie. Você subirá as suas fotos.
You’ll share your photos with your friends. You’ll comment on your friends’ posts and
Você compartilhará suas fotos com seus pictures.
amigos. Você comentará as postagens e fotos dos seus
amigos.
Now you know how to talk about some leisure activities

you can do in the city, use expressions with the verbs to
take, to have, and to get, as well as use verbs related to
social media.

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Part 3.
Activities
( 1 ) Fun ( 7 ) Ice cream ( ) Praia ( ) De férias
( 2 ) Cash ( 8 ) Mall ( ) Sorvete ( ) Comprar um lanche
( 3 ) On vacation ( 9 ) For work ( ) A trabalho ( ) Diversão
( 4 ) On business ( 10 ) Get a bite ( ) Lanche ( ) Partida de futebol
( 5 ) Beach ( 11 ) Take a nap ( ) Tirar um cochilo ( ) A negócios
( 6 ) Football match ( 12 ) Snack ( ) Shopping ( ) Dinheiro
a) You’ll with your friends. d) If you’re hungry, you’ll need .

Você compartilhará suas fotos com seus Se você estiver com fome, precisará comprar
amigos. um lanche.
b) If you’re thirsty, you’ll need to . e) You can .

Se você estiver com sede, terá que comprar Você pode tirar fotos.
uma bebida.
f) If you don’t have any money, you’ll need to
c) By the end of your , you .
will have had the time of your life! Se você não tiver dinheiro, precisará sacar
Até o final de sua viagem, você terá se divertido (dinheiro).
demais!
cash c. trip
f. get some cash / withdraw some drink
e. take photos/pictures b. get a drink / buy a
get a snack pictures 3 / 10 / 1 / 6 / 4 / 2
d. to get a bite / to buy a snack / to a. share your photos/ 5 / 7 / 9 / 12 / 11 / 8 /

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Part 4.
In this chapter, you will learn how to use the modal verbs can and will, the conditionals, and
the future perfect.
Let’s start by taking a look at two modal verbs that are very commonly used—can and will.
You have already seen some modal verbs in the last chapters, and you know that these
structures work as auxiliary verbs that add meaning to the main verbs.
Can is a modal verb that carries different meanings, such as:
USES OF CAN
Possibility Informal requests Ability in the present

Possibilidade Pedidos informais Habilidade no presente
In this chapter, we will focus on the idea of possibility. Look at some examples:
CAN
Possibility
You can take photos/pictures. You can go to the zoo.

Você pode tirar fotos. Você pode ir ao zoológico.
You can take a nap on the beach.

Você pode tirar um cochilo na praia.
As an auxiliary verb, can helps to make the interrogative and negative forms.
Check out the interrogative structure:
CAN
Interrogative Form
Can + Subject + Main Verb + Complement

Can + Sujeito + Verbo Principal + Complemento

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As you can see, you have to place can before the

subject in the interrogative form. For example:
CA N
Interrogative Form
Can we go to a play?
Podemos ir a uma peça de teatro?
Now, let’s check out the negative structure:
CAN
Negative Form
Subject + Cannot (Can’t) + Main Verb + Complement

Sujeito + Cannot / Can’t + Sujeito + Verbo Principal + Complemento
In this case, we just add not after can. You may say it in the complete form,
cannot, or in the contracted form, can’t. Let’s see an example:
CAN
Negative Form
You cannot (can’t) drop litter.

Você não pode jogar lixo na rua.
It is important to mention that the contracted form is more commonly used in

spoken language.
As you have already seen, the modal verb can may carry the idea of possibility.
On the other hand, the modal verb will carries the idea of inevitability.
It means that modal verbs reflect the speaker’s point of view. In other words,
will is used to talk about future events that, according to the speaker’s
perspective, are going to take place—either because the speaker really wants
that to happen or because the speaker has just made that decision.

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For example, nowadays, it is very common to post the photos we take

during a trip on social media. So, people who do that might consider
the following actions as inevitable during a trip:
WILL
Inevitability
You’ll post a selfie.

Você postará uma selfie.
You’ll upload your photos.

Você subirá as suas fotos.
You’ll share your photos with your friends.

Você compartilhará suas fotos com seus amigos.
You’ll comment on your friends’ posts and pictures.

Você comentará as postagens e fotos dos seus amigos.
As you can see, the affirmative form of will is formed as follows:
WILL
Affirmative Form
Subject + Will (’ll) + Main Verb + Complement

Sujeito + Will (’ll) + Verbo Principal + Complemento
The contracted form is commonly used in spoken language.

Just like can, will helps to make the interrogative and negative forms.
This is the structure for the interrogative:
WILL
Interrogative Form
Will + Subject + Main Verb + Complement

Will + Sujeito + Verbo Principal + Complemento

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All we need to do is place will before the subject. Take a look at an example:
WILL
Interrogative Form
Will you post selfies?

Você postará selfies?
Check out the negative structure now:
WILL
Negative Form
Subject + Will Not (Won’t) + Main Verb + Complement

Sujeito + Will Not / Won’t + Sujeito + Verbo Principal + Complemento
As you can see, we place not right after will. The contracted form won’t is
commonly used in spoken language. Look at an example:
WILL
Negative Form
You will not (won’t) forget your trip.

Você não esquecerá sua viagem.
These two modal verbs, can and will, will often appear in a structure called conditional.
There is more than one type of conditional, but let’s focus on the first conditional. It reflects a
real possibility, something that can happen for real. Let’s see some examples:
FIRST CONDITIONAL
Real Possibility
If you don’t have any money, you’ll need to get some cash.
Se você não tiver dinheiro, precisará sacar (dinheiro).

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If you’re hungry, you’ll need to get a bite.

Se você estiver com fome, precisará comprar um lanche.
If you’re thirsty, you’ll need to get something to drink.

Se você estiver com sede, precisará comprar algo para beber.
All previous examples convey conditions and consequences that are quite
inevitable.
It is also possible to use can in the first conditional instead of will. But in this
case, you won’t be expressing inevitability anymore, but a possibility.
Let’s take that last example and change it a bit so you can compare these ideas:
FIRST CONDITIONAL
If you’re thirsty, you’ll need to get something to drink.

If you’re thirsty, you can have some soda.

Se você estiver com sede, você pode tomar um refrigerante.
In the first example, will conveys the idea that it is inevitable to have a drink
when we feel thirsty. In the second example, however, the use of can conveys the
idea that drinking a soda is a possibility when we feel thirsty.
So, here is the structure to form the first conditional:
FIRST CONDITIONAL
Structure
If + Sentence in the Simple Present + Sentence with Will or Can

If + Frase no Simple Present + Frase com Will ou Can

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Now, take a look at another use of will—the future perfect.

You have already seen the past perfect described as the past of the past. The
future perfect refers to a past in the future. Just like the past perfect, the future
perfect refers to two actions or two events, but this time the situations will
happen in the future.
FUTURE PERFE CT
By the end of my trip, I’ll have taken a thousand pictures!

Até o final da minha viagem, eu vou ter tirado mil fotos!
In the affirmative form, the future perfect is formed as follows:
FUTURE PERFE CT
Affirmative Form
Subject + Will Have + Past Participle of the Main Verb + Complement

Sujeito + Will Have + Particípio Passado do Verbo Principal + Complemento
Check out another example:
FUTURE PERFE CT
If you carry on shopping like this, you’ll have spent all your money
before the end of your vacation.
Se continuar comprando assim, você terá gastado todo seu dinheiro antes
do final das suas férias.
Notice that it is possible to use the contracted form of will in the affirmative form.
The past participle is part of the structure of the future perfect. For regular verbs,
we just add -D, -ED, or -IED at the end of the verbs. However, for irregular verbs,
there is no general rule, so we need to check a list of verbs to get familiar with them.

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Check out some commonly used irregular verbs and their past participle:
PAST PARTICIPLE – IRRE GUL AR VERBS
Infinitive Past Past Participle

To do did done
To go went gone
To take took taken
To read read read
To think thought thought
To buy bought bought
In order to form the interrogative of the future perfect, we only have to place the
first auxiliary verb, will, before the subject. And in the negative form, we will
also add not to the first auxiliary verb. Check it out:
FUTURE PERFE CT
Will you have returned by the end of January?

Você já vai ter voltado até o final de janeiro?
No, I won’t (will not) have returned yet.

Não, eu não terei voltado ainda.
As you can see, the second auxiliary verb, have, does not change. And the main
verb in both cases remains in the past participle.
In this chapter, you’ve learned how to use the modal verbs can and will. You have also
seen the first conditional and the future perfect. If you want to learn more about these
topics, you can refer to the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.
GRAMMAR GUIDE
Conditionals Page 159

Future Perfect Page 171
Irregular Verbs (Past Participle) Page 183
Modal Verb Can Page 189
Modal Verb Will Page 256

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Part 5.
Activities
A. Complete the table with the correct form of the past participle of the verbs.
Infinitive Past Past Participle

To do did (a)
To go went (b)
To take took (c)
To read read (d)
To think thought (e)
To buy bought (f)
To visit visited (g)
To play played (h)
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb according to the translation.
a) If you’re thirsty, you some soda.

Se você estiver com sede, você pode tomar um refrigerante.
b) If you carry on shopping like this, you all your money before the end of your
vacation.
Se continuar comprando assim, você terá gastado todo seu dinheiro antes do final das suas férias.
c) If you’re thirsty, you something to drink.

f. will/’ll need to get
e. will/’ll have taken
d. will/’ll need to get/withdraw
d) If you don’t have any money, you some cash.

c. will/’ll need to get/buy
b. will/’ll have spent
Se você não tiver dinheiro, precisará sacar (dinheiro). a. can have/drink
e) By the end of my trip, I a thousand pictures! h. played d. read
Até o final da minha viagem, eu vou ter tirado mil fotos!

g. visited c. taken
f. bought b. gone
e. thought a. done
f) If you’re hungry, you a bite.

Se você estiver com fome, precisará comprar um lanche.

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On the Beach.
.
Part 1.
You have already seen many aspects that involve a traveler’s routine. Now, you
will see more vocabulary related to that topic, as well as how to talk about the
past in many different forms.
Now, look at the script of On the Beach.
ON THE BEACH
[On the sand at Venice Beach]

Casey:
Now, one cultural aspect that you might find here in America is that
you can’t have alcohol on the beach. And now whether that’s for safety,
or, you know, maybe they just don’t want glass on the beach, you can’t
have it. And now, also these towers you see off in the distance, those
are lifeguard towers. So, if you happen to go swimming in the ocean,
and you start drowning, they’re going to come save your life. Well, why
don’t we get a little closer to the water?
[By the water]

Casey:
OK, camera guy, let’s teach our friends a couple more verbs. So, as you
can see, I’m taking a walk on the sand. I’ve bought some sunglasses,
and now I’m wearing those sunglasses. And normally, I’d get a tan, but,
even though it’s sunny, it is a little cold, so...maybe not this time. We’ll sit
down and we’ll listen to music. There we go! Now, this is an important
expression: “to feel the breeze.” And now we wait for the sunset. OK,
guys. I have three final verbs for you. The first one is “to watch the
sunset.” I mean, just look at it! You know it’s going to be a good one! The
second one is “seize the day.” In Latin, it’s “carpe diem.” It means to live
every day to the fullest. And enjoy every day. And the third one, and I’ll
wait until after the sunset for this, is: “I’ll head home.”

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NA PRAIA
[Na areia em Venice Beach]

Casey:
Um aspecto cultural que você pode encontrar aqui nos EUA, é que você
não pode consumir álcool na praia. Pode ser uma questão de segurança,
ou talvez eles só não queiram vidro na praia, mas é proibido. E essas
torres que você vê ali atrás são postos de salva-vidas. Então, se você for
nadar no mar e começar a se afogar, eles vão salvar sua vida. Por que
não chegamos um pouco mais perto da água?
[Próximo à água]
Casey:
OK, cameraman, vamos ensinar mais alguns verbos para os nossos
amigos. Como vocês podem ver, estou caminhando na areia. Comprei
óculos de sol, e agora estou usando esses óculos. Normalmente, eu
me bronzearia, mas, apesar de ser um dia ensolarado, está meio frio;
então, não dessa vez. Portanto, vamos nos sentar e ouvir um pouco de
música. Pronto! Agora, essa é uma expressão importante: “sentir a brisa
do mar”! Vamos esperar pelo pôr do sol. OK, pessoal! Para fechar, mais
três verbos para vocês. O primeiro é: “assistir ao pôr do sol”. Quer dizer,
olha só para isso! Você sabe que vai ser um belo pôr do sol! O próximo
é: “aproveitar o dia”. Em latim, “carpe diem”. Significa viver cada dia ao
máximo. E aproveitar cada dia. E o terceiro, e vou esperar até depois do
pôr do sol para isso, é: “ir para casa”.

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Part 2.
In this chapter, you will see activities you can do at the beach, vocabulary related
to the beach, and some cultural aspects related to public spaces.
While traveling, some people like to choose a nice public space to sit down and
relax. As they are at it:
They do some people-watching.

Elas observam as pessoas.
Some people do it so that they can tell their friends and family what
they have seen. So, let’s suppose they see a man at the beach. They
can observe his actions and then say:
He was walking on the sand.

Ele estava andando na areia.
He was listening to music.

Ele estava ouvindo música.
He was watching the sunset.

Ele estava assistindo ao pôr do sol.
If you enjoy going to the beach yourself, you can:
Take a walk on the beach

Dar uma caminhada pela praia

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And what will you find on the beach?
There is sand on the beach. There are birds at the beach.

Tem areia na praia. Há pássaros na praia.
There are people at the beach. There are waves in the ocean.
Há pessoas na praia. Há ondas no oceano.
There are lifeguard towers at the beach.

Há torres de salva-vidas na praia.
These are mostly common aspects for every beach you may visit.
However, American beaches have their particularities. For instance:
There aren’t walking vendors at the beach.

Não há vendedores ambulantes na praia.
This is an important cultural aspect that could be quite different from where you
are used to going. And there is more. At American beaches:
You’re not supposed to drink from glass bottles.

Você não deve beber em garrafas de vidro.
You are not supposed to feed the birds.

Você não deve alimentar os pássaros.
You’re supposed to collect your own trash.

Você deve recolher seu próprio lixo.
You’re supposed to respect other people’s space.

Você deve respeitar o espaço das outras pessoas.

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Even though there are some strict rules you need to follow, there are many things you
can do at American beaches:
You can play sports at the beach. You can get a tan at the beach.
Você pode praticar esportes na praia. Você pode se bronzear na praia.
You can relax at the beach. You can swim in the sea.
Você pode relaxar na praia. Você pode nadar no mar.
And there are some other fun activities you can do, not only at the beach, but
anywhere. Take a look:
FUN ACTIVITIES
Read a book Take pictures Exercise

Ler um livro Tirar fotos Fazer exercícios
Read a magazine Feel the breeze

Ler uma revista Sentir a brisa
Now you know some activities and vocabulary related to the beach, as
well as some cultural aspects related to American beaches.

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Part 3.
Activities
( 1 ) Walking vendors ( ) Praticar esportes
( 2 ) To take a walk ( ) Sentir a brisa
( 3 ) Lifeguard towers ( ) Ondas
( 4 ) To play sports ( ) Areia
( 5 ) To get a tan ( ) Ler um livro
( 6 ) Sand ( ) Dar uma caminhada
( 7 ) To take pictures ( ) Pássaros
( 8 ) To feel the breeze ( ) Torres de salva-vidas
( 9 ) To read a book ( ) Nadar
( 10 ) Waves ( ) Tirar fotografias
( 11 ) Swim ( ) Vendedores ambulantes
( 12 ) B
irds ( )P
egar um bronzeado
a) There are waves . d) You are not supposed to

Há ondas no oceano. the birds.
b) You’re supposed to your
own trash. e) He was watching the .
Você deve recolher seu próprio lixo. Ele estava assistindo ao pôr do sol.
c) There aren’t walking vendors . f) You’re not supposed to drink from

Não há vendedores ambulantes na praia. .
beach
f. glass bottles c. at the beach / on the
e. sunset b. collect 12 / 3 / 11 / 7 / 1 / 5
d. feed a. in the ocean 4 / 8 / 10 / 6 / 9 / 2 /

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Part 4.
In this chapter, you will learn how to talk about the past using the past
continuous, the simple past, and the past perfect, as well as using the
expressions be supposed to and there + be.
In the last chapters, you’ve learned the simple past and the past perfect. Even
though both of them refer to the past, each of these verb forms has a different
usage, for they will convey different ideas. Take a look:
SIMPLE PAST
Usage and Structure
Simple Past Complete action in the past

Ação completa no passado
Structure: Subject + Verb in the Simple Past + Time Reference

Sujeito + Verbo no Simple Past + Referência Temporal
The traveler went to beach last week.

O viajante foi à praia na semana passada.
As you can see, the simple past refers to actions that happened at a definite
moment in the past. That’s why we can locate the action in a timeframe and say
when it happened.
Keep in mind that there are regular and irregular verbs in English. Whenever we
use the simple past, the time reference must be clear, either in the sentence or
in the context.

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Now, the past perfect was defined somewhat like the past of the past. Have a look:
PAST PERFE CT
Usage and Structure
Past Perfect The past of the past

O passado do passado
Structure: Subject + Had + Past Participle of the Main Verb

Sujeito + Had + Particípio Passado do Verbo Principal
The traveler had walked around the city before he went to the beach.
O viajante tinha caminhado pela cidade antes de ir à praia.
As you can see from the example, the past perfect refers to an action that
happened in the past prior to another action that also took place in the past.
The past continuous, however, also refers to an action that happened entirely
in the past, but the emphasis is on the continuity of the action.
PAST CONTINUOUS
Usage
Past Continuous Action in progress in the past

Ação em curso no passado
The basic structure of the past continuous in the affirmative form is:
PAST CONTINUOUS
Affirmative Form
Subject + Verb To Be in the past + Verb in the -ING form + Complement

Sujeito + Verbo To Be no passado + Verbo na forma -ING + Complemento

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PAST CONTINUOUS
He was walking on the sand. He was listening to music.

Ele estava andando na areia. Ele estava ouvindo música.
He was watching the sunset.

Ele estava assistindo ao pôr do sol.
The verb to be in the past continuous works as an auxiliary verb. As you can see in
the previous examples, it must be conjugated according to the subject: he was.
The verb to be will also be used in the negative and interrogative forms. Let’s see
how that works in the interrogative form first. The basic structure is as follows:
PAST CONTINUOUS
Interrogative Form
Verb To Be in the past + Subject + Verb in the -ING form + Complement

Verbo To Be no passado + Sujeito + Verbo na forma -ING + Complemento
In the interrogative form, all we need to do is invert the verb to be with the subject.
Look at some examples:
PAST CONTINUOUS
Interrogative Form
Were you planning a trip?

Você estava planejando uma viagem?
Here, the verb to be was also conjugated accordingly: were you.

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Now, check out the basic structure for the negative form:
PAST CONTINUOUS
Negative Form
Subject + Verb To Be in the past + Not + Verb in the -ING form + Complement
Sujeito + Verbo To Be no passado + Not + Verbo na forma -ING + Complemento
So, to form the negative, we add not after the verb to be. Observe the example:
PAST CONTINUOUS
Negative Form
My friends and I weren’t traveling without a plan.

Meus amigos e eu não estávamos viajando sem um plano.
As you can see, it is also possible to use the contracted form of the verb to be
with the particle not. In this case, weren’t.
The verb to be is irregular, so it is important to highlight that to be in the past
has two forms, whereas in the present it’s got three. Let’s use the table to
review it:
Subject To Be in the present To Be in the past

I am was
You are were
He is was
She is was
It is was
We are were
You are were
They are were
The verb to be doesn’t come along only with the continuous forms. This verb has
so many different uses that we could say it is one of the most important verbs in
English.

119
Let’s focus on two other structures that need the verb to be: Be supposed + infinitive
is a structure used to talk about what is expected from someone—either for cultural
reasons or legal ones. Let’s see some examples:
BE + SUPPOSED TO + INFINITIVE
Affirmative Form
You’re supposed to collect your own trash.

(Espera-se que você recolha seu próprio lixo.)
You’re supposed to respect other people’s space.

(Espera-se que você respeite o espaço das outras pessoas.)
Check out the structure for the construction of affirmative sentences:
Affirmative Form
Subject + Verb To Be in the present + Supposed to + Verb in the Infinitive

Sujeito + Verbo To Be no presente + Supposed to + Verbo no Infinitivo
Now take a look at the following examples in the negative form:
Negative Form
You’re not supposed to drink from glass bottles.

You are not supposed to feed the birds.


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To form the negative, we just have to add not after the verb to be. Here is the basic structure:
Negative Form
Subject + Verb To Be in the present + Not + Supposed to + Verb in the Infinitive

Sujeito + Verbo To Be no presente + Not + Supposed to + Verbo no Infinitivo
And here are some examples in the interrogative form:
Interrogative Form
Am I supposed to reapply the sunscreen?

Eu devo passar de novo o protetor solar?
How often am I supposed to reapply the sunscreen?

Com que frequência eu devo passar de novo o protetor solar?
You just have to bring the verb to be forward. Check it out:
Interrogative Form
Verb To Be in the present + Subject + Supposed to + Verb in the Infinitive

Verbo To Be no presente + Sujeito + Supposed to + Verbo no Infinitivo

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The second structure with the verb to be that we will cover in this chapter is
there + be. This structure is used to talk about existence. For example:
THERE + BE
Affirmative Form
There is sand on the beach.

Há/Tem areia na praia.
There are lifeguard towers at the beach.

Há/Tem torres de salva-vidas na praia.
There are people at the beach.

Há/Tem pessoas na praia.
Notice that you will use is for the singular and are for the plural. And to make the
negative form, you will place not after the verb to be:
THERE + BE
Negative Form
There are not (aren’t) walking vendors at the beach.

Não há vendedores ambulantes na praia.
There is not (isn’t) any trash on the sand.

Não há lixo algum na praia.
As you can see, it is possible to use the contracted forms.

To make the interrogative form, you will follow the structure verb to be + there +
complement. Look at the examples:
THERE + BE
Interrogative Form
Are there birds at the beach? Is there a lifeguard at the beach?

Há pássaros na praia? Há um salva-vidas na praia?

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It is also possible to express existence in the past. We just need to conjugate the
verb to be in the past. For example, you can say:
THERE + BE – IN THE PAST
There were no waves in the sea yesterday.

Não havia ondas no mar ontem.
There were few people at the beach.

Havia poucas pessoas na praia.
As for the singular, we would use there was. The negative and interrogative forms
will follow the rules of the verb to be in the past.
In this chapter, you’ve learned how to talk about the past using the
past continuous, the simple past, and the past perfect, as well as
using the expressions be supposed to and there + be. If you want to
learn more about these topics, you can refer to the Grammar Guide
section at the end of your book.
GRAMMAR GUIDE
Be Supposed To Page 156

Past Continuous Page 201
Past Perfect Page 204
Simple Past Page 237
There + Be Page 252

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Part 5.
Activities
A. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb to be in the past.
a) you planning a trip? d) There few people at the

Você estava planejando uma viagem? beach.
Havia poucas pessoas na praia.
( ) were
( ) was ( ) were
( ) wasn’t ( ) was
( ) wasn’t
b) There no waves in the
sea yesterday. e) He walking on the sand.
Não havia ondas no mar ontem. Ele estava andando na areia.
( ) were ( ) were
( ) was ( ) was
( ) weren’t ( ) weren’t
c) My friends and I f) He listening to music.

traveling without a plan. Ele estava ouvindo música.
Meus amigos e eu não estávamos viajando sem
um plano.
( ) were
( ) was
( ) were
( ) weren’t
( ) was
( ) weren’t
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the expression be supposed to.
a) You to drink from glass bottles.

b) You to feed the birds.


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c) You to collect your own trash.

a._are not (aren’t) supposed

b._are not (aren’t) supposed
c._ are/’re supposed

d._are/’re supposed
d) You to respect other people’s space.
e._Am I supposed
e) to reapply the sunscreen?

Eu devo passar de novo o protetor solar?
c._ weren’t
a._were
b._were
d._were
e._was
f._ was

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Getting
Home. .
Part 1.
In this chapter, you are going to see what you can do if you decide to rent a place
when traveling. You will learn some vocabulary related to household chores and
some useful structures to refer to the past and to the present.
Now, look at the script of Getting Home.
GE TTING HOME
[Arriving home, with some groceries]

Casey:
OK, guys. I just got back from getting the groceries, and I’m going to
head inside now. It’s important to get groceries when you’re on a trip.
To go and get groceries is an important thing to do. It helps you save
money, and it makes sure you don’t go hungry during the weeks that
you’re staying somewhere. I’m going to open the door and head inside.
Why don’t you guys come with me? Yeah, you can stand right over
there. Here we go.
[Getting inside the house]

Casey:
OK, close that door...so we don’t let all the cold air in. Let me turn off
the alarm here. OK, good! Make sure the cops don’t show up. And now
you can come this way. People don’t realize how cold it gets in L.A. at
night. So we’ll make sure that the heat is running. Now, I’m going to go
put the groceries away. Well, let me take my shoes off, first; Probably
should’ve done that first. Alright, I’ll put the groceries away, I’m going to
get changed, and you guys can have a seat over there or something. Or
wait for me; either way.
[In the kitchen]

Casey:
OK, guys. I’m finally back home. All of the groceries have been put
away. That took a while. And I am very tired.
[Talking to the cameraman]

Casey:
Camera guy, you’ve kept pace with me all day today, and I haven’t seen
you eat anything. So, I’m sure you’re tired too, right? Well, you know
what? I’d really like to know; I feel like we’re friends...how do you feel?

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We haven’t talked about your feelings at all. OK, a man of few words. I
like that!
[Talking as he goes for an apple]

Casey:
Well, some people, when they go on vacation, they like to eat fast food.
They go out for fast food, but I don’t think that’s too healthy for a person.
I try not to eat fast food. Some people, like my friends over at Santa
Monica, will go out to dinner every night that they’re out on vacation.
And I don’t have that kind of budget, so I think I’m just going to stay in,
and I’m going to fix a quick meal. I’ll make a salad, I’ll microwave some
food, and just generally have a good night, I think. And if you guys aren’t
doing anything, you’re more than welcome to stay for dinner. So, if you’ll
excuse me, I’m going to take a bite of this apple, and we’ll get started.
[At the kitchen table]

Casey:
OK, cameraman, dig in, because dinner is served. Well, here first:
cheers, prost, salud, saúde, and chin-chin! And enjoy that, because it’s a
family recipe.
[After eating]
Casey:
That was a great dinner! What is equally important is doing the dishes
from that great meal. OK! I’ll just get started on...You know what? No, no.
It’s late. I think instead I’m just going to get some juice and enjoy the rest
of my night. You know, orange juice is my favorite. During the morning
or the night, it’s always good. We had ourselves quite a day today.
[Passing by the laundry room]

Casey:
You know, I really should do this laundry. Wow, look at the time! Yeah,
I’m going to save that for tomorrow. No way, Jose! I think instead I’m just
going to relax on the couch.
[Heading to the living room]

Casey:
You know, there’s a lot of things a person can do while relaxing on
the couch. I could watch some TV, or I could read a book. But I think
instead what I’m going to do is chat online with my friends. And maybe
I’ll post some pictures from today. Well, it looks like none of my friends
are online, so I think what I’m going to do instead is set a 30-minute
timer, and since this couch is so comfortable, I’ll just take a quick nap.
And when I wake up, maybe I’ll check my schedule. And I’ll check my
reservations. Still there, camera guy? You don’t sleep, do you? I didn’t
think so...You’re like a zombie, camera guy? Like a vampire-camera-guy?
Well, either way, turn the lights off when you leave. Thanks, buddy!

128
CHE GANDO EM CASA
[Chegando em casa com compras do mercado]

Casey:
OK, pessoal! Acabei de fazer compras e vou entrar em casa agora. É
importante comprar nos mercados quando você viaja; ir ao mercado
fazer compras é uma coisa importante. Te ajuda a economizar dinheiro
e garante que você não vai ficar com fome nas semanas em que estiver
hospedado em um lugar. Vou abrir a porta e entrar em casa. Por que
vocês não vêm comigo? É, pode ficar bem aqui do lado, beleza.
[Entrando na casa]
Casey:
OK, vamos fechar a porta por causa do ar frio. Vamos desligar o alarme.
OK, beleza! Assim, a polícia não vai aparecer. E agora... podem vir por
aqui comigo. As pessoas não sabem como faz frio em Los Angeles à
noite. Então, vamos nos certificar de que o aquecedor esteja ligado. E
agora, vou guardar as compras. Bem, primeiro, vou tirar meus sapatos.
Eu deveria ter feito isso antes. OK, vou guardar as compras, vou me
trocar, e vocês podem se sentar ali se quiserem. Ou vocês podem me
esperar; tanto faz.
[Na cozinha]
Casey:
OK, pessoal, finalmente estou em casa. Todas as compras já foram
guardadas, o que demorou um pouco. E eu estou muito cansado.
[Conversando com o cameraman]

Casey:
Cameraman, você me acompanhou o dia todo, e não vi você comer
nada. Tenho certeza de que você está cansado também, né? É, bem,
quer saber? Eu queria mesmo saber, porque eu sinto que já somos
amigos... como você está se sentindo? Nunca conversamos sobre seus
sentimentos... OK, um homem de poucas palavras. Eu gosto disso!
[Falando enquanto vai pegar uma maçã]

Casey:
Bem, algumas pessoas, quando estão de férias, gostam de comer
fast-food. Elas saem pra comer fast-food, mas não acho que isso seja
muito saudável para ninguém. Eu tento não comer fast-food. Algumas
pessoas, como meus amigos lá em Santa Mônica, saem para jantar
todas as noites quando estão de férias. Mas eu não tenho essa grana
toda; então, acho que vou só ficar em casa e preparar uma refeição
rápida. Vou fazer uma salada, colocar uma comida no micro-ondas, e
passar uma noite tranquila, eu acho. E se vocês não estiverem fazendo
nada, são mais do que bem-vindos para ficar pra jantar. Então, com
licença, porque vou dar uma mordida nesta maçã e vamos começar.

129
[À mesa da cozinha]
Casey:
OK, cameraman, manda ver, o jantar está servido. Mas, antes disso,
cheers, prost, salud, saúde, e tim-tim! Espero que você goste, é uma
receita de família.
[Depois de jantar]
Casey:
Esse jantar foi ótimo! E lavar os pratos dessa grande refeição é
igualmente importante. OK, vamos começar... Quer saber? Não, não...
está tarde demais. Acho que só vou pegar um suco e aproveitar o resto
da minha noite. Sabe, suco de laranja é o meu favorito. De manhã ou de
noite, é sempre gostoso! Tivemos um belo dia hoje.
[Passando pela lavanderia]

Casey:
Sabe, eu tinha que lavar essa roupa... Uau, olha só a hora! É, vou deixar
isso para amanhã. Sem chance! Acho que, em vez disso, vou relaxar no
sofá.
[A caminho da sala de estar]

Casey:
Tem muitas coisas que uma pessoa pode fazer enquanto relaxa no sofá.
Eu poderia assistir TV ou ler um livro. Mas acho que vou conversar com
os meus amigos. E talvez eu poste algumas fotos de hoje. Parece que
nenhum dos meus amigos está on-line; então, vou colocar um alarme de
30 minutos e, como esse sofá é muito confortável, vou tirar uma soneca.
E quando eu acordar, talvez dê uma olhada no meu planejamento. Vou
checar minhas reservas. Ainda aí, cameraman? Você não dorme, né?
Sabia. Você é tipo um cameraman zumbi? Ou um cameraman vampiro?
De qualquer forma, apague as luzes quando sair. Valeu, amigo!

130
Part 2.
In this chapter, you will learn to talk about how you feel, some vocabulary related
to meals, and the verbs to do and to make regarding household chores.
Let’s start with the way you may feel when traveling. If someone asks you how
you are feeling, you could say:
I’m tired. I’m exhausted. I’m excited.

Estou cansado(a). Estou exausto(a). Estou animado(a).
I’m a bit down. I’m dead bored.

I’m happy. Estou um pouco Estou morrendo de
Estou feliz. triste. tédio.
I’m having the time of my life.

Estou me divertindo como nunca I’m a bit under the weather.
antes na vida. Estou um pouco doente.

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If you are traveling and renting a place, you will always have two options for your meals. You could:
Eat out Stay in and fix a meal Cook a meal

Comer fora Ficar em casa e preparar uma refeição Preparar/Fazer uma refeição
Note that the verb to fix, which in other contexts means to repair something that is broken, can
also mean to prepare a meal, to make something to eat.
If you are going to prepare your meal:
You’ll have to get groceries. You’ll have to grocery shop.

Você vai ter que fazer compras no mercado. Você vai ter que comprar comida.
Let’s see some of the things you can buy:
Meat Vegetables Fruits

Carne Legumes e verduras Frutas
Beverages Ready-made meals

Bebidas Refeições prontas

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Now, let’s see the equipment you will need to cook and eat:
You use pots and pans to cook food. You cook on the stove. You bake in the oven.
Você usa panelas para cozinhar a comida. Você cozinha no fogão. Você assa no forno.
You eat food on a plate with a fork and a knife. You have soup with a spoon.
Você come em um prato com garfo e faca. Você toma sopa com uma colher.
Cooking is a household chore. We commonly use the verbs to do and to make

to refer to those.
The verb to make is mostly related to creations and transformations, so it is
usually used to talk about things you cook and prepare. For example:
TO MAKE
I’ll make a salad. Let’s make dinner.

Vou fazer uma salada. Vamos fazer o jantar.
I’ll make us a drink.

Vou preparar um drinque para nós.

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The verb to do is used to talk about an action or an activity. Check it out:
TO DO
I have to do the laundry. I made dinner; you do the dishes.

Tenho que lavar roupa. Eu fiz o jantar; você lava a louça.
Now you know some vocabulary related to meals, the

verbs to do and to make related to household chores, and
you can talk about how you feel when traveling.

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Part 3.
Activities
( 1 ) To eat out ( ) Bebidas
( 2 ) Vegetables ( ) Forno
( 3 ) Pots and pans ( ) Garfo
( 4 ) Knife ( ) Colher
( 5 ) Beverages ( ) Fogão
( 6 ) Ready-made meals ( ) Fazer/Preparar o jantar
( 7 ) Oven ( ) Legumes e verduras
( 8 ) Spoon ( ) Lavar a roupa
( 9 ) To make dinner ( ) Faca
( 10 ) Fork ( ) Comer fora
( 11 ) Stove ( ) Panelas
( 12 ) T
o do the laundry ( ) Refeições prontas
a) I’m . d) I’m .
Estou um pouco doente. Estou feliz.
b) I’m . e) I’m .
Estou animada. Estou exausta.
c) I’m . f) I’m .
Estou cansado. Estou um pouco triste.
f._ a bit down c. _tired

e._exhausted b._excited 2 / 12 / 4 / 1 / 3 / 6
d._happy a._a bit under the weather 5 / 7 / 10 / 8 / 11 / 9 /

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Part 4.
In this chapter, you will learn how to use the simple present and the simple past
of the verb to be and other verbs.
The verb to be in the simple present is used to express:
SIMPLE PRESENT – VERB TO BE

Uses
Temporary state, condition, or location

Estado, condição ou localização temporária
Permanent state, condition, or location

Estado, condição ou localização permanente
Have a look at these examples:
SIMPLE PRESENT – VERB TO BE
Temporary condition Permanent state or condition

I’m tired. Jack is an Englishman.
Estou cansado(a). O Jack é inglês.
Permanent location
L.A. is in California.
Los Angeles é/fica na Califórnia.
Let’s compare the previous examples: being tired is temporary, because you can
rest and this condition will change. But one’s nationality is a rather permanent
condition. And L.A. being in California conveys the idea of permanent location.

136
Remember: many verbs in English may have both a full form and a contracted form. The so-
called complete forms sound more formal and emphatic when compared to the contracted
forms, which are more commonly used in spoken English. But there is no change in
meaning. Check them out:
SIMPLE PRESENT – TO BE
Affirmative Form
I am – I’m You are – You’re You are – You’re

Eu sou/estou Você é/está Vocês são/estão
He is – He’s She is – She’s It is – It’s

Ele é/está Ela é/está Ele; Ela; Isto é/está
We are – We’re They are – They’re

Nós somos/estamos Eles são/estão
Note that the Verb to be has three possible conjugations: am, are, and is.
Now let’s focus on the simple present of other verbs. It is used to talk about:

Uses
Facts Habits Routine

Fatos Hábitos Rotina
In the affirmative form of the simple present, the conjugation of the other verbs remains the same for the
subjects I, you, we, and they.
Let’s see some examples with the verb to get:
SIMPLE PRESENT – I, YOU, WE , THE Y

Affirmative Form
I get tired at the end of my trip. You get excited days before your trip.
Eu fico cansado no final da minha viagem. Você fica animado dias antes da sua viagem.
We get up early for our tours. They get exhausted if they go trekking.
Acordamos cedo para os nossos passeios. Eles ficam exaustos se fizerem uma trilha.

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In all previous examples, notice how the verb to get combined with adjectives refers to the
process of getting to the condition described.
Moreover, notice how the verb conjugation remains the same, regardless of the subject.
However, in the third person singular (subjects he, she, and it) the verb changes:
SIMPLE PRESENT – HE , SHE , IT
Mark does the dishes when Sarah cooks.

O Mark lava a louça quando a Sarah cozinha.
Nick tries to visit as many tourist attractions as possible when he travels.

O Nick tenta visitar o máximo de atrações turísticas possíveis quando viaja.
In the simple present of the third person singular, we must conjugate the main
verb by adding the suffixes -ES, -S, or -IES, depending on how the verb ends.
Take a look at the spelling rules:
SPELLING RULES
Verbs ending in: Add:
-S, -SS, -X, -O, -SH, and -CH -ES
Consonant + Y -Y + -IES
All other cases -S
When the verb ends in -S, -SS, -X, -O, -SH, and -CH, we add the suffix -ES to
form the third person singular. If the verb ends in -Y preceded by a consonant, we
drop the Y and add -IES. For all the other cases, we just add -S.
Now, in order to make the interrogative and negative forms, you are going to use
the auxiliary verb do.

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First, let’s see some examples with the subjects I, you, we, and they:
SIMPLE PRESENT – I, YOU, WE , THE Y

Do you often travel abroad?

Você viaja para fora com frequência?
We don’t like to wake up late when traveling.

Não gostamos de acordar tarde quando viajamos.
As you can see, in the interrogative form, the auxiliary verb do must be placed
before the subject. And in the negative form, we will add not to it. The
contracted form don’t is more used in spoken English.
Now, for the third person singular, the auxiliary verb must be conjugated. It
becomes does. Have a look:
SIMPLE PRESENT – HE , SHE , IT

Does Nick know how to cook?

O Nick sabe cozinhar?
Ellen doesn’t eat much at dinner.

A Ellen não come muito no jantar.
Here we have the structure does + subject, which, in this case is Nick, plus
the main verb know, plus the complement. Notice that in the negative and
interrogative forms the verb remains in its base form. Check it out:
SIMPLE PRESENT
Interrogative Structure
Do/Does + Subject + Main Verb + Complement

Do/Does + Sujeito + Verbo Principal + Complemento

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And for the negative we have:
SIMPLE PRESENT
Negative Structure
Subject + Don’t/Doesn’t + Main Verb + Complement

Sujeito + Don’t/Doesn’t + Verbo Principal + Complemento
The other verb form we are going to cover in this chapter is the simple past, which
is used to talk about complete actions in the past, and there must be a clear time
reference, be it in the context or explicit in the sentence, such as a date.
Let’s start by analyzing the verb to be in the simple past:
SIMPLE PAST – TO BE
We were exhausted from walking around the city.

Estávamos exaustos de caminhar pela cidade.
Tina was a bit down as her vacation ended.

A Tina ficou um pouco triste porque suas férias terminaram.
Have a look at all the forms of the verb to be in the simple past:
SIM PLE PAST – TO BE

Affirmative Form
I was It was
Eu fui/estive Ele; Ela; Isto foi/esteve
You were We were

Você foi/esteve Nós fomos/estivemos
He was You were

Ele foi/esteve Vocês foram/estiveram
She was They were

Ela foi/esteve Eles foram/estiveram

140
In order to make the negative and interrogative forms of the verb to be in the
simple past, we will follow the same logic as that of the verb to be in the simple
present. That is, there’s no need for auxiliary verbs.
Let’s start with the negative form:
Negative Form
John was not (wasn’t) happy to be traveling on his own.

O John não estava feliz em viajar sozinho.
You were not (weren’t) excited about the boat ride.

Você não estava animado com o passeio de barco.
Note that you only have to add not after the verb to be in the negative form.
As for the interrogative form, we place the verb to be before the subject. Have
a look:
Interrogative Form
Was John happy to be traveling on his own?

O John estava feliz em viajar sozinho?
Were you excited about the boat ride?

Você estava animado com o passeio de barco?
As you have seen, the verb to be is special and works differently than the other
verbs.
That means that the simple past of the other verbs will follow a different
structure. For starters, verbs are divided into regular and irregular. Besides, the
conjugation will remain the same for all subjects and sentence forms.

141
So, let’s see some examples of irregular verbs whose conjugations are different from their base form:
SIMPLE PAST – IRRE GUL AR VERBS
To make To have
I made dinner; you do the dishes. I had to do the laundry before going back home.
Eu fiz o jantar; você lava a louça. Eu tive que lavar roupa antes de voltar para casa.
To get up
We got up late this morning and left the museum for another day.
Acordamos tarde esta manhã e deixamos o museu para outro dia.
To do
Sam did some jogging and then went for a walking city tour.
O Sam deu uma corridinha de manhã e depois saiu para um passeio a pé pela cidade.
In the simple present we use the auxiliary verbs do and does to make the negative and
interrogative forms. In the simple past, however, we use the auxiliary verb did. The structure is
the same, whether you are using a regular or an irregular verb.
Let’s have a look at some examples:
SIMPLE PAST – OTHER VERBS

Negative Form
We did not (didn’t) take any public transportation because we walked all the time.
Não pegamos nenhum transporte público porque andamos o tempo todo.
Mary got angry with me because I did not (didn’t) do the dishes.
A Mary ficou irritada comigo porque eu não lavei a louça.
We didn’t work out yesterday because we were lazy.

Não nos exercitamos ontem porque estávamos com preguiça.

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Note that the verb goes back to its base form once we add the auxiliary verb did.
Check out how to form the negative:

Negative Form
Subject + Didn’t + Main Verb (Base Form) + Complement

Sujeito + Didn’t + Verbo Principal (Forma Base) + Complemento
As you can see, the contracted form didn’t is a lot more common in
the spoken language.
To wrap it up, let’s see the interrogative form of the simple past:

Interrogative Form
Did we take any public transportation?

Nós pegamos algum transporte público?
Did you do the dishes?

Você lavou a louça?
Did you work out yesterday?

Você se exercitou ontem?
Again, note that the main verb is used in its base form. Check out
how to form the interrogative:

Interrogative Form
Did + Subject + Main Verb (Base Form) + Complement

Did + Sujeito + Verbo Principal (Forma Base) + Complemento

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In this chapter, you’ve learned how to talk about the past

using the simple past of the verb to be and other verbs.
You’ve also learned the simple present and its uses. If you
want to learn more about these topics, you can refer to
the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.
GRAMMAR GUIDE
Irregular Verbs – Past Page 180

Simple Past – Other Verbs Page 231
Simple Past – Verb To Be Page 237
Simple Present – Other Verbs Page 242
Simple Present – Verb To Be Page 248

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Part 5.
Activities
A. Complete the table with the missing forms of the verb to be in the past.
Subject Pronoun Affirmative Negative
I was ( a ) _____________
You ( b ) _____________ weren’t
He was ( c ) _____________
She ( d ) _____________ wasn’t
It was wasn’t
We were ( e ) _____________
You were wweren’tre
They ( f ) _____________ weren’t
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct verbs according to the translation.
a) I dinner; you do the dishes.

Eu fiz o jantar; você lava a louça.
b) We any public transportation because we walked all the time.

Não pegamos nenhum transporte público porque andamos o tempo todo.
f._ were not (weren’t) excited
c) Mary got angry with me because I the dishes.

d._did not (didn’t) work out
e._was not (wasn’t) happy
A Mary ficou irritada comigo porque eu não lavei a louça.

b._did not (didn’t) take
c._ did not (didn’t) do
d) We yesterday because we were lazy.

Não nos exercitamos ontem porque estávamos com preguiça.
a._made
e) John to be traveling on his own.

O John não estava feliz em viajar sozinho.
e._weren’t / were not

a._wasn’t / was not
c._ wasn’t / was not
f) You about the boat ride.

Você não estava animado com o passeio de barco.
b._were
f._ were
d._was

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Grammar Guide.
Adjectives
Adjectives are used to describe ADJE CTIVES
things. We can use adjectives to Subject + Verb + Adjective
describe objects, people, places,
the weather, and food, for example.
Mary is smart.
Adjectives don’t have singular Mary é esperta.
or plural forms or feminine and (subject: Mary + verb: is + adjective: smart)
masculine, and they always refer
to nouns or pronouns. John is smart.
Adjectives are used mainly in two John é esperto.
positions. In the first one, a noun or a (subject: John + verb: is + adjective: smart)
pronoun is the subject of the sentence,
followed by the verb and the adjective. Mary and John are smart.
Mary e John são espertos.
(subject: Mary and John + verb: are + adjective: smart)
The other position for adjectives is right before the noun to which they refer.
In this case, we’ll have a determiner (if necessary), the adjective and the noun.
Take a look:
ADJE CTIVES
(Determiner) + Adjective + Noun
Mary has a great job.

Mary tem um ótimo emprego.
(determiner: a + adjective: great + noun: job)
John has a great job.

John tem um ótimo emprego.
(determiner: a + adjective: great + noun: job)
Mary and John have great jobs.

Mary e John têm ótimos empregos.
( no determiner + adjective: great + noun: job)

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In this second structure, it’s possible to use a determiner or not. But what is a determiner?
A determiner can be an article, such as the, a, or an; a demonstrative, such as this, that,
these, or those; or a possessive adjective, such as my, your, his, her, its, our, or their.
DE TERMINERS
Article: the/a/an
Artigo: o(a) / um(a)
Demonstratives: this; these / that; those

Pronomes demonstrativos: este(a), esse(a); estes(as) esses(as) / aquele(a); aqueles(as)
Possessive adjectives: my / your / his / her / its / our / their

Pronomes possessivos: meu(s); minha(s) / teu(s); tua(s); seu(s); sua(s) /
seu; sua; dele; dela / nosso(s); nossa(s) / seus; suas; deles; delas
Let’s see some examples with determiners before the adjective and the noun.
ADJE CTIVES
(Determiner) + Adjective + Noun
Chris is the best student in the class.

Chris é o melhor aluno da sala.
(determiner: the + adjective: best + noun: student)
Look at those cute dogs!

Olha aqueles cachorros fofos!
(determiner: those + adjective: cute + noun: dogs)
Chocolate is my favorite dessert.

Chocolate é minha sobremesa favorita.
(determiner: my + adjective: favorite + noun: dessert)

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It’s possible to use two or more adjectives in a sentence. Look at the example:
ADJE CTIVES
Carnival is a beautiful big old festival.

O Carnaval é uma grande e bonita festa antiga.
(determiner: a + adjectives: beautiful, big, and old + noun: festival)
When you use more than one adjective in a sentence, there is an order to be followed. Check it out:
ADJE CTIVE ORDER
1st – Opinion 2nd – Size

Example: Amazing, beautiful, nice. Example: Big, small, tall, short.
Exemplo: Incrível, bonito(a), legal. Exemplo: Grande, pequeno(a), alto(a), baixo(a).
3rd – Physical characteristics 4th – Shape

Example: Thin, tall, short. Example: Round, square, rectangular.
Exemplo: Magro(a), alto(a), baixo(a). Exemplo: Redondo(a), quadrado(a), retangular.
5th – Age 6th – Color

Example: Old and young. Example: Blue, red, yellow.
Exemplo: Velho(a) e novo(a). Exemplo: Azul, vermelho(a), amarelo(a).
3rd – Physical characteristics 8th – Material

Example: Japanese, Italian, American. Example: Wooden, plastic, glass.
Exemplo: Japonês(esa), Italiano(a), Americano(a). Exemplo: De madeira, de plástico, de vidro.
9th – Type 10th – Purpose

Example: General, specific. Example: Cooking, cleaning, teaching.
Exemplo: Geral, específico(a). Exemplo: Para cozinhar, limpar, ensinar.
It’s not common to use many adjectives for the same noun, but it’s possible.
This is how adjectives are used in English.

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Be +
Going To (Future)
The structure be + going to is often used to refer to the future.
When the structure be + going to refers to the future, the verb to be is used in
the simple present followed by going to and a verb in its base form.
BE + GOING TO: FUTURE
Be (Simple Present) + Going to + Verb (Base Form)
I’m going to travel next week.

Eu vou viajar semana que vem.
We use be + going to when we want to talk about future events or actions that were planned
beforehand. That is, when we use this structure, we may want to emphasize the fact that we
have been planning this future event.
BE + GOING TO
We are going to buy a new house.

Nós vamos comprar uma casa nova.
(The people who made this decision had to reach an agreement to decide
when, why, and how to do that.)
I am going to Mexico on my next vacation.

Eu estou indo para o México nas minhas próximas férias.
(I had to decide the destination, choose the dates, book a flight, a hotel, a car, etc.)

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Be + going to is also used to talk about predictions based on evidence. That is, according to
the speaker’s point of view, there’s evidence that this future event is going to happen.
BE + GOING TO
It’s really cloudy. It is going to rain.

Está muito nublado. Vai chover.
(The cloudy sky is an evidence.)
It’s the second time you arrive late. You are going to get into serious trouble.
É a segunda vez que você chega atrasado. Você vai ter sérios problemas.
(From the speaker’s knowledge of the facts, arriving late again is
evidence that you are getting into trouble.)
Another use of be + going to is to insist that people do or do not things. This is a

way to add emphasis to the fact that something is obligatory. Check some examples.
BE + GOING TO
You are going to wash your hand before you sit at the table.
Você vai lavar a mão antes de se sentar à mesa.
(You are telling what the person has to do, emphasizing the person has to
wash their hands first).
You are not going to play until you finish your homework.
Você não vai brincar até terminar a sua lição de casa.
(You are saying what is not going to happen—play—if something isn’t done
before—the homework.)
In informal speech, you can replace going to with gonna.
BE + GOING TO
I’m gonna talk to her.

Eu vou falar com ela.
(gonna = going to)

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Now, analyze the use of will and be + going to when referring to the future.
Mostly, you can use them interchangeably. The differences in use may be very
subtle and have a lot to do with the speaker’s intention. That happens because
choosing between will or be + going to depends on the speaker’s perspective
and interpretation of that future event. In some contexts, one structure might
sound more natural than the other.
Imagine this situation. There is a man named John

WILL VS. BE + GOING TO
who decides to propose to his girlfriend, Julia. In this
case, will is preferred.
Julia, will you marry me?

Julia, você quer se casar comigo?
There are some reasons why asking this question with will sounds more natural
and more appropriate than with going to.
First, the modal verb will convey an idea of willingness, that is, something
you want to do or want it to happen.
Primeiro, o modal verb will traz uma ideia de vontade, ou seja, algo que você
quer fazer ou quer que aconteça.
Second, John expects Julia to make an instant decision. That is, John may
have planned to propose to Julia, but Julia is listening to that for the first
time, and she’s expected to make a decision about that future event at the
moment of the conversation.
Segundo, o John espera que a Julia tome uma decisão imediata. Ou seja, o
John pode ter planejado pedir a Julia em casamento, mas a Julia está ouvindo
a proposta pela primeira vez, e espera-se que ela tome uma decisão sobre
esse evento futuro no momento da conversa.

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Now imagine that Julia accepts John’s proposal. They schedule a date
and start to plan the wedding. Julia goes to a bridal shop to choose the
dress and the salesperson may ask her about the wedding.
In this situation, be + going to sounds more natural and even more
appropriate since Julia and John have been planning this future
event beforehand.
Salesperson: When is the wedding?

Vendedor: Quando é o casamento?
Julia: It’s going to be in June.

Julia: Vai ser em junho.
Now you know more about the structure be + going to, its uses, and some
differences between will and be + going to.

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Be + Going To (Past)
Be + going to is frequently used to talk about plans. We can use it to refer to
a future event that has been planned or to refer to a past event that had been
planned but did not happen, or to something that was supposed to happen but
didn’t.
The structure is basically the same: the only thing that will change is how we use
the verb to be: in the present if we are referring to a future event, or in the past
when referring to past event.
BE + GOING TO
Referring to the Future

Be in the Present (am/is/are) + Going to + Verb (Base Form)
Referring to the Past

Be in the Past (was/were) + Going to + Verb (Base Form)
Check out some sentences so that we can understand when to use these
structures:
BE + GOING TO
Referring to the Future

I am going to text you the doctor’s phone.
Eu vou te mandar uma mensagem com o telefone do médico.
(I’m talking about something that I intend to do.)

I was going to text you, but my day was crazy, and I just forgot to.
Eu ia te mandar uma mensagem, mas o meu dia foi corrido, e eu
simplesmente esqueci.
(I had planned to text you, but it didn’t happen.)

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As we frequently use be + going to in the past to talk about a plan that we had
but ended up not happening, the sentences containing this structure are usually
followed by an explanation of why you changed your mind or of what prevented
it from happening.
BE + GOING TO

I was going to text you, but my day was crazy, and I just forgot to.
Eu ia te mandar uma mensagem, mas o meu dia foi corrido, e eu
simplesmente esqueci.
(There is an explanation of why it did not happen.)
There’s still another use for be + going to referring to the past. We can use it to talk
about something we imagined in the past as very likely to happen in the future.
BE + GOING TO
I’ve always known Sophie and Mark were going to get married one day.
Eu sempre soube que a Sophie e o Mark iriam se casar um dia.
(I’ve always had this feeling that they would get married someday,
and it turns out they did).
Now you know more about the structure be + going to and how to use it
to refer to the future and to the past.

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Be Supposed To
Be Supposed + Infinitive is a phrase used to talk about:
BE + SUPPOSED + INFINITIVE
What people are expected to do ( rules or laws).

O que se espera que as pessoas façam ( regras ou leis).
What is expected to happen.

O que se espera que aconteça.
What is generally believed.

O que de modo geral se acredita ser verdade.
Take a look at its structure in the affirmative form and some examples:
BE SUPPOSED + INFINITIVE
Affirmative
Subject + Be Supposed + Verb on the infinitive + Complement
Sujeito + Be Supposed + Verbo no Infinitivo + Complemento
Laura is supposed to arrive at work at 9 a.m.

Laura deve/tem que chegar ao trabalho às 9h da manhã.
Espera-se que Laura chegue ao trabalho às 9h da manhã.
This sunscreen is supposed to be waterproof.

Presume-se que este protetor solar seja à prova d’água.
Espera-se que este protetor seja à prova d’água.
Hollywood movie stars are supposed to be rich.

Espera-se/Presume-se que estrelas de Hollywood sejam ricas.

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In its negative form, Be Supposed + Infinitive can refer to something that people are expected
not to do or maybe to something that is prohibited:
B E SUPPOSED + INFINITIVE
Negative
Subject + Be + NOT + Supposed + Verb on the Infinitive + Complement
Sujeito + Be + NOT + Supposed + Verbo no Infinitivo + Complemento
You aren’t (are not) supposed to park here.

Você não deve/não pode estacionar aqui.
Espera-se que você não estacione aqui.
Use: What people are expected not to do or something that is prohibited.

Uso: O que se espera que as pessoas não façam, ou o que é proibido.
In the interrogative form, we can use it to ask questions about what is expected from people.
Interrogative
Subject + Be + NOT + Supposed + Verb on the Infinitive + Complement
Be + Sujeito + Supposed + Verbo no Infinitivo + Complemento
Are we supposed to take part in the meeting?

Nós devemos participar da reunião? / Espera-se que a gente participe da reunião?
Use: To ask questions about what people are expected to do.

Uso: Para perguntar o que se espera que as pessoas façam.

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We can also use Be Supposed + Infinitive in the past by using the verb to be in its past form. In this case,
it’s typically used to express contrast between what should have happened and what actually happened.
Have a look:
Past
Subject + Verb to Be in the Past + Supposed + Verb on the Infinitive + Complement
Sujeito + Verbo to Be no Passado + Verbo no Infinitivo + Complemento
You were supposed to clean your room. Why haven’t you?

Você deveria ter limpado o seu quarto. Por que você não limpou?
Esperava-se que você limpasse o seu quarto. Por que você não limpou?
Peter was not supposed to leave without my permission. Why did he?
O Peter não deveria sair sem a minha permissão. Por que ele saiu?
Esperava-se que o Peter não saísse sem a minha permissão. Por que ele saiu?
Use: To express what should have happened, but did not happen.
Uso: Para expressar o que deveria ter acontecido, mas não aconteceu.
And that is how we use the structure Be Supposed + Infinitive.

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Conditionals
Conditionals are sentences that talk about known facts or hypothetical
situations and their consequences. In these sentences, something must happen
first so that another thing happens. Conditionals usually contain an if-clause,
which is the conditional clause, and another cause stating the consequence.
When the clause that gives us one condition, that is, the if-clause, comes first, we
place a comma right after it. But the if-clause can also come after the main clause;
then, there is no comma.
CONDITIONALS
If I had money, I would travel the world.

Se eu tivesse dinheiro, eu viajaria pelo mundo.
(The condition is “If I had money” and the
consequence is “I would travel the world.”)
(A condição é “Se eu tivesse dinheiro”, e a
consequência é “eu viajaria pelo mundo”.)
I’ll go to the beach tomorrow if the weather is good.

Eu irei à praia amanhã se o tempo estiver bom.
(The consequence is “I’ll go to the beach tomorrow”
and the condition is “if the weather is good.”)
(A consequência é “Eu irei à praia amanhã”,
e a condição é “se o tempo estiver bom”.)
There are four types of conditional sentences. Each type of conditional expresses
a degree of probability for a situation to happen. We call them zero conditional,
first conditional, second conditional, and third conditional.
Zero conditionals are used to talk about general truths, which means one thing
will always cause a specific consequence. The verb form used in both clauses is
the simple present.

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ZERO CONDITIONAL
General Truths
If Clause Main Clause

If (When) + Simple Present Simple Present
If you cool water to zero degrees, it turns into ice.

Se você resfriar a água a zero grau, ela vira gelo.
(It is a scientific fact; so, the result of the conditional clause will always be true.)
(É um fato científico; portanto, o resultado da oração condicional será sempre
verdadeiro.)
When you smoke, you harm your health.

Quando você fuma, você prejudica a sua saúde.
(This consequence is also true, regardless of the circumstances.)
(Essa consequência também é verdadeira, independente das circunstâncias.)
The first conditional is used when the result is likely to happen. In this conditional, we use the if-clause in
the simple present and the main clause with will or another modal verb used to express future ideas.
FIRST CONDITIONAL
Likely future results
If-clause Main Clause

If + Present Will/May/Can/Could/Should + Infinitive
If you study, you will do well on the exam. If you study, you may do well on the exam.
Se você estudar, você se sairá bem na prova. Se você estudar, você pode se sair bem na prova.
(A future situation we believe to be possible). Se você estudar, pode ser que se saia bem na prova.
(You are likely to reach the outcome).
If you go on a diet, you’ll lose weight. If you go on a diet, you can lose weight.
Se você fizer uma dieta, perderá peso. Se você fizer uma dieta, você pode perder peso.
(A future situation we believe to be possible). (If you fulfil the condition, it’s a possible future).

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The second conditionals is used to talk about unrealistic consequences or things that are not
likely to happen. For this conditional, we use the If-clause in the simple past and the main clause
frequently with the modal verb would. The main sentence expresses the unlikelihood that the
result will actually happen, so the modal verbs could and might are also used.
SE COND CONDITIONAL
Unrealistic Consequence

If + Past Would/Could/Might + Infinitive
If I had a billion dollars, I would go to Mars.

If I had a billion dollars, I could go to Mars.
Se eu tivesse um bilhão de dólares, eu iria para Marte.
Se eu tivesse um bilhão de dólares, eu poderia ir para Marte.
If I were you, I would call her.

Se eu fosse você, eu ligaria para ela.
The third conditional is used to say that if something had happened in the past, the present
would be different. These sentences express a condition that was likely to happen, but it
didn’t, and it might imply an idea of regret.
In this conditional, the if-clause is in the past perfect and the main clause is formed by a
modal verb that expresses past probability or hypothetical situations in the past, such as
could, should, and would + have + the main verb in the past participle.
THIRD CONDITIONAL
A condition that was likely to happen, but didn’t

If + Past Perfect Modal + Perfect
If you had told me you needed help, I could have helped you.
Se você tivesse me dito que precisava de ajuda, eu poderia ter lhe ajudado.
If you had left home earlier, you would have arrived on time.
Se você tivesse saído de casa mais cedo, teria chegado no horário.
Now you know what a conditional is and the most common types of
conditionals as well as the structures and use.

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Contraction of Verbs
Contractions are shorter forms of a word, syllable, or word group. They are very
common in spoken language and informal writing.
In English, two of the most frequent contractions are with the verbs to be and to
have in the present with subject pronouns.
It’s important to pay special attention to the contraction of these verbs in the third
person singular—he, she and it. They have the same contracted form, and only the
context is going to make clear whether ’s stands for the contraction of the verb to be
or the verb to have.
CONTRACTIONS OF VERBS
Present
Verb to be Verb to have
I’m I’ve
(I + am) (I + Have)
You’re/We’re/They’re You’ve /We’ve/They’ve

(You + are / We + are / They + are) (You + have / We + have / They + have)
He’s/She’s/It’s He’s/She’s/It’s
(He + is / She + is / It + is) (He + has / She + has / It + has)
The verb to be in the present can be contracted with pronouns or nouns either
when it’s the main verb of a sentence or the auxiliary.

162
CONTRACTIONS
Nouns/Pronouns + Verb To Be (in the present)
Verb To Be as the Main Verb Verb To Be as the Auxiliary Verb
I’m happy for you. I’m going to tell mom the good news.
Estou feliz por você. Eu vou contar para a mamãe as boas notícias.
(I’m = Pronoun + Verb To Be) (I’m = Pronoun + Verb To Be)
Sheila’s here. She’s staying at the Central Hotel.

Sheila está aqui. Ela está hospedada no Central Hotel.
(Sheila’s = Noun + Verb To Be) (She’s = Pronoun + Verb To Be)
For all other verbs that are not the verb to be in the present, the pronouns and
nouns will only be contracted with auxiliary verbs.
Once again, two different verbs will have the same contracted form—the verb
to have as an auxiliary verb in its past form had and the modal verb would. Both
verbs are contracted as ’d.
CONTRACTIONS
Nouns/Pronouns + Auxiliary Verbs
I’ve told you.

Eu te disse.
(I’ve = Pronoun + Verb To Have)
The verb “to have” functions as an auxiliary.

O verbo to have funciona como um verbo auxiliar.
We’ll be happy to see you.

Nós ficaremos felizes em vê-lo.
(we’ll = Pronoun + Modal Verb Will)
The modal verb “will” functions as an auxiliary.

O modal verb will funciona como um verbo auxiliar.

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I’d like to talk to you.
Eu gostaria de conversar com você.
(I’d = Pronoun + Modal Verb Would)
The modal verb “would” functions as an auxiliary.

O modal verb would funciona como um verbo auxiliar.
I’d already talked to you about it.

Eu já tinha falado com você sobre isso.
(I’d = Pronoun + Verb To Have in the Past “had”)
The verb “to have” functions as an auxiliary in its past form.

O verbo to have tem a função de um verbo auxiliar na sua forma passada.
In negative statements, auxiliary verbs can also be contracted with the negative
particle not.
Basically, all auxiliary verbs in English can contract with not; the only exception is the
first person singular of the verb to be in the simple present, am, which does not.
CONTRACTIONS
Auxiliaries in negative sentences
Auxiliary Verbs Modal Auxiliaries
isn’t is + not won’t will + not

aren’t are + not can’t can + not
wasn’t was + not couldn’t could + not
weren’t were + not shouldn’t should + not
don’t do + not mustn’t must + not
doesn’t does + not wouldn’t would + not
didn’t did + not won’t will + not
haven’t have + not
hasn’t has + not
hadn’t had + not

164
Besides contracting with nouns, pronouns, and the negative particle
not, the short form ’s (= is) can also be contracted with question
words and the adverbs here and there, as we can see in the following
examples.
CONTRACTIONS
Questions Words / Here / There
What’s up?
E aí?
(The question word “what” + the verb “is” = What’s)
Here’s your document.

Aqui está o seu documento.
(Here + the verb “is” = Here’s)
There’s a problem.
Há um problema.
(There + the verb “is” = There’s)
There are some special cases with the verbs to go, to want, and to get. Some forms of these verbs can
contract with the preposition to. It is mostly a feature of spoken language, and it is considered very informal.
CONTRACTIONS OF VERBS
Other Verbs – Special Cases
Going + to = Gonna Want + to = Wanna Got + to = Gotta
I’m gonna talk to her. I wanna be rich. You gotta believe me.
I’m going to talk to her. I want to be rich. You (have) got to believe me.
Eu vou falar com ela. Eu quero ser rico. Você tem que acreditar em mim.
Now you know a bit more about contractions of verbs.

165
Dependent
Prepositons
Prepositions are used to show a relationship in time or space or a relationship between people,
places, or things. When accomplishing these functions, prepositions usually have a meaning of
their own, or at least follow some patterns that will help us decide which of them to use.
For example:
The preposition with usually indicates that two or more people or things are together. When
referring to a place, the preposition in usually indicates that you are inside or into a closed
space. And, if we are referring to time, the preposition for indicates a period of time.
DEPENDENT PREPOSITIONS
WITH Indicates relationship—two or more things or people together
I’ll travel with my friends.

Eu vou viajar com os meus amigos.
IN Referring to place—inside or into a closed space
The teacher is in the classroom.

O professor está na sala de aula.
FOR Referring to time; indicates a period
We’ve been waiting for two hours.

Nós estamos esperando há duas horas.
Dependent prepositions, on the other hand, hardly have a meaning of their own—they will
always follow adjectives, nouns, and verbs, and are subject to their regency.
Although the concept and use of dependent prepositions exist in several languages, most of
times they cannot be translated considering their isolated meaning, that is, their meaning as
prepositions that refer to time, space, or relationship. The meaning of dependent prepositions
relies on the expression they form.

166
Check some example of adjectives followed by prepositions.
Adjectives
I’m amazed at your performance.

Amazed
I’m amazed by your performance.
at/by
Eu estou impressionado com a sua performance.
Confused It’s normal to get confused about the use of prepositions.

about É normal ficar confuso com o uso de preposições.
Interested I’m interested in this topic.

in Eu estou interessado nesse tópico.
Married Kate is married to Tony.

to Kate é casada com Tony.
Prepared I’m prepared for this test.

for Eu estou preparado para esse teste.
Tired I’m tired of this situation.

of Eu estou cansado dessa situação.
Worried I’m worried about you.

about Eu estou preocupado com você.
Wrong What’s wrong with you?

with O que há de errado com você?

167
Nouns can also be followed by prepositions.
D EPENDENT PREPOSITIONS
Nouns
Congratulations Congratulations on your new job.

on Parabéns pelo seu novo trabalho.
Can I have some information on this new course?

Information
Can I have some information about this new course?
on/about
Posso ter mais informações sobre esse novo curso?
Knowledge I’ll need some knowledge of business English for this job.
of Vou precisar de conhecimentos de inglês executivo para este trabalho.
When adjectives or nouns depend on prepositions, the verb immediately after a dependent
preposition will be in the -ING form.
The problem of doing everything in a hurry is that you always forget something.
O problema de fazer tudo com pressa é que você sempre esquece alguma coisa.
(The noun problem depends on the preposition of, and as the verb to do comes after the
preposition, it needs the -ING form, doing.)
We all know the risks of getting a virus if we don’t protect our computer.
Todos nós sabemos dos riscos de pegar um vírus se não protegermos nosso computador.
(The noun risks depends on the preposition of, and as the verb comes after the preposition,
it needs the -ING form, getting.)
Sam is not good at cooking.

Sam não é bom em cozinhar.
(Here, the adjective good is dependent on the preposition at,
and as the verb comes after the preposition, it needs the –ING form.)
We are really excited about taking this trip.

Nós estamos muito empolgados em fazer essa viagem.
(The adjective depends on the preposition, and as the verb comes
after the preposition, it needs the –ING form.)

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Now some verbs will also have dependent prepositions.
These verbs are usually called prepositional verbs.
Prepositional Verbs
I came to work by bus today.

Eu vim para o trabalho de ônibus hoje.
To come
to/from
I’m coming from work.
Eu estou vindo do trabalho.
To dream I dreamed of/about you last night.

of/about Eu sonhei com você na noite passada.
To listen I listened to your song and I loved it!

to Eu ouvi sua música e adorei!
To go I went to work early today.

to Eu fui para o trabalho cedo hoje.
To thank Thank you for your visit.

for Obrigado pela sua visita.
To think I thought of/about you today.

of/about Eu pensei em você hoje.
To travel I traveled to Europe on my vacation.

to Eu viajei para Europa nas minhas férias.
To wait I’ll wait for you here.

for Eu vou esperar por você aqui.

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It’s important to notice the difference between prepositional verbs, that is, verbs followed by
dependent prepositions, and phrasal verbs.
Dependent prepositions work as a connection between the verb and its complement. This is
why there must always be a complement after prepositional verbs.
Phrasal verbs may be formed by a verb + a preposition, but this construction usually forms a
new meaning different from the meaning of the verb used on its own, and they might be used
without a complement. Check some examples.
PHRASAL VERBS VS. DEPENDENT PREPOSITIONS
PHRASAL VERBS
It’s late. You need to get up.
Está tarde. Você precisa levantar.
Go ahead. Don’t be shy. Your presentation is very good.

Vá em frente. Não seja tímida. Sua apresentação está muito boa.
We must get to work before 9 a.m.
Nós temos que estar no trabalho antes das 9h da manhã.
Maya, go to the front of the class and present your project.

Maya, vá até a frente da sala e apresente seu projeto.
Now you know how to identify and use dependent prepositions. But it’s important to remember
that there are tons of adjectives, nouns, and verbs that will be followed by prepositions.
Staying in touch with the language will always help you memorize them faster, but in case you
are not sure about the preposition you need to use, you can always look it up in a dictionary. You
just need to look up the adjective, noun, or verb, and the dictionary will show you the correct
preposition to use after them.

170
Future Perfect
The future perfect is formed by: WILL + auxiliary verb HAVE + the main verb in the past
participle.
In English, there are two types of verbs: regular and irregular. For the past particle of regular
verbs, we’ll add -ED, -D, or -IED to the verb, depending on its spelling. And, for irregular
verbs, there is no specific spelling rule, so it’s important to practice and to get used to them.
There is a grammar guide on the past participle of irregular verbs if you want to learn more
about it.
Let’s check the structure of the future perfect.
FUTURE PERFE CT
Basic Structure
Affirmative Form
Subject + Will + Have + Main Verb (Past Participle) + Complement
Janet will have left the office by 6 p.m.

Janet vai ter saído do escritório até as 18 horas.
She’ll have left by 6 p.m.

Ela vai ter saído até as 18 horas.
Negative Form
Subject + Will + Not + Have + Main Verb (Past Participle) + Complement
Janet will not have left the office by 6 p.m.

Janet won’t have left the office by 6 p.m.
Janet não vai ter saído do escritório até as 18 horas.
Interrogative Form
Will + Subject + Have + Main Verb (Past Participle) + Complement
Will Janet have left the office by 6 p.m.?

Janet vai ter saído do escritório até as 18 horas?

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The future perfect is mainly used to refer to actions that will be complete before a
certain event or moment in the future. So, certain time phrases will be commonly
used with this verb form. forms.
FUTURE PERFE CT

(Here, the time phrase is by 6 p.m. Before that time or not
later than that the action will have happened.)
By the end of next year, Sammy will have already graduated from college.
Até o final do próximo ano, Sammy já vai ter se formado na faculdade.
(In this case, we’re referring to a point in time—the end of next year.)
It’s important to highlight that the time phrase always establishes a point in time in
the future when the future perfect action will be completed. We cannot establish
the exact moment when a future event described by the future perfect will happen.
If we want to be more specific, we should use other ways to refer to the future.
REFERRING TO THE FUTURE
A point in time in the future

NOT SPECIFIC

Certain moment in the future

SPECIFIC
Janet will leave the office at 5 p.m.

Janet is going to leave the office at 5 p.m.
Janet is leaving the office at 5 p.m.
Janet vai sair do escritório às 5h da tarde.

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We can also choose to use a situation instead of a time phrase to pinpoint a
moment in the future up to which something will have taken place. In this case,
we use the future perfect to refer to the complete action, and the simple present
to refer to the future situation.
FUTURE PERFE CT
Actions complete before a certain situation in the future
Traffic is terrible! By the time we get to the hospital,

she will have delivered the baby.
O trânsito está horrível! Na hora em que chegarmos ao hospital,
ela já vai ter dado à luz o bebê.
(The time phrase by the time introduces a situation,
which is getting to the hospital.)
When Patrick meets Lucy, she will have already made up her mind.
Quando Patrick encontrar Lucy, ela já vai ter se decidido.
(In this sentence, we introduce the future situation using when.)
And that’s the way we use the future perfect.

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Imperative
The imperative form is used to tell people what to do and for this reason it does not have an
interrogative form. The Imperative is only used in the affirmative and negative forms.
IMPERATIVE FORM
Structure
Affirmative Form
Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement
Go there.
Vá lá.
Negative Form
Auxiliary Verb Do + Not (Don’t) + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement
Don’t come here.

Não venha aqui.
In English, the imperative performs many functions. It can be used to give orders
or to demand something, to instruct, to give advice or recommendation, or to
encourage someone.
IMPERATIVE FORM
Functions
1. Order; demand
Open your book. Don’t get in.

Abra o seu livro. Não entre.
2. Instructions
Mix the ingredients and add salt. Don’t put too much salt.
Misture os ingredientes e adicione sal. Não coloque muito sal.

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3. Advice, suggestions
Have a cup of tea and rest. Don’t forget to take your coat.
Tome uma xícara de chá e descanse. Não se esqueça de levar seu casaco.
4. Requests; favors
Bring it to me, please. Don’t tell John, please.

Traga isso para mim, por favor. Não conte para o John, por favor.
5. Encouragement
Try again! You can do it. Don’t give up. You can do it.
Tente novamente! Você consegue. Não desista. Você consegue.
Imperative sentences are always addressed to the listener or listeners. So, the subject is always
in the second person, which is “you,” in the singular or plural forms. For that reason, in most
imperative sentences, the subject is omitted.
However, the subject can be included in imperative sentences to add emphasis to the action. In
such cases, it will be placed before the main verb, in both affirmative and negative sentences.
IMPERATIVE FORM
Using the Subject to Add Emphasis
Affirmative Form
Subject (second person) + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement
You sit down now.

Sente-se agora.
Negative Form
Auxiliary Verb Do + Not (Don’t) + Subject (second person) +
Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement
Don’t you lie to me.

Não minta para mim.

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In English, we can only use the imperative form to address the person or people to whom we are talking.
But if we want to make suggestions or requests in the first person, we can use the verb let in the imperative.
We’ll use the verb let in the imperative form, the object pronoun for the first person, which is either “me”
or “us,” a verb in the infinitive form (without to), and the complement.
INDEFINITE ARTICLE
Making Suggestions or Requests in the First Person
Let (Imperative Form) + Object Pronoun in the First Person ( me/us) +

Verb in the Infinitive Form (without “to”)
Let me see.
Deixe-me ver.
Let me help you.

Deixe-me ajudá-lo.
Let’s meet tomorrow. (Let’s Let us)

Vamos nos encontrar amanhã.
Let’s watch a movie tonight. (Let’s Let us)

Vamos assistir a um filme hoje à noite.
We can use the same structure to make suggestions or requests for a third person.
To do that, we just have to use the object pronouns in the third person.
IMPERATIVE FORM
Making Suggestions or Requests for a Third Person
Let (Imperative Form) + Object Pronoun in the Third Person (him/her/it/them) +

Verb in the Infinitive Form (without “to”)
Let it go.
Deixe isso para lá.
Let him stay.

Deixe-o ficar.
Let them talk.

Deixe-os falar.
And this is how we use the imperative in English.

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Interrogative Form
Interrogative sentences in English follow some basic structures.
In a sentence with the verb to be as the main verb in the simple present or the
simple past, there is no need to use an auxiliary verb. Therefore, the sentence
will have the following structure: the verb to be as the main verb, the subject,
and the complement.
Sentences that have one auxiliary or modal verb are made by placing the
auxiliary right before the subject, and then the main verb, which may be
followed by a complement.
In the case of verb forms that have more than one auxiliary, the structure is the
first auxiliary verb, the subject, and then the second or third auxiliary verbs,
followed by the main the verb and a complement, if necessary.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
Structures
Verb To Be + Subject + Complement (Simple Present and Simple Past)

Verbo To Be + Sujeito + Complemento (Simple Present and Simple Past)
Auxiliary or Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Complement (if necessary)

Verbo Auxiliar ou Modal Verb + Sujeito + Verbo Principal + Complemento (se necessário)
First Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Other Auxiliaries + Main Verb +

Complement (if necessary)
Primeiro Verbo Auxiliar + Sujeito + Outros Auxiliares + Verbo Principal +
Complemento (se necessário)

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Check out some examples with these structures. In verb forms such as the simple present and
the simple past, in which the verb to be is the main verb, we don’t need an auxiliary to ask a
question.
Verb forms with the verb to be as the main verb (simple present and simple past)
Structure: Verb To Be + Subject + Complement
Is she a lawyer?
Ela é advogada?
Were you home last night?

Você estava em casa na noite passada?
However, in the case of verb forms in which the main verb is not
the verb to be, one auxiliary verb or a modal verb is required.
Verb forms with other verbs as the main verb
Structure: Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Complement (if necessary)
Does she work as a lawyer? ( main verb: work)

Ela trabalha como advogada?
(The verb to do works as an auxiliary, and the sentence is in the simple present)
Did you do your homework? ( main verb: do)

Você fez sua lição de casa?
(The verb to do works as an auxiliary, and the sentence is in the simple past)
Can you help me? ( main verb: help)

Você pode me ajudar?
(The modal verb can works as an auxiliary, and the sentence is in the simple present)
Are you studying for the test? ( main verb: study in the -ING form)
Você está estudando para a prova?
(The verb to be works as an auxiliary, and the sentence is in the present continuous)

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Depending on the verb form, there may be more than one auxiliary verb before the main verb, which is
the case of the present perfect continuous.
Verbs forms with more than one auxiliary verb
Structure: First Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Other Auxiliaries +

Main Verb + Complement (if necessary)
Have you been studying for the test? ( main verb: study in the -ING form)
Você tem estudado para a prova?
(The verb to have works as the first auxiliary, and the verb to be in the past participle, as the second)
Have you been waiting for a long time? ( main verb: wait in the -ING form)
Você está esperando há muito tempo?
(The verb to have works as the first auxiliary, and the verb to be in the past participle, as the second)
Notice that in English when someone asks a question using auxiliaries, we can give a long or a short
answer, and to give a short answer we need to use the auxiliary verb.
Long and short answers
Question Full Answer Short Answer Wrong Answer
Do you like chocolate? Yes, I like chocolate. Yes, I do. Yes, I like.
Você gosta de chocolate? Sim, eu gosto de chocolate. Sim, eu gosto.
And this is how we use the interrogative form in English.

Now, you know its basic sentence structure.

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Irregular Verbs Past
Irregular verbs are those that do not follow the rule for regular verbs. These
verbs have different forms in the past that do not follow specific spelling rules.
Some will have a different ending, some will have a vowel change, some will
become totally different from their base form, and some won’t change at all.
The verb to read has no change in spelling. However, the pronunciation of the
central vowel will be different.
IRRE GUL AR VERBS

No Change
To cut (cut) To let (let)

cortar deixar, permitir
To hurt (hurt) To put ( put)

machucar botar, colocar
Another group of irregular verbs will change the stressed vowel in their past forms.
RE GUL AR VERBS
Change the Stressed Vowel
To begin (began) To give (gave) To run (ran)

começar dar correr
To come (came) To know (knew) To see (saw)

vir saber, conhecer ver

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Still in the group of irregular verbs that undergo changes in the stressed vowel, there is a very
large group of verbs that will change the vowels from the base form to the vowel o, which is
sometimes spelled “ou.” In some verbs from this group this will be the only change. Others
undergo some additional changes.
IRRE GUL AR VERBS

Change the Stressed Vowel to “O” or “OU”
To break (broke) To bring (brought) To buy (bought)

quebrar trazer comprar
To drive (drove) To get (got) To speak (spoke)

dirigir pegar, conseguir falar
To take (took) To tell (told) To think (thought)

levar, tomar contar, dizer pensar, achar
To understand (understood) To win (won) To write (wrote)

entender, compreender ganhar escrever
Another group of irregular verbs will be altered in order to have the final syllable of their past
forms sounding as a D. Among the most frequent verbs, we can highlight three.
These widely used verbs are: to have, in the past had, to make, in the past made, and to say,
in the past said (in this case we dropped the -Y and added –ID).
IRRE GUL AR VERBS

Change to end in a “D” Sound
To have (had) To make (made) To say (said)

ter fazer falar, dizer

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There’s also a group that will vary to have the ending -T in the simple past.
In addition to the ending, another feature of this group of verbs is that the stressed vowel in the base form,
pronounced as a long vowel, in the past becomes a short vowel. For example, the verb to feel. The stressed
vowel has a long sound. But, in the past, it’s felt, which is a short vowel, and it ends in -T.
Check out a group of verbs that undergo similar changes:
RE GUL AR VERBS
Change the Stressed Vowel
To feel (felt) To keep (kept) To leave (left)

sentir manter, permancer sair, partir, deixar
To meet (met) To lose (lost) To leave (left)

encontrar, conhecer perder sair, partir, deixar
There are three very frequent verbs in English that do not fit any of the aforementioned groups,
which are the verbs to be, to go, and to do.
IRRE GUL AR VERBS

No pattern
To do (did) To go (went) To be (was/were)

fazer ir ser, estar
The verb to be is the most irregular verb in English. In the past, it is the only verb to have two
different conjugations: was and were. Look at the conjugation table of the verb to be in the past.
IRRE GUL AR VERBS

To Be (ser/estar)
Subject Pronoun Verb To Be (Simple Past)

I/he/she/it was
you/we/they were
And now you know some irregular verbs in the past.

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Irregular Verbs -
Past Participle
In this grammar guide, we’ll tackle irregular verbs in the past participle. It’s important to
highlight that, among the most commonly used verbs in English, there are only about 200
irregular verbs. That means that most of the verbs are regular.
But although there aren’t many irregular verbs in English, it’s fair to say that they deserve some
special attention, since there is not a pattern that applies to all of them.
In English, the past participle is used with some perfect forms in the active voice, namely the
present perfect, the past perfect, the future perfect, and modal verbs + perfect, and it is also
used with all the verb forms in the passive voice.

Perfect Forms
I’ve seen so many beautiful places. I couldn’t have chosen just one to write about.
Eu vi muitos lugares bonitos. Eu não poderia ter escolhido escrever sobre apenas um.
(seen = past participle of to see; chosen = past participle of to choose)
Check some examples in the passive voice:

Passive Voice
The tradition was kept by many people around the country.

A tradição foi mantida por muitas pessoas ao redor do país.
She was chosen as the employee of the month.

Ela foi escolhida a funcionária do mês.
If you want to learn more about the perfect forms or the passive voice, check the grammar
guides on these topics. They both use the past participle, and that’s why it’s important to focus
on this topic.

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The regular verbs in the past participle follow the same pattern of the past forms.
As for the irregular verbs, some of them will keep the same form as the one used for
the past, some of them will keep the base form—although they might differ from the
past form—and others will have a totally different form.
In the first case, the verbs have the same form for the past and past participle
grouped by phonological patterns.

Past = Past Participle
Base Form Past Past Participle
Keep Kept Kept

Manter
Sleep Slept Slept

Dormir
Meet Met Met

Encontrar, conhecer
The same rule applies for the verbs to mean, to read, and to hear, for example.

Mean Meant Meant

Significar
Read Read Read

Ler
Hear Heard Heard

Ouvir

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In the same group, we’ll find the verbs to find, to bring, and to think, which will have
the same form in the past and in the past participle.

Find Found Found

Encontrar, achar
Bring Brought Brought

Trazer
Think Thought Thought

Pensar, achar
Verbs ending in -ELL change to -OLD and keep the same form in the
past and past participle.

Sell Sold Sold

Vender
Tell Told Told

Dizer, contar

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There is a group of verbs that do not change their base forms in the past.
This group will also keep the same form in the past participle.

Keep the same form
Bet Bet Bet

Apostar
Cut Cut Cut

Cortar
Hurt Hurt Hurt

Machucar
Another group of verbs will undergo some changes in their past forms, but their past
participle forms are spelled and pronounced just like their base forms.

Base form = Past Participle
Come Came Come

Vir
Run Ran Run

Correr
Become Became Become

Tornar-se

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Moreover, there is a group of verbs that have three different forms. Check some examples grouped
according to phonological patterns as we did with the first group.
To make the past participle of some verbs, we’ll repeat the same form of the past and add -N or -EN.

Past Participle = Past + -N or -EN
Break Broke Broken

Quebrar
Choose Chose Chosen

Escolher
Get Got Gotten

Pegar, conseguir
For some others, we’ll add -N or -EN to the base form to make the past participle,
and they may change the pronunciation of the stressed vowel.

Base form = Past Participle
Drive Drove Driven

Dirigir
Ride Rode Ridden

Montar
Write Wrote Written

Escrever
Eat Ate Eaten

Comer
Fall Fell Fallen

Cair
Forbid Forbade Forbidden

Proibir

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Some verbs that end in -EW in the past, will have their endings changed
to -OWN in the past participle.

Past (-EW) = Past Participle (-OWN)
Grow Grew Grown

Crescer
Know Knew Known

Saber, conhecer
Fly Flew Flown

Voar
The highly frequent verbs to be, to do, and to go also have different forms.
Check it on the table.
Notice that there are two different past forms for the verb to be, but there
is only one for the past participle, which is been.
Be Was/Were Been
Ser, estar
Do Did Done
Fazer
Go Went Gone
Ir
And now you know the past participle of irregular verbs, when to use it,
as well as how to use it in the active and passive voices.

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Modal Verb Can
Modal verbs function as auxiliary verbs, adding meaning to the main verb.
Modal verbs express possibility, probability, ability, permission, assumption,
obligation, or prohibition.
Modal verbs have the same sentence structure. In the affirmative, the structure
is the subject, the modal verb followed by the main verb in the base form, and
it can be followed by a complement or not.
MODAL VERBS
Affirmative Form
I can drive.
Eu posso dirigir.
(subject: I + modal verb: can + main verb: drive)
I can play the piano.

Eu posso tocar piano.
(subject: I + modal verb: can + main verb: play + complement: the piano)
In negative sentences, we keep the same pattern, but include NOT after the
modal verb. We generally use the contracted form can’t.
MODAL VERBS
Negative Form
I can’t drive.
Eu não posso dirigir.
(subject: I + modal verb: can + not (can’t) + main verb: drive)
I can’t play the piano.

Eu não posso tocar piano.
(subject: I + modal verb: can + not (can’t) + main verb: play +
complement: the piano)

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In interrogative sentences, we invert the position of the modal verb and the subject.
The structure is the modal verb, the subject, the main verb in the base form, and a
complement, when necessary.
MODAL VERBS
Interrogative Form
Can you drive?

Você pode dirigir?
( modal verb: can + subject: you + main verb: drive)
Can you play the piano?

Você pode tocar piano?
( modal verb: can + subject: you + main verb: play + complement: the piano)
The modal verb can in its affirmative form typically expresses possibility, present ability,
and permission. In the negative form, it expresses lack of possibility, lack of ability, and lack
of permission.
MODAL VERBS
Uses
Affirmative Negative
Possibility Lack of Possibility

I can meet you later. I can’t meet you later.
Eu posso te encontrar mais tarde. Eu não posso te encontrar mais tarde.
Present Ability Lack of Ability

I can dance very well. I can’t dance very well.
Eu posso/sei dançar muito bem. Eu não posso/sei dançar muito bem.
Permission Lack of Permission

You can come in. You can’t come in.
Você pode entrar. Você não pode entrar.

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As for the interrogative form, the modal verb can is typically used to
make requests. It’s used to ask for favors and for permission, or to
ask about the possibility of something happening.
MODAL VERB CAN

Uses
Interrogative
Asking a Favor
Can you help me?
Eu não posso te encontrar mais tarde.
Asking for Permission

Can I come in?
Eu não posso/sei dançar muito bem.
Asking about Possiblity

Can we meet after work?
Você não pode entrar.
It’s important to acknowledge that these uses are usually easily noticed within the context, since the same
sentence in different contexts may have different meanings.
MODAL VERB CAN

Contexts
You can speak English. You have the ability to speak English.
Você pode/sabe falar inglês. Você tem habilidade para falar inglês.
It’s possible for you to speak English in a certain situation.

É possível que você fale inglês em determinada situação.
You have permission to speak English in a certain situation.

Você tem permissão para falar inglês em determinada situação.
And this is how you use the modal verb can.

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Modal Verb Could
Modal verbs are also known as modal auxiliary verbs because they add
meaning to the main verb. Modal verbs can express possibility, probability,
ability, permission, assumption, obligation, or prohibition.
Modal verbs follow the same sentence structure. Let’s look at structures
in the affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms.
In the affirmative, the structure is the subject, the modal verb, and the main
verb in the base form, which may be followed by a complement or not.
Take a look at the table.
MODAL VERBS
Affirmative
Subject + Modal Verb + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement
We could go to the gym.

Nós poderíamos ir à academia.
In negative sentences, we’ll include the word not after the modal verb.
When we use the negative form, we generally use the contracted form couldn’t.
MODAL VERBS
Negative
Subject + Modal Verb + Not + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement
We couldn’t go to the gym.

Nós não pudemos ir à academia.

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To make interrogative sentences, the modal verb is placed before the subject.
MODAL VERBS
Interrogative
Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement
Could we go to the gym together?

Nós poderíamos ir à academia juntos?
It’s important to notice that modal verbs in general should be associated with their functions in the context,
and not with time ( past, present or future). This is particularly important when analyzing the modal verb
could, since the time reference may change drastically according to its function in the context.
The modal verb could in its affirmative and negative forms can be used to express probability or lack of
probability, either of a present or a future event. It can also refer to abilities, but in such case, could refers to
past abilities.
MODAL VERB COULD

Probability / Lack of Probability (in the Present)
Mary is not home right now. She’s usually at her parents’ in the morning. She could be there.
Mary não está em casa agora. Ela geralmente está na casa de seus pais de manhã. Ela pode estar lá.
(She could be there = It’s possible that she is there)
Mary’s parents are out of town. She couldn’t be there.

Os pais da Mary estão fora da cidade. Ela não poderia estar lá.
(She couldn’t be there = It’s not possible for her to be there)
We can also use the modal verb could to talk about probability in the future, that is, the chances for
something to happen.
MODAL VERB COULD

Probability / Lack of Probability (in the Future)
Sylvia is an excellent professional. I think she could be the new manager.

A Sylvia é uma profissional excelente. Eu acho que ela poderia ser a nova gerente.
(She could be the new manager = It’s likely to happen)
Brian is just as good. But he couldn’t be the new manager; he has no management skills.
Brian é tão bom quanto ela. Mas ele não poderia ser o novo gerente; ele não tem habilidades gerenciais.
(He couldn’t be the new manager = It’s not likely to happen)

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However, when we use the modal verb could to refer to ability, we are referring to abilities
people had in the past, and that they probably don’t have anymore, or, in the case of negative
sentences, abilities people didn’t have in the past.
MODAL VERB COULD

Ability / Lack of Ability (in the Past)
Kevin won a lot of football tournaments back in our school days. Boy, he could run!
Kevin ganhou muitos torneios de futebol americano na época de escola. Cara, como ele
sabia/podia correr!
George was a good player, but he couldn’t run long distances.

George era um bom jogador, mas ele não sabia/podia correr distâncias longas.
The modal verb could in the interrogative form is used to ask about possibilities
or abilities in the past.
MODAL VERB COULD
Could you meet me at the coffee shop tomorrow?

Você poderia me encontrar no café amanhã?
(Asking about possibilities for the future)
Could you speak English by the time you lived abroad?

Você podia/sabia falar inglês quando morou fora?
(Asking about past ability in the past)
In the interrogative, the modal verb could is also very frequently used to make
requests in a polite way, either asking for a favor or for permission.
MODAL VERB COULD

Making Requests
Could you lend me your car?

Você poderia me emprestar o seu carro?
Could I borrow your car?

Eu poderia pegar o seu carro emprestado?
And now you know how to use the modal verb could.

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Modal Verb Should
Modal verbs are also known as modal auxiliary verbs because they add meaning
to the main verb.
Modal verbs will follow the same sentence structure in the affirmative, negative,
and interrogative forms. Check the following table to see how it works:
MODAL VERBS
Sentence Structure
Affirmative Form
Subject + Modal Verb + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
Sujeito + Modal Verb + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)
Negative Form
Subject + Modal Verb + Not + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
Sujeito + Modal Verb + Not + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)
Interrogative Form
Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
Modal Verb + Sujeito + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)

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The modal verb should has different uses. One of the most frequent is to give advice or
recommendations. For example:
MODAL VERB SHOULD

Advice and Recommendation
You should check the airline policies before you pack.

Você deve verificar as políticas da companhia aérea antes de fazer as malas.
You shouldn’t drink so much coffee.

Você não deve beber tanto café.
Depending on the context, sentences with the modal verb should can be understood
as a polite way to talk about obligations and duties. Have a look at some examples:
MODAL VERB SHOULD

Expressing Obligations and Duties
You should clean your room. People should respect other people’s choices.
Você deve limpar o seu quarto. As pessoas devem respeitar as escolhas de outras pessoas.
(It’s your responsibility). (It’s a social rule).
In some other cases, should expresses that something is probable because it is logical or normal,
that is, you refer to a deduction. For instance:
MODAL VERB SHOULD

Deductions
She left home half an hour ago. She should be arriving.

Ela saiu de casa meia hora atrás. Ela deve estar chegando.
(It’s a deduction based on the time she left her house and how far her home is from here)
The singer should launch her new album next month.

A cantora deve lançar o seu novo álbum mês que vem.
(Deduction based on behavior or clues).

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When talking about modals, the meaning we want to convey
depends on the context. The same sentence may have different
meanings. Compare:
MODAL VERB SHOULD

Different Meanings Depending on the Context
You should get here before noon.

Você deve chegar aqui antes de meio-dia.
• It could be a piece of advice

• Poderia ser um conselho
• It could be your duty

• Poderia ser sua obrigação
• It could be the speaker’s expectation

• Poderia ser uma expectativa do falante
And this is how you use the modal verb should.

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Modal Verb Would
Modal Verbs are also known as modal auxiliary verbs because they add meaning to the main
verb. They express possibility, probability, ability, permission, assumption, obligation, or
prohibition.
The structure of the modal verbs follows the same pattern. Check the following table.
MODAL VERBS
Sentence Structure
Affirmative Form
Subject + Modal Verb + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
Sujeito + Modal Verb + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)
Negative Form
Subject + Modal Verb + Not + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
Sujeito + Modal Verb + Not + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)
Interrogative Form
Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
Modal Verb + Sujeito + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)
In some cases, the modal verb would is used as a softer and less definitive form of the modal will,
or as the past of will when we are reporting sentences.
Expressing hypothesis is one of the most common uses of the modal verb would. And since it is
used to express hypothetical situations, you’ll see that it is used in many conditional sentences.
In such cases, we’ll use a clause with would to refer to unreal or uncertain situations together with
an if-clause.

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MODAL VERB WOULD
Hypothesis
If I had a lot of money, I would travel the world.

Se eu tivesse muito dinheiro, viajaria pelo mundo.
(I don’t have a lot of money. So, traveling the world is just a hypothetical situation.)
Would you invite your boss for your birthday?

Você convidaria o seu chefe para o seu aniversário?
(The question is asked out of curiosity. It’s a hypothetical situation.)
If I were you, I wouldn’t go the Caribbean now. It’s hurricane season.

Se eu fosse você, eu não iria para o Caribe agora. É temporada de furacão.
(It’s a hypothetical situation because I am not you, and I am not going to the Caribbean.)
We can also use would to make polite requests. If we observe it carefully, we’ll see that it’s still
a request made from a hypothetical perspective, but now you are actually asking something
from someone.
MODAL VERB WOULD

Polite Requests and Offers
Polite Requests Polite Offers
Would you help me with my project? Would you like some coffee?
Você me ajudaria com o meu projeto? Você aceitaria um café?
Would you go to the grocery store for me? Would you like me to drive you home?
Você iria ao supermercado para mim? Você gostaria que eu te levasse para casa?

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Would is also used to talk about a past habit or to express refusal in the past.
MODAL VERB WOULD

Talk about a past habit or express refusal in the past
I asked her what was going on, but she wouldn’t tell me.
Perguntei o que estava acontecendo, mas ela não quis me dizer.
(I asked her in the past and she refused to tell me.)
When I was younger, I would argue with my brother all the time.
Quando eu era mais novo, eu discutia com meu irmão o tempo todo.
(It was a typical behavior in the past.)
We can use would in expressions too. Would rather is used to say we prefer
one thing to another. Most of the times, we use the contracted form, which is
“I’d rather.”
MODAL VERB WOULD

Expressions – Would Rather
I’d rather stay home tonight. I’m tired.

Eu prefiro ficar em casa hoje à noite. Estou cansado(a).
Another commonly used expression with would is “would mind.” We use it to ask for favors or permission.
But the structure is a bit different. Check it out in the following box.
MODAL VERB WOULD

Expressions – Would Mind
Asking for a favor Asking for permission
Would you mind opening the window? Would you mind if I opened the window?
Você se importaria de abrir a janela? Você se importaria se eu abrisse a janela?
(Would you mind + verb in the -ING form) (Would you mind if + subject + verb in the past)
And this is how you use the modal verb would.

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Past Continuous
The past continuous is mainly used to refer to actions in progress happening around a
particular time in the past. When the time is mentioned, there is an emphasis on the continuity
of the action over that period.
The basic structure of the past continuous is the verb to be in the past functioning as an
auxiliary verb, followed by the main verb in the -ING form. In the past, the verb is was or were,
according to the subject.
PAST CONTINUOUS
Actions in Progress in the Past - Structure
Affirmative
Subject + Verb to Be in the Past + Main Verb in the -ING Form + Complement
Gina was visiting her sister last night.
Gina estava visitando sua irmã ontem à noite.
Negative
Subject + Verb to Be in the Past + NOT + Main Verb in the -ING Form + Complement
Gina was not visiting her sister last night.
Gina wasn’t visiting her sister last night.
Gina não estava visitando sua irmã ontem à noite.
Interrogative
Verb to Be in the Past + Subject + Main Verb in the -ING Form+ Complement
Was Gina visiting her sister last night?
Gina estava visitando sua irmã ontem à noite?
The past continuous is often used to refer to repeated actions in the past, even though they
may seem temporary or subject to change. Adverbs such as constantly, always, and forever
may be included to emphasize unpleasant repeated events.

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PAST CONTINUOUS
Repeated Actions in Progress in the Past
Fred was watering Mrs. Simpson’s garden while she was away.
She paid him 10 dollars when she came back.
Fred estava regando o jardim da Sra. Simpson enquanto ela estava fora.
Ela pagou a ele 10 dólares quando voltou.
Our neighbors were constantly making noise and waking up the baby.
Nossos vizinhos estavam fazendo barulho constantemente e acordando o bebê.
(Due to the use of the adverb constantly, it seems that this was an annoying situation.)
Besides actions, the past continuous can be used to refer to temporary states in
progress around a particular time in the past.
PAST CONTINUOUS
Temporary States in Progress in the Past
Monica was wearing a long red dress at the party last Saturday.
Mônica estava usando um vestido longo vermelho na festa sábado passado.
Mark wasn’t feeling very well that night.

Mark não estava se sentindo bem
naquela noite.
We also use the past continuous to refer to background events—secondary events

compared to ones that are more important, and that are also taking place in the past.
That is a very common use when telling stories or narrating past events.
In such cases, we’ll normally use the simple past for the main event and the past
continuous for the background event.

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PAST CONTINUOUS
Background events
Peter was driving to work when he saw an accident.

Peter estava dirigindo para o trabalho quando ele viu um acidente.
(The main event is the accident, and the background event is that Peter was driving).
I don’t know where my keys are. I must have dropped them while I was walking home.
Eu não sei onde estão minhas chaves. Eu devo tê-las deixado cair enquanto estava indo para casa.
(Here, the fact that I lost my keys is the main event and the information).
The past continuous is often used to convey the idea that an action in progress
in the past was interrupted by another one.
PAST CONTINUOUS
Interrupted Actions
I was watching TV when the delivery boy arrived.

Eu estava vendo televisão quando o entregador chegou.
The students were taking an exam when the lights went off.
Os alunos estavam fazendo uma prova quando a luzes se apagaram.
We may also use the past continuous to give a reason or to set a context for an event.
The connector because can be omitted in this case, without compromising comprehension.
PAST CONTINUOUS
Reason or Context
I’m sorry I’m late. I was wrapping up my speech.

Sinto muito pelo meu atraso. Eu estava terminando o meu discurso.
I’m sorry. I’m late because I was wrapping up my speech.

Sinto muito. Eu estou atrasado(a) porque eu estava terminando o meu discurso.
So, now you know how and when to use the past continuous.

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Past Perfect
The past perfect is used to talk about an action that took place in the past before another
past action happened. This verb form is often defined as “the past of the past.” That happens
because the past perfect is used to talk about an event that happened any time before
another past action.
Notice that there’s often more than one clause when we use the past perfect in a sentence:
one in the past perfect and another one usually in the simple past.
PAST PERFE CT
Action in the Past Before Another Past Action
Josh had finished his homework when his mother arrived.

O Josh tinha terminado o dever de casa quando sua mãe chegou.
1st Action (Past Perfect) – Josh had finished his homework.

2nd Action (Simple Past) – His mother arrived.
By the time the police arrived, the suspects had already escaped from the crime scene.
No momento em que a polícia chegou, os suspeitos já tinham escapado da cena do crime.
1st Action (Past Perfect) – The suspects had escaped.

2nd Action (Simple Past) – The police arrived.
The structure of the past perfect is similar to that of other perfect forms, that is: auxiliary verb
have + main verb in the past participle. However, in the past perfect, the auxiliary verb be is
used in the past, so have becomes had.

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PAST PERFE CT
Affirmative
Subject + Had + Main Verb (Past Participle) + Complement
Diana had prepared dinner before she went to bed.
She’d prepared dinner before she went to bed.
Diana/Ela havia preparado o jantar antes de ir para a cama.
Negative
Subject + Had + Not + Main Verb (Past Participle) + Complement
Diana had not prepared dinner before she went to bed.
Diana hadn’t prepared dinner before she went to bed.
Diana não havia preparado o jantar antes de ir para a cama.
Interrogative
Had + Subject + Main Verb (Past Participle) + Complement
Had Diana prepared dinner before she went to bed?
Diana havia preparado o jantar antes de ir para a cama?
As we have seen in the examples, there is often more than one clause when we use the past
perfect. But it does not necessarily have to be connected to another clause in the simple past in
order to make sense. The oldest action can be made clear in the given context or by referring to
a past date or event.
PAST PERFE CT
Action before a Specific Time in the Past
Maggie is in France now. She’s excited because she had never been there.
A Maggie está na França agora. Ela está animada porque ela nunca tinha estado lá.
Emperor Vespasian had built the Coliseum before the second century.
O imperador Vespasiano tinha construído o Coliseu antes do século II.
It’s important to emphasize that the time reference relates to the most recent moment in the
past, which means that the action in the past perfect took place any time before this past
moment, whether it’s an event or a date that is
setting the reference.

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Besides that, we can use the past perfect to emphasize situations that have
changed its state.
Check out this dialogue:
PAST PERFE CT
Changed States
LINDA: Are you doing anything tonight, Mia?

Vai fazer alguma coisa hoje à noite, Mia?
MIA: Well, I had planned to go to a concert, but the tickets are sold out!
Bem, eu tinha planejado ir a um show, mas os ingressos estão esgotados!
The past perfect is also used in the third conditional.
PAST PERFE CT
Third Conditional
If you had asked me, I would have given you the spare ticket.
Se você tivesse me pedido, eu teria te dado o ingresso que sobrou.
1st action – Condition: Ask for the spare ticket

2nd action – Result: Receive the ticket
Now you know the structure and use of the past perfect.

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Phrasal Verbs
A phrasal verb consists of a verb combined with one or two particles.
To form a phrasal verb, it is possible to combine a verb with an adverb, a verb
with a preposition, or a verb with both an adverb and a preposition.
PHRASAL VERB
Verb
Adverb + Preposition
Particles
Both
Adverb
+
Preposition
The verb to look, for example, means “to turn your eyes towards something.” But if we combine
this verb with a particle, we will have phrasal verbs with different meanings.
PHRASAL VERB
Verb Verb + Adverb

To look – to turn your To look ahead – to plan
eyes towards something or to prepare for the future
Olhar Olhar para o futuro
Verb + Preposition Verb + Adverb + Preposition

To look after – to take care To look forward to – to wait anxiously
Cuidar Esperar ansiosamente

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The meaning of phrasal verbs cannot usually be guessed from their individual
parts. Moreover, phrasal verbs can have multiple meanings.
PHRASAL VERBS
To put down
To write down; To criticize someone;

Escrever; anotar Criticar alguém
To repress and bring to an end; To subject an animal to euthanasia.

Reprimir, suprimir Submeter um animal à eutanásia
Pay attention not to confuse phrasal verbs and prepositional verbs.

A prepositional verb is followed by a preposition that links the verb and the complement. That means these
verbs will always have a complement after the preposition.
For example, when we listen, we listen to someone or something, if we cope, we cope with something or
someone, when we depend, we depend on something or someone, and when we go, we go to a place.
These are all prepositional verbs. The preposition links the verb to its complement, but it does not change the
meaning of the verb.
So, I can say: listen to me, listen to this, or listen to your heart.
I may have to cope with stress, or cope with the technological advances, or cope with problems.
Something may depend on my boss, depend on the weather, or depend on the situation.
I may go to the club, go to the beach, or go to my mother’s house.
PREPOSITIONAL VERBS
Listen to me Depend on my boss

Ouvir a mim Depender do meu chefe
this the weather

isso do tempo
your heart the situation

o seu coração da situação

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PREPOSITIONAL VERBS
Cope with stress Go to the club

Lidar com stress Ir à(ao) clube
technological advances the beach

avanços tecnológicos praia
problems my mother’s house

problemas casa da minha mãe
Now that we know what phrasal verbs are, check out some common phrasal verbs.
Some of the most common particles used to form phrasal verbs are about, across, ahead, along, around,
aside, away, back, by, down, forward, in, home, off, on, out, over, past, through, and up.
We’ll see some examples with the most common definitions, but it’s important to say that most of them will
have more than one meaning.
DE TERMINERS VS. PRONOUNS
To bring up To get over To make up

Levantar (uma questão) Superar Inventar
To call off To give away To move on

Cancelar Doar Seguir em frente
To chill out To hang out To show up

Relaxar Ficar de bobeira Aparecer
To figure out To keep up To turn on/off

Descobrir Manter / Continuar Ligar/desligar
To get in To let down

Entrar Decepcionar
Some phrasal verbs are intransitive, that is, they do not need a complement. I can say, “Let’s hang out” or
“Chill out,” and there’s no need to use a complement.
But some other phrasal verbs are transitive. T hat means that they require a complement. For example, I
couldn’t just say, “turn off” without a complement. This is not grammatically correct in English, and nobody
would understand the message since I didn’t mention what exactly needs to be turned off.

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So, when phrasal verbs require a complement, we can usually place the complement before or after the
phrasal verb particle. I could say, Turn off the TV or Turn the TV off. Both sentences are correct and
comprehensible to the listener.
PHRASAL VERBS
I will have to put off the meeting. Mary shut her computer down.
I will have to put the meeting off. Mary shut down her computer.
Vou ter que adiar a reunião. Mary desligou o computador dela.
However, if we decide to replace the objects with an object pronoun, then we must place it
before the phrasal verb particle.
PHRASAL VERBS
What about the meeting? Is the computer on?

I’ll have to put it off. Mary shut it down.
I’ll have to put off it. Mary shut down it.
E a reunião? O computador está ligado?
Eu vou ter que adiá-la. Mary o desligou.
If the phrasal verb has three parts, that is, the verb + a particle + a preposition,
the particle and the preposition will never be separated.
PHRASAL VERBS
You won’t get away with it. Watch out for the car.
Você não vai se safar. Cuidado com o carro.
I can’t put up with this behavior.

Eu não posso tolerar esse comportamento.
Now you know what a phrasal verb is.

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Prepositions of Place
Prepositions of place are used to indicate direction, location, and spatial relations. Prepositions
of place tell us where one thing is in relation to other things.
The most common prepositions of place are IN, ON, and AT.
I work on the 26th floor at 205 Oak avenue, in New Jersey.

Trabalho no 26º andar na avenida Oak 205, em Nova Jersey.
IN is used to talk about places and PREPOSITIONS OF PL ACE – IN

larger areas such as geographic
locations, countries, states, cities,
and neighborhoods. It also refers to I live in South America.
a position inside large areas and in Eu moro na América do Sul.
three-dimensional spaces.
The keys are in the drawer.

As chaves estão na gaveta.
Check out some other common phrases with the preposition of place IN.
IN – COMMON USES
in the car in the room

no carro no quarto/cômodo
in town / in the city in the book

na cidade no livro
in school (as a student) in the hospital (as a patient)

na escola (como aluno) no hospital (como paciente)
in church (involved in church service) in the church (inside the physical place)
na igreja (envolvido em serviços religiosos) na igreja (dentro do espaço físico)

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When we use AT as a preposition of place, it
PREPOSITIONS OF PL ACE – AT
indicates a position at a point; that’s why we use
AT to specify a detailed location or to inform an
address. I’m at the Empire State.
You’ll also use AT if you say the name of a place, Estou no Empire State.
like buildings and organizations, and also for events,
such as parties or concerts.
I’m at the door.
Estou na porta.
Check out some common phrases with AT as a preposition of place.
AT – COMMON USES
at school/college/university (in the building) at the hospital (in the building; working or visiting)
na escola/faculdade/universidade ( no prédio) no hospital ( no prédio; trabalhando ou visitando)
at home at the party/concert/movies

em casa na festa / no show / no cinema
at the bus stop at the subway station

no ponto de ônibus na estação de metrô
at the beginning of (the street) at the end of (the street)

no começo (da rua) no final (da rua)
The preposition of place ON is used to talk about a position on a

surface, such as a road, a street, a bed, or even a page, and it’s also
used for means of transportation on which you can stand while
inside, such as a bus.
PREPOSITIONS OF PL ACE – ON
You’ll find this information on page 10.

Você encontrará essa informação na página 10.
The Walk of Fame is on Hollywood Boulevard.

A calçada da fama fica no Hollywood Boulevard.

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Check out some common uses of ON as a preposition of place.
ON – COMMON USES
to walk on the street to drive on the road/highway

andar na rua dirigir numa rodovia/estrada
to be/sit on the bed / on the chair / on the floor to be on the table/desk

estar/sentar na cama / na cadeira / no chão estar sobre a mesa/escrivaninha
to be on the bus/subway/airplane to post on social media

estar no ônibus/metrô/avião postar numa rede social
There are other prepositions used to

indicate directions and locations.
Above and Below
Above indicates that something is in a
higher position, and below indicates
that something in a lower place or São Paulo is 700 meters above sea level.
position. São Paulo fica 700 metros acima do nível do mar.
Parts of Amsterdam are below sea level.

Partes de Amsterdam estão abaixo do nível do mar.
Across from means that something is directly opposite to something else, such
as on the other side of the street. In front of means further forward or facing
someone or something. Behind means at the back.
Across from, In Front of, and Behind
The Renwick Gallery is across from the White House.

A galeria Renwick fica em frente (do outro lado da rua) da Casa Branca.
Protesters were in front of the White House.

Os manifestantes estavam em frente à Casa Branca.
Don’t look now. He is behind you.

Não olhe agora. Ele está atrás de você.

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Under means the same as below. The difference is that it’s
usually used to refer to something that is covered or protected by
something.
Under
Your flip flops are under the bed.

Seus chinelos estão embaixo da cama.
We are all under the same sky.

Estamos todos sob o mesmo céu.
Beside means on the side, between means in the middle of two things, and among means surrounded by things.
Beside, Between, and Among
The Westminster Abbey is beside the Big Ben.

A Abadia de Westminster fica ao lado do Big Ben.
There’s a cat between dogs. There’s a dog among the stuffed animals.
Tem um gato entre cachorros. Tem um cachorro entre bichos de pelúcia.

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If we want to indicate distance, we can use near, or close to, for short distances,
and far from for long distances.
Near, Close to, Far from
The restaurant is near the hotel. / The restaurant is close to the hotel.
O restaurante é perto do hotel.
The art museum is far from the hotel.

O museu de arte é longe do hotel.
Notice that, if you don’t choose the appropriate preposition, the sentence might still
be grammatically correct, but it may not send the right message.
That’s why it’s important to understand prepositions in context so you can practice
and use them to refer to different things in different situations.
And now you know how to use prepositions of place.

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Question Word - How
Common question words include what, when, where, which, why, who,
and how. On this grammar guide, we’ll focus on the question word how.
The question word how means “in what way” or “to what extent” and, as all the
other question words, it can be used in direct and indirect questions.
QUESTION WORD – HOW

Direct and Indirect Questions
How are you feeling?

Como você está se sentindo?
(Direct Question: How + Structure of the Interrogative Form)
Can you tell me how you are feeling?

Você pode me dizer como está se sentindo?
(Indirect Question: How + Structure of the Affirmative Form)
The structure for direct questions is the question word followed by the
interrogative form, and it can be used with different verb forms.
In the simple present, we can use how with the verb to be or with other verbs.
The difference is that when the verb to be is the main verb, we do not use an
auxiliary verb. For all the other verbs, an auxiliary must be used to create the
questions.
Check out some examples:

Simple Present
Structure: How + Verb To Be + Subject + Complement (if necessary)
How are the kids?

Como estão as crianças?
( main verb is the verb to be = do not use an auxiliary verb)

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Structure: How + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form
+ Complement (if necessary)
How do you go to work?

Como você vai para o trabalho?
( main verb is not the verb to be = the auxiliary verb do must be used)
How can also be used in the simple past, and the structure will follow the same
pattern of the simple present. The difference is that the verb to be or the auxiliary
verb will be conjugated in the past.

Simple Past
Structure: How + Verb to Be + Subject + Complement (if necessary)
How was the game?

Como foi o jogo?
( main verb is the verb to be = do not use an auxiliary verb)
Structure: How + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form +
How did you go to the game?

Como você foi para o jogo?
( main verb is not the verb to be = the auxiliary verb did must be used)
The question word how can also be used with continuous forms such as the
present and the past continuous. In this case, we’ll use how followed by the
interrogative form of these structures.
For the interrogative form of the present and past continuous, the verb to be
works as an auxiliary verb, followed by the subject, the main verb in the -ING
form, and a complement, if necessary.

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Present and Past Continuous
Structure: How + Verb to Be + Subject + Main Verb in the -ING Form +

How are you organizing your tasks?

Como você está organizando as suas tarefas?
(I am asking about an action that is in progress now)
How were you feeling when you started therapy?

Como você estava se sentindo quando iniciou a terapia?
(I asked about a feeling that was going on before the person decided to start therapy)
It is also possible to use how with perfect forms such as the present perfect and
the present perfect continuous.

Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous
Structure: How + Verb To Have + Subject +

Main Verb in the Past Participle + Complement (if necessary)
How have you been?

Como você tem estado?
(I want to know how this person has been lately or since I last saw him or her)
Structure: How + Verb To Have + Subject + Been +

Main Verb in the –ING Form + Complement (if necessary)
How have you been dealing with this situation?

Como você tem lidado com essa situação?
(It’s an ongoing situation that started in the past and is still going on)

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We also use how with modal
verbs. In this case, they come right
Modal Verbs
after the question word.
Structure: How + Modal Verb + Subject +

Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
How should we help her?

Como devemos ajudá-la?
(Should works as an auxiliary, and it was used to ask for
guidance or recommendation)
How can we go to the party?

Como podemos ir para a festa?
(Can works as an auxiliary, and it shows the idea of possibility)
If you want to ask more specific questions using how, you can use an
adjective or an adverb after it. Check out the examples.

Other Possibilities
How old is your brother? How often do you go to the gym?

Quantos anos seu irmão tem? Com que frequência você vai à academia?
(How + Old = Age) (How + Often = Frequency)
How much is this T-shirt? How many people were there at the concert?
Quanto custa esta camiseta? Quantas pessoas havia no show?
(How + Much = Amount or Price) (How + Many = Quantity)
How far is San Diego from Los Angeles?

Quão distante é San Diego de Los Angeles? / Qual é a distância de San Diego a Los Angeles?
(How + Far = Distance)
How long does it take to get there? How tall is your brother?
Qual tempo demora para chegar lá? Qual é a altura do seu irmão?
(How + Long = Duration) (How + Tall = Height for People)
How high is Mount Everest?

Quão alto é o Monte Everest? / Qual é a altura do Monte Everest?
(How + High = Height for Places)

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How can also be used with prepositions such as “about.” There are
two ways we can use it—to offer something or to make a suggestion.
HOW ABOUT
Offers and Suggestions
How about a cup of coffee?

Que tal uma xícara de café?
(How + About + Noun = Offer)
How about going to the movies?

Que tal irmos ao cinema?
(How + About + Verb in the –ING Form = Suggestion)
In spoken English, there is a very common expression with how—how come. It is

used to ask about the reason why something has happened. We could say that how
come is an informal way to ask “why.”
How come can also be used to show surprise. There is an important detail in the
structure of the question, though: how come is always followed by the affirmative
form, regardless of the verb form.
HOW ABOUT
Reason and Surprise (Informal)
How come she went to the party alone?

Como assim ela foi à festa sozinha?
(How Come + Structure of the Affirmative Form in the Simple Past)
How come she is not here?

Como é que ela não está aqui?
Como pode ela não estar aqui?
(How Come + Affirmative Form of the Simple Present)

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We can also use how in exclamations. It can either be followed by a complete
sentence or by an adjective. It’s important to notice, though, that what can also
be used in exclamations.
The difference is that when there is either a complete sentence or only an
adjective, you’ll use how. However, in the case of the structure adjective + noun
or just a noun, you’ll have to use what.
Compare the difference:
HOW AND WHAT

Exclamation
How + Complete Sentence
How I love this city!

Como eu amo essa cidade!
(How + Subject “I” + Main Verb “love” + Complement “this city”)
How + Adjective
How beautiful!
Que bonito!
(How + Adjective “beautiful”)
What + (Article) + Adjective + Noun
What a beautiful city!

Que cidade bonita!
(What + Article “a” + Adjective “beautiful” + Noun “city”)
And now you know different ways to use the question word how, it’s meaning, structures in
different verb forms, as well as how to use it in exclamations.

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Question Word -
Where
Question words are used to ask direct and indirect questions. Common question
words include what, when, where, which, why, who, and how. On this grammar
guide, we’ll focus on the question word where.
Where is used to ask questions about place.
QUESTION WORD - WHERE
Where
Onde/Aonde
The question word where can be used in direct and indirect questions.
QUESTION WORD – WHERE

Direct and Indirect Questions
Where is the subway station?

Onde é a estação de metrô?
(Direct Question: Where + Structure of the Interrogative Form)
I am asking you where the subway station is.

Eu estou te perguntando onde fica a estação de metrô.
(Indirect Question: When + Structure of the Affirmative Form)
Direct questions with where will follow the same pattern, regardless of the
verb form. The structure will be the question word where followed by the
interrogative form.

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Take a look at the structure to use where with the simple present. Note that when
the main verb is the verb to be, there is no auxiliary verb. For all other verbs, the
auxiliary is necessary.

Where + Interrogative
SIMPLE PRESENT
Structure: Where + Verb To Be + Subject + Complement (if necessary)
Where are you?

Onde você está?
Structure: Where + Auxiliary Verb + Subject +

Where do you work? Where does she work?

Onde você trabalha? Onde ela trabalha?
Questions with where in the simple past follow the same pattern of the simple
present. The only difference is that you’ll conjugate the verb to be or the auxiliary
verb in the past

Where + Interrogative
SIMPLE PAST
Structure: Where + Verb To Be + Subject + Complement (if necessary)
Where were you?

Onde você estava?
Structure: Where + Auxiliary Verb + Subject +

Where did you go? Where did he go?

Aonde você foi? Aonde ele foi?

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The question word where can also be used with continuous forms such as the
present and the past continuous.

Continuous Forms
Where + Interrogative Form
PRESENT AND PAST
Structure: Where + Verb To Be + Subject +

Main Verb in the -ING Form + Complement (if necessary)
Where are you going?

Aonde você está indo?
Where were you going last night when I arrived?

Aonde você estava indo ontem à noite quando cheguei?
It is possible to use where with perfect forms such as the present

perfect and the present perfect continuous.

Perfect Forms
Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous
PRESENT PERFECT
A past action that is still relevant.

Uma ação passada que ainda é relevante.
Structure: Where + Verb To Have + Subject +

Main Verb in the Past Participle + Complement (if necessary)
Where have you been?

Por onde você esteve?

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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Action started in the past and still going on.

Ação iniciada no passado que ainda está acontecendo.
Structure: Where + Verb To Have + Subject + Been +

Main Verb in the -ING Form + Complement (if necessary)
Where have you been working?

Onde você tem trabalhado?
Modal verbs can be used in questions with where. In this case, the modal verb
comes right after the question word.

Modal Verbs
Structure: Where + Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form +
Where should we go on our next vacation?

Aonde devemos ir em nossas próximas férias?
(should = recommendation)
Where would you like to live?

Onde você gostaria de viver?
(would = hypothetical question)
Where can we find an ATM machine?

Onde podemos encontrar um caixa eletrônico?
(can = possibility)
In English, it is common to use where with verbs followed by prepositions that

express directions. When we use these prepositions, they are placed right after
the verb.
Two frequent prepositions used in questions with where are “to” and “from,”
since they typically follow verbs that express movement.

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Check out some questions with the verbs to go and to come followed by these prepositions.

Where + Verbs Followed by Prepositions
Where are you going (to)?

Para onde você está indo? / Aonde você está indo?
(The preposition is optional because the verb to go expresses movement toward a place
with or without the preposition.)
(A preposição é opcional porque ir o verbo ir indica movimento em direção a algum lugar,
com ou sem preposição.)
Where is she coming from?

De onde ela está vindo?
(The preposition is mandatory, otherwise the verb to come might not imply the idea of origin.)
(A preposição é obrigatória, caso contrário, o verbo vir pode não transmitir a ideia de origem.)
And now you know what a question word is and how to use the question
word where to ask indirect or direct questions with different verb forms.

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Regular Verbs
In English, verbs can be either regular or irregular.
Most verbs are regular, that is to say that both their past and past participle will
follow a general rule for regular verbs, which is to add -ED to the base form.
RE GUL AR VERBS
General rule add -ED
to call (called) to finish (finished)

chamar, telefonar acabar, terminar
to help (helped) to listen (listened)

ajudar ouvir
to look (looked) to need ( needed)

olhar, parecer precisar
to play ( played) to show (showed)

brincar, jogar, tocar mostrar
to start (started) to visit (visited)

começar visitar
to want (wanted) to work (worked)

querer trabalhar

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However, there are some specific spelling rules depending
on how the base form ends.
For regular verbs that already end in -E, we just add -D.
RE GUL AR VERBS
For verbs ending in -E, add -D
Infinitive Form: to arrive (chegar)

You’ve arrived early.
Você chegou cedo.
Infinitive Form: to live ( morar)

I lived in London when I was a child.
Eu morei em Londres quando eu era criança.
Infinitive Form: to introduce (apresentar)

I’ve introduced Julia to Mark.
Eu apresentei a Julia ao Mark.
Infinitive Form: to like (gostar)

I liked this book very much.
Eu gostei muito desse livro.
For regular verbs that end with a consonant followed by the letter
Y, we drop the -Y, and add -IED.
RE GUL AR VERBS
Verbs ending with a consonant followed by Y, add -IED
Infinitive Form: to study (estudar)

Michelle has studied a lot for her math exam.
Michelle estudou muito para sua prova de matemática.
Infinitive Form: to cry (chorar)

The baby cried a lot last night.
O bebê chorou muito noite passada.
Infinitive Form: to try (tentar)

I tried to help her, but I couldn’t.
Eu tentei ajudá-la, mas não consegui.

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When the regular verb ends in the combination of consonant, vowel, consonant
(CVC) and the last syllable is stressed, we double the final consonant and add
-ED to form the past.
RE GUL AR VERBS
Verbs ending in CVC: double the last consonant and add -ED
Infinitive Form: to stop ( parar)

We stopped at the drugstore to buy some things.
Nós paramos na farmácia para comprar algumas coisas.
Infinitive Form: to plan ( planejar)

We had planned to arrive early, but we are late.
Nós tínhamos planejado chegar cedo, mas estamos atrasados.
Infinitive Form: to prefer ( preferir)

Tony preferred to stay home last night.
Tony preferiu ficar em casa noite passada.
Infinitive Form: to occur (ocorrer)

Something unexpected has occurred.
Algo inesperado ocorreu.
Pay attention to the fact that there are also verbs ending in the combination consonant + vowel + consonant
in which the last consonant is L.
In British English, these verbs, regardless of the stressed syllable, will always have their past and past
particle forms with double L. Therefore, travelled with double L or traveled with one L are both correct
spellings of the past of the verb to travel. The same happens with the verb to cancel.
RE GUL AR VERBS
Verbs ending in CVC in which the last consonant is L: add -ED or double the L and add -ED
British English: Double the L and add -ED

American English: Add -ED
Infinitive Form: to travel (viajar)

I travelled/traveled to Paris in my honeymoon.
Eu viajei para Paris em minha lua de mel.
Infinitive Form: to cancel (cancelar)

The flight has been cancelled/canceled due to bad weather conditions.
O vôo foi cancelado devido ao mau tempo.

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For verbs ending in -C, we’ll add -KED to form the past and past participle.
These are rarer cases, but, among the most frequent verbs in the English
language, we could mention the verb to panic.
RE GUL AR VERBS
Verbs ending in –C: add -KED
Infinitive Form: to panic (entrar em pânico)

I panicked when I saw my bank balance.
Eu entrei em pânico quando vi meu saldo bancário.
And now you know how to use the regular verbs in the
past and the past participle.

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Simple Past –
Other Verbs
The simple past is a verb form used to talk about things that happened or existed in
the past.
Check the structures, starting with affirmative sentences in the past.
SIMPLE PAST
Affirmative Sentences
Structure: Subject + Main Verb (in the Past) + Complement
I watched all the episodes of this series.

Eu assisti a todos os episódios desta série.
(I performed this action in the past. It’s over now because I finished it).
In affirmative sentences, the auxiliary verb is not necessary, but it can be used in some
specific contexts to emphasize the message.
If we decide to use the auxiliary did to add emphasis to affirmative sentences, the main verb
goes back to its base form.
SIMPLE PAST
Affirmative Sentences – Adding Emphasis
Structure: Subject + Auxiliary Verb (in the Past) +

Main Verb (Base Form) + Complement
I did watch all the episodes of this series.

Eu (de fato) assisti a todos os episódios desta série.
(Note that the auxiliary doesn’t have a meaning, only the function of emphasizing).

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The verb conjugation in the simple past will be the same for all persons, singular or plural.
What we must take into consideration, though, is that some verbs in English are regular, while
others are irregular.
In the previous example in the affirmative form, we used the regular verb to watch in the past,
which is watched.
For regular verbs, we’ll add -D, -ED, or -IED to the end, depending on how the base form is
spelled. Check the spelling rules for regular verbs in the past.
SIMPLE PAST – RE GUL AR VERBS

Spelling Rules
GENERAL RULE: ADD -ED
To watch – watched To play – played

Assistir Brincar, jogar, tocar
VERBS ENDING IN -E: ADD -D
To like – liked To love – loved

Gostar Amar
VERBS ENDING IN CONSONANT + -Y: DROP THE -Y AND ADD -IED
To study – studied To cry – cried

Estudar Chorar
CVC VERBS: DOUBLE THE LAST CONSONANT AND ADD -ED
To stop – stopped To plan – planned

Parar Planejar

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These are the spelling rules for all regular verbs in the past, which are most
verbs in English.
But there are few irregular verbs in English, and they do deserve some special
attention. As the name says, they are irregular, which means there is not one
pattern that applies to all of them.
For instance, some irregular verbs suffer significant changes in their base
forms. That’s the case of the verb to be, which in the past becomes was or were
depending on the subject, or the verb to have, which becomes had, and the verb
to go, which becomes went. On the other hand, verbs such as to quit, to put, or
to cut will keep their base form when conjugated in the past.
SIMPLE PAST
Irregular Verbs
To be – was/were To quit – quit

Ser, estar Desistir
To have – had To cut – cut

Ter Cortar
To go – went To put – put

Ir Botar, colocar
There’s a grammar guide dedicated to irregular verbs in the past. Check it so you can learn
more about them.
Now, when using sentences in the negative and in the interrogative forms, the fact that the
verbs can be either regular or irregular is unimportant, since it’s the auxiliary verb did that
will be conjugated. This means that the main verb goes back to its base form.
SIMPLE PAST
Negative Sentences
Structure: Subject + Auxiliary (Did) + NOT + Main Verb (Base Form) + Complement
I didn’t watch this series.

Eu não assisti a esta série.
(didn’t = did not)

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The contracted form didn’t will be used in most cases. However, in formal
written language, it is advisable to avoid the use of the contraction. In spoken
language, if you use the full form, you are adding emphasis to a negative
statement.
SIMPLE PAST
Negative Sentences – Adding Emphasis
I did not watch this series.

Eu não assisti a esta série.
For interrogative sentences, we’ll invert the order and place the auxiliary before the subject.
SIM PLE PAST

Interrogative Sentences
Structure: Subject + Auxiliary (Did) + NOT + Main Verb (Base Form) + Complement
Did you watch all the episodes of the final season?

Você assistiu a todos os episódios da temporada final?
Now that we’ve seen the simple past in the affirmative form and the spelling
rules for regular verbs, as well as the structures of negative and interrogative
sentences, it’s time to see its common usages.
We use the simple past to talk about definite time in the past.
SIMPLE PAST
Uses
I graduated in December.
Eu me formei em dezembro.
(“To graduate” is a regular verb, and its past form is “graduated”)
We went to the movies yesterday.

Nós fomos ao cinema ontem.
(“To go” is an irregular verb, and its past form is “went”)

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The simple past may or may not have an explicit time reference.
Either way, it refers to past events.
SIMPLE PAST
Uses
Anne studied with me.

A Anne estudou comigo.
(No time reference: but it’s still a finished action in past)
Santos Dumont flew around the Eiffel Tower.

Santos Dumont voou em volta da Torre Eiffel.
(No time reference: but it’s still a finished action in past)
We can use the simple past to talk about events that happened once or events that happened
with some frequency in the past.
SIMPLE PAST
Uses
I went to Italy for my 15th birthday.

Eu fui para a Itália no meu aniversário de 15 anos.
(The trip to Italy is an isolated event that happened because of my 15th birthday).
Every summer I traveled with my family to Italy.

Todo verão eu viajava com minha família para a Itália.
(The trip to Italy was something that happened more frequently, every summer.)

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When we want to make it clearer that we are talking about a past habit, something that
happened frequently in the past, it’s also possible to use the expression used to followed
by a main verb.
USED TO
Frequent Events in the Past
Structure: Subject + Used to + Main Verb (Base Form) + Complement
I used to travel to Italy every summer.

Eu costumava viajar para a Itália todo verão.
(Used to + Main Verb in the Base Form = frequent events or habits in the past)
Now you know when and why we use the simple past with other verbs,
as well as its structures and spelling rules.

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Simple Past - To Be
The simple past is used to talk about an event that happened in the past. The time it occurred may
be given or not, but it refers to an event that happened in the past.
In this grammar guide, we’ll focus on the verb to be in the past. First, it’s important to know
that the verb to be is an irregular verb, and it’s the only verb in English that has two irregular
conjugations for the simple past depending on the person: was and were.
SIMPLE PAST
Verb To Be
Singular Plural
Verb (To Be) Verb (To Be)

First person I was we were

Second person you were you were
he/she/it was they were

Third person
seu(s), sua(s), dela seus, suas, deles, delas
Check the structures for interrogative, negative, and affirmative sentences.

The basic structure for affirmative sentences is the SVC structure, that is, the subject, the verb to be in the
past, and the complement.
SIM PLE PAST – TO BE

Affirmative Sentences
Structure: Subject + Verb + Complement
I was in Los Angeles last week.

Eu estava em Los Angeles na semana passada.
(Subject “I” + Verb in the Simple Past “was” + Complement “in Los Angeles last week”)
We were at the annual conference.

Nós estávamos na conferência anual.
(Subject “we” + Verb in the Simple Past “were” + Complement “at the annual conference”)

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To make a negative statement, you’ll place the negative particle not after the verb. It is very
common to see the contracted forms, which are, wasn’t for was not, and weren’t for were not.
Negative Sentences
Structure: Subject + Verb + NOT + Complement
I wasn’t home when he arrived.

Eu não estava em casa quando ele chegou.
(wasn’t = was not)
We weren’t in Rio last summer.

Nós não estávamos no Rio no verão passado.
(weren’t = were not)
In interrogative sentences, we invert the order and place the verb before the subject.
Interrogative Sentences
Structure: Verb + Subject + Complement
Were you home last night?

Você estava em casa ontem à noite?
Was Meg with you?

A Meg estava com você?
In the simple past, you’ll only see contracted or short forms in negative sentences.
Short forms are very common in everyday situations. However, if you want to sound
more formal or more emphatic, use the full form.

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Let’s now check some possible uses of the verb to be in the simple past.
To Be is used to refer to past physical conditions or states.
Uses
I was sad because I failed the exam.

Eu estava triste porque não passei na prova.
(I was feeling that way, but I am not anymore).
I was so thirsty.
Eu estava com muita sede.
(I am referring to a past state. I probably had water, and I am not thirsty anymore).
I was skinnier.
Eu era mais magro(a).
(It was how I looked in the past, but I’ve changed).
We can talk about a past age, profession, or marital status.
Uses
Age
I was 40 years old when my son was born.
Eu tinha 40 anos quando o meu filho nasceu.
(I am not 40 anymore. I was 40 at the time of that specific event—the day my son was born).
Profession
I was a teacher.
Eu era professor(a).
(I was a teacher. I may have retired or I changed my profession).
Marital Status
I was married.
Eu era casado(a).
(Since it is in past, it means I am not married anymore.
I may be divorced or have become a widow/widower).

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We can use the verb to be in the past to talk about past relationships.
Uses
We were friends.
Nós éramos amigos.
(We are not that close anymore, maybe we don’t see each
other as often as we used to).
He was my boyfriend.
Ele era meu namorado.
(We broke up and he is not my boyfriend anymore. He is my ex now).
We can also use the verb to be in the past to talk about past time and dates.
Uses
It was about 8 a.m. when she left.

Eram cerca de 8 horas da manhã quando ela saiu.
Our last appointment was on January 3rd.

A nossa última consulta foi no dia 3 de janeiro.

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We can use the verb to be in the past to refer to places and locations in the past.
Uses
Meg was at the mall with me.

A Meg estava no shopping comigo.
(I am mentioning the place where Meg and I were).
My office was on Fifth avenue.

Meu escritório ficava na 5ª avenida.
(I am talking about a past location—it’s not there anymore.
I may have moved to another office).
And now you know when and why we use the verb to be in the simple past, as well as its
structure and the contracted form for negative sentences.

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Simple Present -
Other Verbs
The simple present was divided into two grammar guides, and we did that
because there is an important difference in structure.
In this grammar guide, we’ll talk about the simple present with verbs that are not
the verb to be, that is, all the other verbs.
When we use the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary verb to make interrogative
and negative sentences. But when we use other verbs, we need to use the
auxiliary verb. The auxiliary verb for the simple present is do or does, according to
the subject.
Check out the difference in the box.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be Other Verbs
Interrogative Is she a teacher? Does she work as a teacher?

Ela é professora? Ela trabalha como professora?
Negative She isn’t a teacher. She doesn’t work as a teacher.

Ela não é professora. Ela não trabalha como professora.
The basic structure for the affirmative form is the SVC structure, that is, subject,
main verb, and complement. And the verb conjugation works like this: we’ll use the
base form of the verb for all persons, except for the third person singular. In this
case, we’ll add –S, –ES, or –IES to the end of the verb, depending on how it’s spelled.

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If you want to learn more about the third person spelling rules, you can check the grammar
guide on this topic. However, most verbs will only take a final S in the third person singular,
as you can see in the following table.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Affirmative Form
Singular Plural
I work here. We work here.

First person
Eu trabalho aqui. Nós trabalhamos aqui.
You work here. You work here.

Second person
Você trabalha aqui. Vocês trabalham aqui.
He works here.
Ele trabalha aqui.
She works here. They work here.

Third person
Ela trabalha aqui. Eles/Elas trabalham aqui.
It works for now.

Isso funciona por enquanto.
Notice that we do not use the auxiliary verb in the affirmative form. But it’s possible to use it to
add emphasis to a statement. In that case, the auxiliary verb is placed before the main verb.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Affirmative Form: Adding Emphasis
Usage of the Auxiliary Do
I do have the right to speak my mind.

Eu tenho (sim) o direito de dar minha opinião.
(The verb “do” is used as an auxiliary. So it does not have a meaning, but a function).
(O verbo “do” é usado como auxiliar. Portanto, não tem um significado, mas uma função).

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Thus, it is possible to use the auxiliary with the simple present in the affirmative form, but it’s also important
to notice that it adds emphasis to the sentence, which means that it is only going to happen in very specific
contexts.
As for the negative and interrogative forms, the auxiliary do is not optional, it’s necessary.
The basic structure for the negative form is the subject, the auxiliary verb do conjugated according to the
subject, the negative particle not, the main verb in its base form, and the complement, if necessary.
You should pay close attention to the third person singular. In both negative and interrogative forms, the
conjugation goes in the auxiliary verb, that is, we will use does, and, because of that, the main verb goes
back to its base form.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Negative Form
Singular Plural
I don’t work here. We don’t work here.

First person
Eu não trabalho aqui. Nós não trabalhamos aqui.
You don’t work here. You don’t work here.

Second person
Você não trabalha aqui. Vocês não trabalham aqui.
He doesn’t work here.

Ele não trabalha aqui.
She doesn’t work here. They don’t work here.

Third person
Ela não trabalha aqui. Eles/Elas não trabalham aqui.
It doesn’t work for now.

(Isso) não funciona por enquanto.
In informal language, the contracted

forms don’t (do + not) or doesn’t SIMPLE PRESENT
(does + not) are used in most cases. Negative Form: Adding Emphasis
In formal written language, we avoid
using contractions. Do Not Use the Contracted Form
On the other hand, in spoken
language, if we use the full form, You do not have the right to shout at people.
it probably means we want to add Você não tem o direito de gritar com as pessoas.
emphasis to a negative statement.

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The basic interrogative form structure in the simple present is the auxiliary verb do conjugated according to
the subject, the subject, the main verb in its base form, and the complement, if necessary.
So the position of the auxiliary verb and the subject is inverted, and, once again, in the third person singular,
the main verb goes back to its base form, and the auxiliary verb is conjugated.
Check out the following table:
SIMPLE PRESENT
Interrogative Form
Singular Plural
Do I work here? Do we work here?

First person
Eu trabalho aqui? Nós trabalhamos aqui?
Do you work here? Do you work here?

Second person
Você trabalha aqui? Vocês trabalham aqui?
Does he work here?

Ele trabalha aqui?
Does she work here? Do they work here?

Third person
Ela trabalha aqui? Eles/Elas trabalham aqui?
Does it work for now?

Isso funciona por enquanto?
The simple present is used to talk SIMPLE PRESENT

about facts and to show repetitions, Other Verbs – Uses
habits, or generalizations.
I work at a law firm.

Eu trabalho em um escritório de advocacia.
She works a lot.

Ela trabalha muito.

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It can also be used to present a series of events when we narrate
something or give instructions and directions.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Other Verbs – Uses
First you read the questions, then you have to mark the correct statement.
Primeiro você lê as perguntas, depois você tem que marcar a afirmação correta.
You go straight and turn right on the traffic light.

Você segue em frente e vira à direita no semáforo.
The simple present can convey the idea of immediacy and drama, and that’s why it’s commonly
used in stories or novels, in sports broadcasting, and in newspaper headlines, even when
reporting past events.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Other Verbs – Uses
She crosses the street toward him, looks back, and decides to let it go.
Ela atravessa a rua em direção a ele, olha para trás e decide deixar para lá.
He gets the ball, passes through the defense and shoots, but the goalkeeper saves it.
Ele pega a bola, passa pela defesa e chuta, mas o goleiro agarra.
Firefighters save many lives in Brooklyn.

Os bombeiros salvam muitas vidas no Brooklyn.

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In English, some verbs cannot be used in continuous forms. These verbs are
called non-progressive verbs, and we use them in the simple present. This
group is divided into different subgroups of verbs.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Non-progressive Verbs
Mental process verbs
know, suppose, think, understand

saber, supor, achar, entender
Verbs that express feelings
admire, adore, hate, like, respect

admirar, adorar, detestar, gostar, respeitar
Verbs that describe senses
smell, taste, hear

sentir cheiro, sentir sabor, ouvir
Speech act verbs
promise, swear, agree, deny

prometer, jurar, concordar, negar
And now you know the structure and the most common uses of the simple present.

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Simple Present -
Verb To Be
The simple present is used to talk about factual information or things
that happen regularly.
SIMPLE PRESENT
This wall is white.

Esta parede é branca.
(It’s a factual piece of information.)
I sleep for 8 or 9 hours a day.

Eu durmo de 8 a 9 horas por dia.
(It’s part of a routine, something I do every day.)
The simple present will be tackled in two different grammar guides.

In this one, we’ll focus on the simple present sentences in which the
main verb is the verb to be.
Check the following table to see the conjugation of the verb to be in
the simple present.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be
Singular Plural
First person I am We are
Second person You are You are
Third person He/She/It is They are

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There is a different sentence structure for the interrogative, negative, and
affirmative forms. In affirmative sentences, we’ll frequently use the SVC
structure, that is, Subject, Verb, and Complement. To make a negative
statement, you’ll place the negative particle not after the verb. And to ask a
question, we invert the order and place the verb before the subject.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be
Affirmative
Subject + Verb To Be + Complement
I’m a writer.
Eu sou escritor.
Negative
Subject + Verb To Be + NOT + Complement
I am not a writer.
Eu não sou escritor.
Interrogative
Verb To Be + Subject + Complement
Are you a writer?

Você é escritor?
The simple present of the verb to be is commonly

SIMPLE PRESENT
used in its contracted form, also known as short
Verb To Be – Contracted Form
form. Contractions are considered informal, and they
are very common in everyday situations. However,
if you want to sound more formal or more emphatic, Affirmative Negative
use the full form. I’m I’m not
The short or contracted forms can be used in You’re You aren’t
affirmative or negative sentences. He’s/She’s/It’s He/She/It isn’t
We’re We aren’t
They’re They aren’t

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Now that you know the conjugation in the plural and singular forms, its structure
for affirmative, negative, and interrogative sentences, as well as its full and
contracted forms, check out the possible uses of the verb to be in the simple
present.
It can be used to refer to personal information such as name, age, profession,
marital status, and nationality.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be – Uses
Name
I am Sophie. My name is Sophie.
Eu sou Sophie. O meu nome é Sophie.
Profession Age
I am an architect. I am 36 years old.
Eu sou arquiteta. Eu tenho 36 anos.
Nationality Marital Status

I am French. I am single.
Eu sou francesa. Eu sou solteira.
We can also use the verb to be followed by an adjective to talk about

permanent or temporary physical characteristics and feelings.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be – Uses
I am thirsty.
Eu estou com sede.
(It’s a state. Something I am experiencing now.)
I am skinny.
Eu sou magro(a).
(It refers to a physical characteristic.)

250
The verb to be in the simple present is also used to talk about permanent or
temporary qualities or states, personal characteristics, or mood.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be – Uses
I am stressed. I am a stressed person.

Eu estou estressado(a). Eu sou uma pessoa estressada.
(It’s a current mood or a temporary state.) (It’s part of my personality.)
The verb to be in the simple present is also used to talk about time and dates.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be – Uses
It’s eleven o’clock. Our meeting is on December 3rd.

São onze horas. A nossa reunião é no dia 3 de dezembro.
We can use the verb to be in the simple present to refer to places and locations as well.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be – Uses
I am at the mall. The 9/11 Memorial is in Manhattan.

Eu estou no shopping. O memorial do 11 de Setembro é em Manhattan.
And now you know when and why we use the verb to be in the simple present.

251
There + To Be
The structure there + To Be expresses existence, and it can be used in the
affirmative, interrogative, and negative forms.
THERE + TO BE
Structures
Affirmative
There + To Be
There’s a restaurant near the hotel.

Há um restaurante perto do hotel.
Interrogative
To Be + There
Is there a restaurant near the hotel?

Há um restaurante perto do hotel?
Negative
There + To Be + Not
There isn’t (is not) a restaurant near the hotel.

Não há um restaurante perto do hotel.

252
You can use the structure in the singular or plural according to the noun that follows it.
THERE + TO BE
Singular and Plural
Are there good schools in your neighborhood?

Há/Tem boas escolas no seu bairro?
(The noun “schools” is in the plural, so the verb to be is in the plural)
There is a good school in my neighborhood.

Há/Tem uma escola boa no meu bairro.
(The noun “school” is in the singular, so the verb to be is in the singular)
When we talk about singular or plural forms, there are some things to which we should pay
attention. If you are talking about a list of things, use there is when the noun that follows is
also in the singular.
If there are one or more nouns in the plural, use there are and place the nouns in the plural
before the ones in the singular, if there are any.
THERE + TO BE
Singular and Plural
There is an apple, a banana, and a pineapple in the fruit basket.

Tem uma maçã, uma banana e um abacaxi na fruteira.
(There is All nouns in the singular)
There are some apples, two bananas, and a pineapple in the fruit basket.
Tem algumas maçãs, duas bananas e um abacaxi na fruteira.
(There are One or more nouns in the plural)

253
In informal spoken language you might as well hear there is followed by plural
nouns. This is perfectly acceptable in such case, but you should not use it in
written formal language.
THERE + TO BE
Informal Spoken Language
There’s two teachers in each classroom.

Tem dois professores em cada sala de aula.
(Informal: There is One or more nouns in the plural)
We have seen some uses of there + To Be in the present. However, it is important to highlight
that this structure can also be used in the past and in the future.
So we will conjugate the verb to be accordingly. If we are referring to the past, we use there
was for the singular and there were for the plural.
THERE + TO BE
Past: There Was / There Were
There was only one employee assisting the customers.

Só havia um funcionário auxiliando os clientes.
(“Employee” is a singular noun, so we used the verb to be in the singular: “There was”)
There were many people waiting in line.

Tinha muita gente esperando na fila.
(“People” is a plural noun, so we used the verb to be in the plural: “There were”)
To use there + To Be in the future, we’ll use there will be with singular or plural
THERE + TO BE
Future: There Will Be
There will be a mall near my house.

Haverá um shopping perto da minha casa.
There will be flying cars in the future.

Haverá carros voadores no futuro.

254
There + To Be can also be used with modal verbs. In this case, we’ll join the idea of existence
with the meaning that each modal verb expresses.
THERE + TO BE
Modal Verbs
Structure: There + Modal Verb + To Be
There must be a gas station around.

Tem que ter / Deve haver um posto de gasolina por perto.
There should be no wait.

Não deve haver demora.
There might be a cocktail after the meeting.

Deve ter / É possível que tenha / Pode ser que haja um coquetel após a reunião.
We can also use there with verbs such as seem and tend before to be. In these
cases, we’ll use the infinitive form to be.
SUPERL ATIVES
Two-syllable Adjectives – Exceptions
Structure: There + Verb + To Be
There seems to be a lot of vacant rooms in this hotel.

Parece haver muitos quartos vazios neste hotel.
(It’s the speaker’s perspective of an impression).
There tends to be tension between the parts

Tende a haver tensão entre as partes.
(It’s something that is expected).
And now you know what there + To Be means, its structures, and how to use it.

255
Will
The modal verb will is mostly used to refer to the future. As all modal verbs,
it functions as an auxiliary verb, adding meaning to the main verb.
Check the structures for the affirmative, interrogative, and negative forms.
WILL
Structure
Affirmative
She will go to college next year.

Ela vai para a faculdade ano que vem.
Subject + Will + Main Verb in the Base Form +

Negative
Will you talk to her?

Você vai falar com ela?
Will + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form +

Interrogative
It won’t rain.
Não vai chover.
Subject + Will + Not (Won’t) + Main Verb in the Base Form +


256
Will is commonly used to express willingness and decisions about
the future that we make at the moment we speak.
WILL
Uses
Willingness and Decisions
I’ll (I + will) get the door.

Eu vou abrir a porta.
I will quit smoking.

Eu vou parar de fumar.
In the interrogative, we can use will to tell people what to do or to

make proposals. We can also use it for promises in affirmative and
negative sentences.
WILL
Uses
Tell people what to do
Will you behave now?

Você vai se comportar agora?
Make an offer / a proposal
Will you marry me?

Você quer se casar comigo?
Promises
I will always be with you.

Eu sempre estarei com você.

257
It can be used to express refusal in the negative form.
WILL
Uses
Refusal
I won’t (will + not) talk to her.

Eu não vou falar com ela.
She won’t talk to anybody.

Ela não vai falar com ninguém.
Will is also used to refer to things that are inevitable.
WILL
Inevitability
You’ll have to attend driving classes to get your driver’s license.

Você terá que fazer aulas de direção para tirar a carteira de motorista.
Now you know that will is a modal auxiliary verb,

and you are familiar with its structures and common uses.

258
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Chapters.

1 Starting the Day p. 03

5 Exploring the City p. 73

7 On the Beach p. 109

STARTING THE DAY

[In bed. The alarm goes off.]

[Browsing the internet on the phone]

[Getting out of bed]

[Walking into the bathroom]

< voltar para o índice

COME ÇANDO O DIA

[Na cama. O despertador toca.]

[Navegando na internet pelo telefone]

< voltar para o índice

[Dando uma corrida na rua]

< voltar para o índice

Rental house or flat

Bed & Breakfast

< voltar para o índice

We’re going to stay in a hotel downtown.

I’ll make our reservation later.

But if you dislike staying at hotels, you can say:

I don’t really like hotels.

Nowadays, you can rent houses or apartments through apps or

I like to rent when I travel.

PARTS OF THE HOUSE

Bedroom Bed Wardrobe

< voltar para o índice

Near the bedroom, you may find:

PARTS OF THE HOUSE

Bathroom Shower Bathtub Sink

If you need to use the bathroom, you can say:

I’m gonna go to the bathroom. I’m gonna wash my face.

Houses and flats can be described as follows:

There are three bedrooms and two bathrooms in this house.

There are three rooms, a kitchen, and a bathroom in this apartment.

Wake up Stretch Get up

< voltar para o índice

Make the bed Make breakfast

After you finish your breakfast, you should probably:

Wash the face Wash the hands Wash the dishes

And after that, you will probably:

Brush the teeth Brush the hair

Dry the hands Dry the face

< voltar para o índice

Run Jog Go to the gym

Swim Practice martial arts Do yoga

In this chapter, you’ve learned the types of

< voltar para o índice

( 1 ) Swim ( 7 ) Rental flat ( ) Acordar ( ) Pousada

( 2 ) Wardrobe ( 8 ) Get up ( ) Banheira ( ) Armário

( 3 ) Wake up ( 9 ) Shower ( ) Se levantar ( ) Escovar

a) I like to when I travel.

b) There are three rooms, a kitchen, and a in this apartment.

c) I’m gonna to the bathroom.

d) I don’t really hotels.

Eu não gosto muito de hotéis.

e) We’re going to in a hotel downtown.

Nós vamos ficar num hotel no centro da cidade.

f) I’m gonna my face.

< voltar para o índice

SIMPLE PRESENT – USES

Habits and routine

Let’s analyze some examples: